Incidence and Survival Outcomes in Patients with Synchronous Lung Metastases Upon Initial Metastatic Breast Cancer Diagnosis in China

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-270153/v1

Download PDF

Research article

Incidence and Survival Outcomes in Patients with Synchronous Lung Metastases Upon Initial Metastatic Breast Cancer Diagnosis in China

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-270153/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Background: The incidence and survival of breast cancer lung metastases (BCLM) patients at initial diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remain poorly identified in China.

Methods: We attained clinical data of 3161 MBC patients initially diagnosed between December 1991 and September 2019 from the China National Cancer Center and finally included 2263 MBC patients in this study, among which 809 patients presented with lung metastases at first MBC diagnosis. The risk factors for BCLM were determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis and the prognostic factors of BCLM patients were assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses.

Results: Patients with triple-negative subtype (42.3%) harbored the highest incidence proportions of lung metastases. Age ≥ 50 years, ECOG 2 and triple-negative subtype were remarkably associated with higher incidence of lung metastases, while N3, liver and bone metastases were significantly correlated with lower odds of lung metastases at diagnosis. The median survival of BCLM patients was 41.7 months, with triple-negative subtype experiencing the worst prognosis of 26.8 months. ECOG 2, N3, HR-/HER2+ subtype, triple-negative subtype, liver metastases and bone metastases were significantly correlated with poor survival of BCLM patients.

Conclusions: Our study provides essential information on clinicopathological features, incidence and survival outcomes of BCLM patients at initial diagnosis of MBC in China.

Cancer Biology

Incidence

survival

prognosis

metastatic breast cancer

lung metastases

Lung metastasis is the second most frequent distant metastases of breast cancer ^{1, 2}, clinically presenting in 15–25% of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients ^{3, 4}. Autopsy data of 197 women dying with MBC over a period of 50 years revealed that 80.7% of patients had lung or pleura metastases ⁵. A population-based study indicated that the median survival of 3372 patients with lung metastases at primary breast cancer diagnosis was 21 months ⁶. Although the prognosis of MBC patients with metastases confined to lungs is not so poor as brains or livers ⁷, most patients are considered incurable and the treatment is still intractable. With an occult onset, lung metastases from breast cancer usually present asymptomatically and progress aggressively without appropriate care ⁸. Systemic treatments including chemotherapy, targeted therapy and hormone therapy are recommended for patients with breast cancer lung metastases (BCLM) ⁹ and pulmonary metastasectomy is considerable for properly selected cases ¹⁰. The early detection of lung metastasis and the precise estimation of outcome may benefit breast cancer patients in clinical practice, thus achieving long-term survival. However, the risk factors that affect the incidence and prognosis of BCLM remain unclear.

In this article, we explored the risk factors associated with the morbidity and mortality of BCLM in newly diagnosed MBC patients in China, which may help identify cases with higher odds of lung metastases and worse survival. Early intervention and multidisciplinary treatment for BCLM patients are of utmost importance.

Study population

We attained clinical data of 3161 MBC patients initially diagnosed between December 1991 and September 2019 from the China National Cancer Center. We removed patients with unknown tumor receptor status (n = 579), unknown distant metastases (n = 65) and follow-up no more than 1 month since the initial diagnosis of MBC (n = 254) from this cohort, finally leaving 2263 patients for incidence analysis. Among these, 809 cases presented with lung metastases upon initial MBC diagnosis. Telephone calls or clinical visits were used to follow up patients further to June 30, 2019 or date of their deaths.

Study Variables

Study variables, including age at initial MBC diagnosis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) grade, TNM stage of primary breast cancer, tumor receptor status, metastatic sites and overall survival (OS) from the onset of metastasis to death were retrospectively collected from medical records. Cancers with 1%-100% estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor routine immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were considered hormone receptor-positive (HR+). Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression was defined as IHC3 + or in the case of IHC2+, fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) positive. Breast cancer subtypes were divided as HR+/HER2-, HR-/HER2+, HR+/HER2 + and triple-negative (HR-/HER2-). Tumor staging was based on the 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system.

Statistical analysis

Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test were used for category variables to compare the clinicopathological features among different subtypes in patients with lung metastases. Incidence of lung metastases was defined as the number of BCLM patients divided by the total number of MBC patients. We performed multivariate logistic regression to explore factors associated with the presence of lung metastases upon initial diagnosis of MBC. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the model. Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to estimate the survival within subsets and log-rank test was used to analyze the differences. We conducted univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses to investigate the independent predictive factors significantly associated with the prognosis of BCLM patients. All the statistics were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 23.0 package. A two-sided P value of 0.05 or less was significantly different.

Patient characteristics

A total of 2263 MBC patients were enrolled in final cohort, of which 35.7% (809) synchronously presented with lung metastases upon initial MBC diagnosis and Table 1 listed their clinicathological characteristics stratified by breast cancer subtype. It showed that 15.1% (122) of BCLM patients were diagnosed with de novo metastatic disease. BCLM patients with HR+/HER2-, HR-/HER2+, HR+/HER2 + and triple-negative subtypes accounted for 47.7%, 14.3%, 16.1% and 21.9%, respectively. Compare with other subsets, triple-negative patients with lung metastases were younger (P = 0.015), had a earlier N-stage of primary breast cancer (P = 0.005), presented with more recurrent diseases (P = 0.002) and less liver metastases (P = 0.001). HER2+ (HR-/HER2 + and HR+/HER2+) patients with BCLM were more frequently diagnosed with de novo stage IV breast cancer than HER2- (HR+/HER2- and triple-negative) patients (P = 0.002). BCLM patients with HR+/HER2- subtype had the highest rate of bone metastases (P = 0.000).

Table 1

Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with lung metastases upon initial metastatic breast cancer diagnosis according to breast cancer subtype.
Characteristic	HR+/HER2-, N (%)	HR-/HER2+, N (%)	HR+/HER2+, N (%)	Triple-negative, N (%)	P value
All patients	386 (47.7)	116 (14.3)	130 (16.1)	177 (21.9)
Age					0.015
< 50	172 (44.6)	44 (37.9)	62 (47.7)	99 (55.9)
≥ 50	214 (55.4)	72 (62.1)	68 (52.3)	78 (44.1)
ECOG					0.194
0	91 (23.6)	24 (20.7)	23 (17.7)	46 (26.0)
1	278 (72.0)	88 (75.9)	102 (78.5)	117 (66.1)
2	17 (4.4)	4 (3.4)	5 (3.8)	14 (7.9)
T-stage					0.065
T1	104 (26.9)	24 (20.7)	32 (24.6)	47 (26.6)
T2	169 (43.8)	50 (43.1)	52 (40.0)	83 (46.9)
T3	20 (5.2)	6 (5.2)	5 (3.8)	17 (9.6)
T4	18 (4.7)	12 (10.3)	9 (6.9)	6 (3.4)
Unknown	75 (19.4)	24 (20.7)	32 (24.6)	24 (13.6)
N-stage					0.005
N0	113 (29.3)	25 (21.6)	30 (23.1)	65 (36.7)
N1	96 (24.9)	23 (19.8)	43 (33.1)	45 (25.4)
N2	66 (17.1)	22 (19.0)	23 (17.7)	31 (17.5)
N3	67 (17.4)	35 (30.2)	20 (15.4)	19 (10.7)
Unknown	44 (11.4)	11 (9.5)	14 (10.8)	17 (9.6)
M-stage					0.002
M0	339 (87.8)	88 (75.9)	103 (79.2)	157 (88.7)
M1	47 (12.2)	28 (24.1)	27 (20.8)	20 (11.3)
Liver metastases					0.001
No	308 (79.8)	85 (73.3)	88 (67.7)	152 (85.9)
Yes	78 (20.2)	31 (26.7)	42 (32.3)	25 (14.1)
Brain metastases					0.625
No	370 (95.9)	108 (93.1)	124 (95.4)	170 (96.0)
Yes	16 (4.1)	8 (6.9)	6 (4.6)	7 (4.0)
Bone metastases					0.000
No	226 (58.5)	91 (78.4)	89 (68.5)	134 (75.7)
Yes	160 (41.5)	25 (21.6)	41 (31.5)	43 (24.3)
HR hormone receptor, HER2 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

Incidence

Table 2 displayed the incidence of patients with lung metastases stratified by breast cancer subtype. HR+/HER2-, HR-/HER2+, HR+/HER2 + and triple-negative subtypes accounted for 52.1%, 13.3%, 16.1% and 18.5% of the entire MBC population, respectively. Patients with triple-negative subtype (42.3%) harbored the highest incidence proportions of lung metastases.

Table 2

Incidence of patients with lung metastases at first metastatic breast cancer diagnosis stratified by breast cancer subtype.
	All metastatic patients, N (%)	With lung metastases	Incidence of lung metastases, %
HR+/HER2-	1180 (52.1)	386	32.7
HR-/HER2+	300 (13.3)	116	38.6
HR+/HER2+	365 (16.1)	130	35.6
Triple-negative	418 (18.5)	177	42.3
All subtypes	2263 (100.0)	809	35.7
HR hormone receptor, HER2 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

Association between the presence of lung metastases at initial MBC diagnosis and variables assessed by multivariate logistic regression was showed in Table 3. Age ≥ 50 years (vs. < 50 years, OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.11–1.57, P = 0.002), ECOG 2 (vs. ECOG 0, OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.04–2.63, P = 0.034), and triple-negative subtype (vs. HR+/HER2-, OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.13–1.81, P = 0.003) were remarkably associated with higher incidence of lung metastases at diagnosis. N3 (vs. N0, OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.57–0.99, P = 0.045), liver metastases (vs. without liver metastases, OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.63–0.96, P = 0.021) and bone metastases (vs. without bone metastases, OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.62–0.91, P = 0.003) were significantly correlated with lower odds of lung metastases at diagnosis.

Table 3

Multivariate logistic regression for the presence of lung metastases at initial diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer.
Characteristic	OR (95% CI)	P value
Age
< 50	Reference
≥ 50	1.32 (1.11, 1.57)	0.002
ECOG
0	Reference
1	1.17 (0.95, 1.44)	0.143
2	1.66 (1.04, 2.63)	0.034
T-stage
T1	Reference
T2	1.03 (0.83, 1.29)	0.771
T3	0.74 (0.50, 1.10)	0.136
T4	1.28 (0.81, 2.02)	0.290
Unknown	0.83 (0.62, 1.11)	0.202
N-stage
N0	Reference
N1	1.02 (0.80, 1.29)	0.906
N2	0.91 (0.69, 1.19)	0.476
N3	0.75 (0.57, 0.99)	0.045
Unknown	1.07 (0.74, 1.54)	0.718
M-stage
M0	Reference
M1	1.08 (0.82, 1.42)	0.597
Subtype
HR+/HER2-	Reference
HR-/HER2+	1.26 (0.96, 1.66)	0.096
HR+/HER2+	1.16 (0.90, 1.49)	0.262
Triple-negative	1.43 (1.13, 1.81)	0.003
Liver metastases
No	Reference
Yes	0.78 (0.63, 0.96)	0.021
Brain metastases
No	Reference
Yes	1.12 (0.72, 1.73)	0.613
Bone metastases
No	Reference
Yes	0.75 (0.62, 0.91)	0.003
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, HR hormone receptor, HER2 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

Survival

The median survival among the whole MBC cohort was 45.4 months, with a median follow-up of 61.6 months. Figure 1 showed that the prognosis of patients with lung metastases upon MBC diagnosis (median OS, 41.7 months) was significantly worse than those without lung metastases (median OS, 47.9 months, P = 0.001). Figure 2 provided the survival of BCLM patients according to breast cancer subtype. The survival of BCLM patients with HR+/HER2- subtype (49.0 months) was the longest, while triple-negative (26.8 months, P = 0.000) the shortest. BCLM patients with HR-/HER2+ (vs. HR+/HER2-, P = 0.009) and HR+/HER2+ (vs. HR+/HER2-, P = 0.746) subtypes experienced the median OS of 31.6 and 44.1 months, respectively.

The prognostic factors of BCLM patients assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were presented in Table 4. The significant variables with P value < 0.05 in univariate analysis were further included in multivariate Cox regression model. ECOG 2 (vs. ECOG 0, HR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.10–2.68, P = 0.018), N3 (vs. N0, HR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.05–1.95, P = 0.023), HR-/HER2 + subtype (vs. HR+/HER2-, HR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.07–1.94, P = 0.016), triple-negative subtype (vs. HR+/HER2-, HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.52–2.52, P = 0.000), liver metastases (vs. without liver metastases, HR = 2.57, 95% CI = 2.05–3.21, P = 0.000) and bone metastases (vs. without bone metastases, HR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.08–1.64, P = 0.007) were significantly correlated with poor survival of BCLM patients.

Table 4

Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses of OS in BCLM patients.
Univariable analysis			Multivariable analysis
Characteristic	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value	Characteristic	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value
Age			Age
< 50	Reference		< 50
≥ 50	1.04 (0.86, 1.25)	0.715	≥ 50
ECOG			ECOG
0	Reference		0	Reference
1	1.23 (0.96, 1.59)	0.099	1	1.12 (0.87, 1.44)	0.397
2	2.62 (1.71, 4.01)	0.000	2	1.71 (1.10, 2.68)	0.018
T-stage			T-stage
T1	Reference		T1	Reference
T2	1.17 (0.92, 1.47)	0.197	T2	1.06 (0.83, 1.35)	0.650
T3	1.51 (1.01, 2.26)	0.044	T3	1.15 (0.75, 1.75)	0.522
T4	1.41 (0.94, 2.11)	0.095	T4	1.09 (0.70, 1.70)	0.690
Unknown	0.93 (0.70, 1.24)	0.625	Unknown	0.94 (0.67, 1.31)	0.708
N-stage			N-stage
N0	Reference		N0	Reference
N1	1.17 (0.90, 1.52)	0.241	N1	1.10 (0.84, 1.43)	0.510
N2	1.34 (1.01, 1.77)	0.045	N2	1.14 (0.84, 1.54)	0.393
N3	1.79 (1.36, 2.36)	0.000	N3	1.43 (1.05, 1.95)	0.023
Unknown	1.19 (0.84, 1.69)	0.330	Unknown	1.10 (0.73, 1.66)	0.645
M-stage
M0	Reference
M1	1.15 (0.89, 1.49)	0.296
Subtype			Subtype
HR+/HER2-	Reference		HR+/HER2-	Reference
HR-/HER2+	1.43 (1.08, 1.90)	0.013	HR-/HER2+	1.44 (1.07, 1.94)	0.016
HR+/HER2+	1.04 (0.79, 1.37)	0.769	HR+/HER2+	1.06 (0.80, 1.40)	0.688
Triple-negative	1.73 (1.36, 2.19)	0.000	Triple-negative	1.96 (1.52, 2.52)	0.000
Liver metastases			Liver metastases
No	Reference		No	Reference
Yes	2.71 (2.20, 3.35)	0.000	Yes	2.57 (2.05, 3.21)	0.000
Brain metastases
No	Reference
Yes	1.40 (0.94, 2.10)	0.100
Bone metastases			Bone metastases
No	Reference		No	Reference
Yes	1.43 (1.18, 1.74)	0.000	Yes	1.33 (1.08, 1.64)	0.007
OS overall survival, BCLM breast cancer lung metastases, CI confidence interval, ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, HR hormone receptor, HER2 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

In this retrospective study, we analyzed the incidence and prognosis of patients with synchronous lung metastases at initial MBC diagnosis in China. We identified 809 patients with BCLM upon newly diagnosis of MBC, accounting for 35.7% of all MBC patients. Compared with other groups, patients with triple-negative subtype had the highest percentage of lung metastases, consistent with previous findings ^11–14. The incidence of lung metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) could reach up to 40% ¹⁵, similar with 42.3% in our data. Additionally, the prognosis of BCLM patients differed remarkably in tumor subtypes, varying between 26.8 months of triple-negative subtype and 49.0 months of HR+/HER2- subtype.

Our study confirmed the results that TNBC was more aggressive and preferred to develop lung metastases. The molecular mechanisms underlying TNBC metastasis to lung might offer therapeutic targets for clinical prevention and management. Minn et al. ¹⁶ identified fascin as a mediator promoting basal-like breast cancer metastasis to lung, due to its close association with cell motility. Iriondo et al. ¹⁷ observed that inhibition of transforming growth factor-β1-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) could suppress lung metastasis in TNBC, which might provide a novel target for impairing TNBC lung metastasis. A single mutation on microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) promoted TNBC lung metastasis by regulating heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNPM)- mediated CD44 splicing, which indicated that the knockdown of hnRNPM might reduce lung metastatic potential of TNBC cells with mutant MORC2 ¹⁸. Another research revealed that the overexpression of transcription and export complex 2 subunit (ENY2) could promote TNBC progression and lung metastasis both in vitro and in vivo ¹⁹. Further mechanisms clarifying TNBC lung metastasis are certainly worth exploring, which may provide potential targets for new drugs.

Our data also indicated that patients with older age and worse performance status were more likely to present with lung metastases at initial MBC diagnosis. The increasing risk of lung metastases associated with aging was consistently found in population-based studies ^{6, 20}. On the contrary, previous studies observed that younger patients had a higher risk of liver metastases ^{5, 21}. Interestingly, our study also revealed that patients with liver or bone metastases had lower odds of lung metastases at diagnosis. The predictive features associated with different metastatic sites may help clinicians distinguish patients with distinct organ-specific metastases during the clinical practice.

The BCLM patients in our data achieved a median OS of 41.7 months since MBC diagnosis, among which triple-negative subtype experienced the worst outcome of 26.8 months and HR+/HER2- subtype the best of 49.0 months. The prognosis of MBC patients varied remarkably by the metastatic organs, with the best for bone, followed by lung, liver and the worst for brain metastases ^{2, 7, 22, 23}. Previous findings recorded a survival ranging from 21.0 to 58.5 months in MBC patients with lung metastases ^{1, 6, 24}. A pulmonary metastasectomy study reported a median survival of 23.6 months in TNBC patients with an isolated and limited number of lung metastases, significantly poorer than HR + or HER2 + patients ²⁵. A population-based research showed that TNBC patients with metastases confined to lung had a median OS of only 14.0 months ²⁶. TNBC is still lethal and remains intractable to existing treatments, extremely desirable for novel therapies to improve the prognosis.

We also identified prognostic factors for survival of BCLM patients and found that worse performance status, later N-stage, HR-/HER2 + subtype, triple-negative subtype and the simultaneous presence of liver or bone metastases were significantly correlated with poor outcome. Multiple sites of first metastases had significantly unfavorable prognosis than single site first metastases ^27–29. In our data, the extrapulmonary metastases of bone and liver had 1.33 and 2.57 times of mortality risk than lung-only metastases at MBC diagnosis, respectively. Brain metastases also worsen the outcome of BCLM patients but the difference did not reach significance, probably due to the late onset of brain metastases during the clinical course, with an incidence of only 6.90–7.56% in newly MBC diagnosis patients ^29–31.

There were some limitations in our study. Firstly, discordance in tumor phenotype has been reported in multiple studies ³², but we did not have enough information on the receptor status of metastatic tumors, which might cause some bias in the analysis of incidence and survival outcomes when stratified by breast cancer subtype. Additionally, the number of lung lesions was an important risk factor for BCLM patients ³³, but it was not documented in detail in our database. Finally, the retrospective nature of this research and relatively small population require future studies to confirm the results.

Our study provides essential information on clinicopathological features, incidence and survival outcomes of BCLM patients at initial diagnosis of MBC in China. The risk factors identified here help to screen breast cancer patients with high odds of lung metastases and BCLM patients with high risk of mortality. The early detection of metastases and proper evaluation of prognosis in clinical practice are beneficial to optimize the disease outcomes.

MBC: metastatic breast cancer; BCLM: breast cancer lung metastases; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; OS: overall survival; IHC: immunohistochemistry; HR: hormone receptor; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; FISH: fluorescent in-situ hybridization; AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer; TAK1: transforming growth factor-β1-activated kinase-1; MORC2: microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2; hnRNPM: heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M; ENY2: transcription and export complex 2 subunit.

Ethics statement

This retrospective work was deemed exempt from review by the institutional review board of National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. Patients’ consent to participate was not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The data used in our study are accessible from the corresponding author on request.

Competing interests

The authors have no conflict of interest.

Funding

This study was supported by grants from National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1312101) and Chinese Academic of Medical Sciences Initiative for Innovative Medicine (CAMS-12M-1-010).

Authors’ contributions

Binghe Xu directed the study and was responsible for study design. Shaoyan Lin performed the statistical analysis and drafted the initial manuscript. All authors collected clinical data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Wang R, Zhu Y, Liu X, Liao X, He J, Niu L. The Clinicopathological features and survival outcomes of patients with different metastatic sites in stage IV breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2019;19:1091.
Largillier R, Ferrero JM, Doyen J, Barriere J, Namer M, Mari V, Courdi A, Hannoun-Levi JM, Ettore F, Birtwisle-Peyrottes I, Balu-Maestro C, Marcy PY, et al. Prognostic factors in 1,038 women with metastatic breast cancer. Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology. 2008;19:2012–9.
Friedel G, Pastorino U, Ginsberg RJ, Goldstraw P, Johnston M, Pass H, Putnam JB, Toomes H. Results of lung metastasectomy from breast cancer: prognostic criteria on the basis of 467 cases of the International Registry of Lung Metastases. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery: official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 2002;22:335–44.
Diaz-Canton EA, Valero V, Rahman Z, Rodriguez-Monge E, Frye D, Smith T, Buzdar AU, Hortobagyi GN. Clinical course of breast cancer patients with metastases confined to the lungs treated with chemotherapy. The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience and review of the literature. Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology. 1998;9:413–8.
Cummings MC, Simpson PT, Reid LE, Jayanthan J, Skerman J, Song S, McCart Reed AE, Kutasovic JR, Morey AL, Marquart L, O'Rourke P, Lakhani SR. Metastatic progression of breast cancer: insights from 50 years of autopsies. J Pathol. 2014;232:23–31.
Xiao W, Zheng S, Liu P, Zou Y, Xie X, Yu P, Tang H, Xie X. Risk factors and survival outcomes in patients with breast cancer and lung metastasis: a population-based study. Cancer medicine. 2018;7:922–30.
Ording AG, Heide-Jørgensen U, Christiansen CF, Nørgaard M, Acquavella J, Sørensen HT. Site of metastasis and breast cancer mortality: a Danish nationwide registry-based cohort study. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2017;34:93–101.
Medeiros B, Allan AL. Molecular Mechanisms of Breast Cancer Metastasis to the Lung: Clinical and Experimental Perspectives. International journal of molecular sciences 2019;20.
Cardoso F, Senkus E, Costa A, Papadopoulos E, Aapro M, André F, Harbeck N, Aguilar Lopez B, Barrios CH, Bergh J, Biganzoli L, Boers-Doets CB, et al. 4th ESO-ESMO International Consensus Guidelines for Advanced Breast Cancer (ABC 4)†. Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology. 2018;29:1634–57.
Handy JR, Bremner RM, Crocenzi TS, Detterbeck FC, Fernando HC, Fidias PM, Firestone S, Johnstone CA, Lanuti M, Litle VR, Kesler KA, Mitchell JD, et al. Expert Consensus Document on Pulmonary Metastasectomy. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2019;107: 631 – 49.
Rodríguez-Pinilla SM, Sarrió D, Honrado E, Hardisson D, Calero F, Benitez J, Palacios J. Prognostic significance of basal-like phenotype and fascin expression in node-negative invasive breast carcinomas. Clinical cancer research: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2006;12:1533–9.
Luck AA, Evans AJ, Green AR, Rakha EA, Paish C, Ellis IO. The influence of basal phenotype on the metastatic pattern of breast cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol (G B)). 2008;20:40–5.
Soni A, Ren Z, Hameed O, Chanda D, Morgan CJ, Siegal GP, Wei S. Breast cancer subtypes predispose the site of distant metastases. Am J Clin Pathol. 2015;143:471–8.
Jin L, Han B, Siegel E, Cui Y, Giuliano A, Cui X. Breast cancer lung metastasis: Molecular biology and therapeutic implications. Cancer Biol Ther. 2018;19:858–68.
Foulkes WD, Smith IE, Reis-Filho JS. Triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1938–48.
Minn AJ, Gupta GP, Siegel PM, Bos PD, Shu W, Giri DD, Viale A, Olshen AB, Gerald WL, Massagué J. Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung. Nature. 2005;436:518–24.
Iriondo O, Liu Y, Lee G, Elhodaky M, Jimenez C, Li L, Lang J, Wang P, Yu M. TAK1 mediates microenvironment-triggered autocrine signals and promotes triple-negative breast cancer lung metastasis. Nature communications 2018;9: 1994.
Zhang FL, Cao JL, Xie HY, Sun R, Yang LF, Shao ZM, Li DQ. Cancer-Associated MORC2-Mutant M276I Regulates an hnRNPM-Mediated CD44 Splicing Switch to Promote Invasion and Metastasis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer research. 2018;78:5780–92.
Xie G, Yang H, Ma D, Sun Y, Chen H, Hu X, Jiang YZ, Shao ZM. Integration of whole-genome sequencing and functional screening identifies a prognostic signature for lung metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. International journal of cancer. 2019;145:2850–60.
Chen MT, Sun HF, Zhao Y, Fu WY, Yang LP, Gao SP, Li LD, Jiang HL, Jin W. Comparison of patterns and prognosis among distant metastatic breast cancer patients by age groups: a SEER population-based analysis. Scientific reports. 2017;7:9254.
Xie J, Xu ZA, Population-Based. Study on Liver Metastases in Women with Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention: a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research. cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2019;28:283–92.
Kast K, Link T, Friedrich K, Petzold A, Niedostatek A, Schoffer O, Werner C, Klug SJ, Werner A, Gatzweiler A, Richter B, Baretton G, et al. Impact of breast cancer subtypes and patterns of metastasis on outcome. Breast cancer research treatment. 2015;150:621–9.
Bafford AC, Burstein HJ, Barkley CR, Smith BL, Lipsitz S, Iglehart JD, Winer EP, Golshan M. Breast surgery in stage IV breast cancer: impact of staging and patient selection on overall survival. Breast cancer research treatment. 2009;115:7–12.
Gerratana L, Fanotto V, Bonotto M, Bolzonello S, Minisini AM, Fasola G, Puglisi F. Pattern of metastasis and outcome in patients with breast cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2015;32:125–33.
Yhim HY, Han SW, Oh DY, Han W, Im SA, Kim TY, Kim YT, Noh DY, Chie EK, Ha SW, Park IA, Bang YJ. Prognostic factors for recurrent breast cancer patients with an isolated, limited number of lung metastases and implications for pulmonary metastasectomy. Cancer. 2010;116:2890–901.
Zhao HY, Gong Y, Ye FG, Ling H, Hu X. Incidence and prognostic factors of patients with synchronous liver metastases upon initial diagnosis of breast cancer: a population-based study. Cancer management research. 2018;10:5937–50.
Van Mechelen M, Van Herck A, Punie K, Nevelsteen I, Smeets A, Neven P, Weltens C, Han S, Vanderstichele A, Floris G, Lobelle JP, Wildiers H. Behavior of metastatic breast cancer according to subtype. Breast cancer research treatment. 2020;181:115–25.
Gong Y, Zhang J, Ji P, Ling H, Hu X, Shao ZM. Incidence proportions and prognosis of breast cancer patients with bone metastases at initial diagnosis. Cancer medicine. 2018;7:4156–69.
Leone BA, Vallejo CT, Romero AO, Machiavelli MR, Pérez JE, Leone J, Leone JP. Prognostic impact of metastatic pattern in stage IV breast cancer at initial diagnosis. Breast cancer research treatment. 2017;161:537–48.
Martin AM, Cagney DN, Catalano PJ, Warren LE, Bellon JR, Punglia RS, Claus EB, Lee EQ, Wen PY, Haas-Kogan DA, Alexander BM, Lin NU, et al. Brain Metastases in Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study. JAMA oncology. 2017;3:1069–77.
Zhao W, Wu L, Zhao A, Zhang M, Tian Q, Shen Y, Wang F, Wang B, Wang L, Chen L, Zhao X, Dong D, et al. A nomogram for predicting survival in patients with de novo metastatic breast cancer: a population-based study. BMC Cancer. 2020;20:982.
Schrijver W, Suijkerbuijk KPM, van Gils CH, van der Wall E, Moelans CB, van Diest PJ. Receptor Conversion in Distant Breast Cancer Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018;110:568–80.
Chen F, Fujinaga T, Sato K, Sonobe M, Shoji T, Sakai H, Miyahara R, Bando T, Okubo K, Hirata T, Toi M, Date H. Clinical features of surgical resection for pulmonary metastasis from breast cancer. European journal of surgical oncology: the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 2009;35:393–7.

Download PDF

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Incidence and Survival Outcomes in Patients with Synchronous Lung Metastases Upon Initial Metastatic Breast Cancer Diagnosis in China

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Background

Methods

Study population

Study Variables

Statistical analysis

Results

Patient characteristics

Incidence

Survival

Discussion

Conclusions

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Status:

Version 1