Tredgold, R. F. (1941)(65)
|
UK
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Army men
|
Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)
|
-
|
274
|
70 (25.54%)
|
6
|
Helzer, J. E. et al (1976) (66)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Army men
|
Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)
|
-
|
470
|
122 (26 %)
|
7
|
Levine, M. E. (1982) (67)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Army men
|
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
|
17
|
200
|
36 (18 %)
|
6
|
Deeken, M. G. et al (1987) (68)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Army men
|
Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
|
-
|
298
|
47 (15.77 %)
|
7
|
Ritchie, E. C. et al (1992) (69)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Army men with HIV
|
Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)
DSM-III-R
|
-
|
50
|
21 (42 %)
|
7
|
Brown, G. R. et al (1993) (70)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Air Forces men with HIV
|
Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton
Anxiety and Depression Scales (SIGH-AD)
|
35
|
442
|
99 (22.4 %)
|
8
|
McCarroll, J. E. et al (1993) (71)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Army men and women
|
Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)
|
25.4
|
1835
|
87 (4.7 %)
|
8
|
Male(1565)
|
59 (3.8 %)
|
Female(270)
|
52 (19.3 %)
|
Perconte, S. T. et al (1993) (72)
|
Russia
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Army men and women
|
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
|
29.25
|
591
|
146 (24.70 %)
|
7
|
Serfaty, E. et al (1995) (73)
|
Argentina
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Army men and women
|
NR
|
NR
|
553
|
25 (4.5 %)
|
7
|
Lish, J. D. et al (1996) (74)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Army men and women
|
Brief self-report questionnaire (SCRENNER)
|
21.2
|
669
|
38 (5.81%)
|
7
|
Long, N. et al (1996) (75)
|
New Zealand
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Army men
|
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
|
50
|
751
|
11 (1.46%)
|
7
|
Schwartz, D. A. et al (1997) (76)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Non-Persian Gulf War (PGW) military personnel
|
Self-report
|
-
|
923
|
157 (17 %)
|
6
|
Schwartz, D. A. et al (1997) (76)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Persian Gulf War (PGW) military personnel
|
Self-report
|
-
|
923
|
99 (10.9 %)
|
6
|
David, D. et al (1999) (77)
|
Croatia
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans after participation in Homeland War in Croatia
|
The Structured Clinical Interview Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual (SCID)
|
36.2
|
91
|
35 (38.5 %)
|
7
|
Hankin, C. S. et al (1999) (78)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Men Veterans
|
Center for
Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D Scale)
|
62
|
2160
|
676 (31.3 %)
|
7
|
Hourani, L. L. et al (1999) (79)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Men and Women in the Navy and Marine Corps
|
Center for
Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D Scale)
|
20–64
|
782
|
125 (16.08%)
|
7
|
Male (321)
|
29 (9 %)
|
Female (452)
|
99 (22 %)
|
Curran, G. M. et al (2000) (80)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Men Veterans
|
(Beck Depression Inventory )BDI(
|
43
|
298
|
116 (39 %)
|
7
|
Menon, A. S. et al (2000) (81)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Men Veterans
|
The Structured
Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-III-R)
|
55
|
295
|
59 (22.8 %)
|
6
|
Kozaric-Kovacic, D. et al (2001) (82)
|
Croatia
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Men Veterans
|
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD)
|
34
|
249
|
77 (31 %)
|
7
|
Sayar, K. et al (2001) (83)
|
Turkey
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Men Soldiers
|
(Beck Depression Inventory )BDI(
|
22.7
|
40
|
13 (32.5 %)
|
7
|
Hunter, C. L.et al (2002)(84)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Active Duty
|
The Patient Health Questionnaire
(PHQ)
(the self-report version of the PRIME-MD)
|
54.15
|
337
|
19 (5.6 %)
|
7
|
Karel, M. J. et al (2002)(85)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(Survey Study)
|
Men Veterans
|
The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)- 15 item
|
69.7
|
967
|
236 (24.4 %)
|
7
|
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)-24 item
|
69.7
|
967
|
94 (9.7 %)
|
Kilbourne, A. M. et al (2002)(86)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans with HIV infection
|
The 10-item Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
|
49
|
881
|
405 (46 %)
|
7
|
Lehman, C. L. et al (2002)(87)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans with
Hepatitis C
|
The Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI)
|
49
|
120
|
53 (44.2%)
|
6
|
Muir, A. J. et al (2002)(88)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans with
Hepatitis C
|
The Center for
Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale
|
47.3
|
100
|
12 (12%)
|
6
|
Nguyen, H. A. et al (2002)(89)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans with
Hepatitis C
|
Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)
|
46.5
|
118
|
73 (62 %)
|
6
|
Black, D. W. et al (2004)(90)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans
|
Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)
DSM-III-R
|
39.3
|
602
|
192 (32 %)
|
6
|
Gerson, S. et al (2004)
(91)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Elderly veterans (Male)
|
Mental Health Inventory (MHI)
|
69.6
|
839
|
273 (32.5 %)
|
8
|
Rowan, P. J. et al (2004)(92)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans with
Hepatitis C
|
The Zung Self-report Depression Scale (SDS)
|
51
|
580
|
93 (16 %)
|
7
|
Smith, T. C. et al (2004)(93)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
US
Military
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
55
|
8893
|
1642 (18.5 %)
|
8
|
Vafaee, B.et al (2004)(94)
|
Iran
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Disabled veterans male
|
The Zung Self-report Depression Scale (SDS)
|
38
|
100
|
71 (71%)
|
5
|
Forman-Hoffman, V. L. et al (2005) (95)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans
|
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID-IV)
|
39.1
|
602
|
85 (14.11 %)
|
6
|
Goulet, J. L. et al (2005)(96)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(Re)
|
Veterans with HIV
|
-
|
47.1
|
20627
|
5776 (28 %)
|
7
|
Veterans with
Hepatitis C
|
-
|
46.9
|
4489
|
1975 (44 %)
|
Rowan, P. J. et al (2005)(97)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans with
Hepatitis C
|
The Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI)
|
52
|
62
|
6 (10 %)
|
5
|
Williams, R. M. et al (2005)(98)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans with
Multiple sclerosis
|
The Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI)
|
55.1
|
451
|
100 (22.2 %)
|
7
|
Xiong, H. et al (2005)(99)
|
China
|
Random Sampling (CS)
|
Young adult males during their 8 week
field military training
|
The Zung Self-report Depression Scale (SDS)
|
20
|
1107
|
279 (25.2 %)
|
6
|
Grieger, T. A. et al (2006)(100)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S. soldiers were injured in combat
|
The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale
|
26.94
|
301
|
28 (9.3 %)
|
5
|
Hoge, C. W. et al (2006)(101)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling (CS)
|
Army soldiers and Marines
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
31.2
|
303905
|
15930 (5.24 %)
|
8
|
Kress, A. M. et al (2006)(102)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling (CS)
|
U.S. Military personnel
|
Burnam Screen
|
-
|
4227
|
844 (20 %)
|
8
|
Pflanz, S. E. et al (2006)(103)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Military Personnel
|
Depression Checklist
|
28.7
|
780
|
141 (18 %)
|
7
|
Dove, M. B. et al (2007)(104)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Women Entering a Military Substance
Use Disorder
|
Depression Checklist
|
-
|
86
|
67 (78 %)
|
5
|
Kolkow, T. T. et al (2007)(105)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Army soldiers
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
34.30
|
100
|
5 (5 %)
|
5
|
Warner, C. M. et al (2007)(106)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Military Personnel
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
20.9
|
1090
|
173 (15.9 %)
|
6
|
Male
|
20.9
|
955
|
143 (15 %)
|
Female
|
21
|
135
|
30 (22.2 %)
|
Hoge, C. W. et al (2008) (107)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Army individual
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
1885
|
275 (15 %)
|
6
|
Marine
individual
|
775
|
114 (14.7 %)
|
Iversen, A. C. et al (2009)(108)
|
UK
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
UK military personnel in service at the time of the
2003 Iraq War
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
35
|
821
|
223 (27.2 %)
|
8
|
Kline, A. et al (2009)(109)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Vietnam veterans with Substance
Use Disorder
|
SCID DSM-IV Diagnoses
|
55.20
|
82
|
39 (47.9 %)
|
8
|
Post-Vietnam veterans with Substance
Use Disorder
|
46.76
|
236
|
131 (55.4 %)
|
Persian Gulf veterans with Substance
Use Disorder
|
34
|
55
|
33 (59.5 %)
|
Rehn, L. M. et al (2009)(110)
|
Finland
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Male Finnish military
conscripts
|
The Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI)
|
20
|
126
|
4 (3.2 %)
|
6
|
Rukskul, I. et al (2009) (111)
|
Thailand
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Thai army personnel
|
Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)
|
45
|
1729
|
186 (10.75 %)
|
5
|
Rukskul, I. (2010)(112)
|
Thailand
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Thai army personnel
|
Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)
|
45
|
213
|
7 (3.3 %)
|
5
|
Fikretoglu, D. et al (2010)(113)
|
Canada
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Canadian
Community Health Survey-Canadian Forces Supplement
(CCHS-CF)
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
-
|
8441
|
1257 (14.9 %)
|
8
|
Haskell, S. G. et al (2010)(114)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan
|
Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)
|
32
|
Total (1229)
|
472 (38.4 %)
|
7
|
32
|
Male (1032)
|
380 (36.8 %)
|
30
|
Female (197)
|
92 (46.7 %)
|
Luxton, D. D. et al (2010)(115)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Active duty Soldiers
between
March 2006 and July 2009.
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
27.37
|
Total (6943)
|
704 (10.1 %)
|
7
|
Male (6427)
|
646 (10.0 %)
|
Female (516)
|
58 (46.7 %)
|
Maguen, S. et al (2010)(116)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Iraq
and Afghanistan Veterans Enrolled in Veterans Affairs
Health Care
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
31.21
|
Total (329049)
|
57051 (17.33 %)
|
8
|
31.47
|
Male (288348)
|
47876 (17 %)
|
29.41
|
Female (40701)
|
9175 (23 %)
|
Stecker, T. et al (2010)(117)
|
Lebanon
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Iraq/Afghanistan veterans
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
34.4
|
293861
|
36900 (12.5 %)
|
6
|
Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans with Alcohol
Use Disorder
|
118332
|
4568 (3.8 %)
|
Burnett-Zeigler, I. et al (2011)(118)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Afghanistan and Iraq Veterans
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
362
|
64 (17.6 %)
|
7
|
Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans with Alcohol
Use Disorder
|
200
|
72 (36 %)
|
Erbes, C. R. et al (2011)(119)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
National
Guard/Reserve veterans returning from Iraq
|
The Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI)
|
31.60
|
617
|
83 (13.5 %)
|
7
|
Guerra, V. S. et al (2011)(120)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans in Operations Enduring Freedom and
Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF)
|
The Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI)
Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation Scale for Suicide Ideation-Adapted
|
38.3
|
393
|
88 (22.4 %)
|
8
|
Jakupcak, M. et al (2011)(121)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Iraq and Afghanistan War
Veterans in the U.S
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
31
|
336
|
126 (37.5 %)
|
7
|
Kehle, S. M. et al (2011)(122)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Soldiers from a National
Guard Brigade Combat Team (BCT)
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
31.30
|
Total (348)
|
51 (15 %)
|
7
|
Male (304)
|
39 (13 %)
|
Female (44)
|
12 (27 %)
|
Alcohol use disorders
|
348
|
45 (13 %)
|
Substance use disorders
|
348
|
4 (1 %)
|
Garber, B. G. et al (2012)(123)
|
Canada
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Canadian Forces Members While on
Deployment to Afghanistan
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
1572
|
73 (4.7 %)
|
5
|
Maguen, S. et al (2012)(124)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(Re)
|
Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans
|
The Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)
|
45
|
Total (74493)
|
41424 (56 %)
|
7
|
Male (67238)
|
36359 (54 %)
|
Female (7255)
|
5065 (70 %)
|
Vasterling, J. J. et al (2012)(125)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Iraq-deployed US Army soldiers
|
The Center for Epidemiological Studies
Depression Scale (CES-D)
|
25.1
|
760
|
238 (31.3 %)
|
7
|
Cohen, S. I. et al (2013)(126)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
US military
veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan
|
The Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)
|
-
|
93
|
44 (47.3 %)
|
6
|
Harbertson, J. et al (2013)(127)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Male Rwanda Defense Forces military personnel
|
The Center for Epidemiological Studies
Depression Scale (CES-D)
|
30.9
|
1238
|
232 (22.1 %)
|
7
|
546
|
129 (23.7 %)
|
Alcohol Use Disorder
|
Marshall, B. D. et al (2013)(128)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Ohio Army National Guard Soldiers
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
2117
|
128 (6 %)
|
7
|
142
|
17 (12 %)
|
Soldiers with HIV
|
Morrow, C. E. et al (2013)(129)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S. Air
Force
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
30.35
|
194
|
3 (1.6 %)
|
5
|
Swinkels, C. M. et al (2013)(130)
|
UK
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S. Afghanistan/Iraq Veterans
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
37.40
|
1640
|
308 (18.8 %)
|
6
|
Chapman, P. L. et al (2014)(131)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S. Army Combat Medics
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
43.54
|
543
|
73 (13.4 %)
|
6
|
Clarke-Walper, K. et al (2014)(132)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Soldiers who returned from Iraq or Afghanistan
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
7849
|
611 (8.1 %)
|
7
|
2328
|
304 (13.1 %)
|
Alcohol use
|
Curry, J. F. et al (2014)(133)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
37.48
|
Total (1700)
|
652 (38.4 %)
|
7
|
Male (1354)
|
491 (36.3 %)
|
Female (346)
|
161 (46.5 %)
|
Veterans with alcohol use
|
623
|
72 (11.6 %)
|
Veterans with substance use
|
154
|
7 (4.5 %)
|
Denneson, L. M. et al (2014)(134)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
465
|
237 (51 %)
|
7
|
Don Richardson, J. et al (2014)(135)
|
Canada
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Canadian Forces members and veterans
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
404
|
316 (78.2 %)
|
7
|
Garber, B. G. et al (2014)(136)
|
Canada
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Canadian armed forces personnel
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
16153
|
593 (3.67 %)
|
8
|
Heltemes, K. J. et al (2014)(137)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Injured veterans
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
22.5
|
812
|
146 (18 %)
|
6
|
Lehavot, K. et al (2014)(138)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Sexual
Minority and Heterosexual Women Veterans
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
48
|
697
|
260 (37.3 %)
|
7
|
Ramsawh, H. J. et al (2014)(139)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Active Duty Military
Personnel
|
10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
|
35
|
5461
|
1914 (35 %)
|
8
|
Bin Zubair, U. et al (2015)(140)
|
Pakistan
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
All military recruits were men and above the age of 17 years.
|
The Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI)
|
20
|
313
|
159 (50.7 %)
|
7
|
Cleveland, S. D. et al (2015)(141)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans and Civilian College Students
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
-
|
26969
|
7982 (30.17 %)
|
8
|
Foote, C. E. et al (2015)(142)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Vietnam
veterans
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
247
|
44 (17.8 %)
|
7
|
Hamilton, A. B. et al (2015) (143)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Employed Women Veterans
|
The five-question Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5)
|
-
|
1410
|
120 (4.1 %)
|
7
|
195
|
42 (27.3 %)
|
Unemployed Women Veterans
|
Hoerster, K. D. et al (2015)(144)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Iraq and Afghanistan veterans
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
31.3
|
332
|
53 (16.3 %)
|
7
|
Kim, N. Y. et al (2015) (145)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Korean Soldiers
|
Scale for suicide ideation (SSI),
The Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI)
|
21.3
|
414
|
21 (5 %)
|
6
|
Lundin, A. et al (2015)(146)
|
Sweden
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Vietnam veterans
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
-
|
4251
|
1263 (29.7 %)
|
7
|
McGuire, A. et al (2015)(147)
|
UK
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Australian Defense Force (ADF men)
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
50
|
4091
|
454(11 %)
|
7
|
Department of Veterans’ Affairs (DVA women)
|
4761
|
869 (18.3 %)
|
Mysliwiec, V. et al (2015)(148)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S. Military
Personnel
|
Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS)
|
36.2
|
58
|
30 (51.7 %)
|
7
|
Nasioudis, D. et al (2015)(149)
|
Greece
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Greek military medicine
cadets
|
The Zung Self-report Depression Scale (SDS)
|
19.84
|
Total (146)
|
57 (39 %)
|
7
|
Male (91)
|
36 (39.5 %)
|
Female (55)
|
21 (38.2 %)
|
Vanderploeg, R. D. et al (2015) (150)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Florida National Guard
Members
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
3098
|
63 (2 %)
|
7
|
Fink, D. S. et al (2016) (151)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S. Army National Guard soldiers
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
44
|
671
|
154 (23 %)
|
8
|
Forbes, D. et al (2016)(152)
|
Australia
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Australian peacekeepers
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
46.5
|
2050
|
201 (9.8 %)
|
8
|
Guloglu, B. et al (2016)(153)
|
Turkey
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Turkish combat-injured
non-professional veterans
|
The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)
|
40
|
336
|
55 (16.4 %)
|
7
|
Hardos, J. E. et al (2016) (154)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Aircraft Maintenance
Workers
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
29
|
4801
|
1042 (21.7 %)
|
7
|
Herberman Mash, H. B. et al (2016)(155)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S. Army soldiers
|
The 10-item
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
|
-
|
3813
|
1368 (35.8 %)
|
8
|
U.S. Army soldiers with alcohol use
|
1210
|
583 (48.18 %)
|
Monteith, L. L. et al (2016)(156)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans
|
Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS),
Multidimensional Suicide Inventory-28 (MSI) Negative Affect scale
|
49.6
|
Total (354)
|
169 (47.7 %)
|
8
|
Male (310)
|
146 (47.1 %)
|
Female (44)
|
32 (52.3 %)
|
Phillips, K. M. et al (2016)(157)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Iraq- and
Afghanistan-era Veterans
|
20-
item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
|
35.1
|
359
|
108 (30 %)
|
6
|
Zamorski, M. A. et al (2016)(158)
|
Canada
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Canadian Armed Forces
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
-
|
5120
|
410 (8 %)
|
7
|
Boakye, E. A. et al (2017)(159)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans
|
Self-Report
|
40
|
144
|
48 (33.3 %)
|
7
|
Veterans with alcohol use
|
75
|
24 (32 %)
|
Cohen, G. H. et al (2017)(160)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Army National Guard Soldiers
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ),
The PHQ-9 Item
|
-
|
1582
|
164 (10.3 %)
|
8
|
Army National with Alcohol Use
|
93
|
27 (29 %)
|
Gradus, J. L. et al (2017)(161)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars
|
20-
item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D),
The 4-item Suicidal Behaviors
Questionnaire-Short Form (SBQ-SF)
|
34
|
Total (2244)
|
712 (31.7 %)
|
7
|
Male (1062)
|
314 (29.5%)
|
Female (1099)
|
398 (36.3%)
|
Packnett, E. R. et al (2017)(162)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Army
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
-
|
34487
|
1777 (5.1%)
|
8
|
Navy
|
6602
|
263 (4 %)
|
Marine Corps
|
8428
|
113 (1.3%)
|
Air Force
|
9510
|
729 (7.6 %)
|
Weeks, M. et al (2017)(163)
|
Canada
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Canadian Military and Civilian Populations
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
35
|
6696
|
536 (8 %)
|
8
|
Bartlett, B. A. et al (2018)(164)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Military veterans
|
20-
item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
|
38.40
|
910
|
75 (9.8 %)
|
6
|
Blakey, S. M. et al (2018)(165)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S. veterans, active duty personnel, and National
Guard and Reserve members
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
37.8
|
667
|
169 (25.3%)
|
7
|
Boulos, D. et al (2018)(166)
|
Canada
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Regular Force personnel
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
-
|
3385
|
129 (3.8 %)
|
7
|
Reserve Force personnel
|
1469
|
55 (3.7 %)
|
Dillon, K. H. et al (2018)(167)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans
|
The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS), The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID)
|
-
|
3238
|
1315 (40.6%)
|
7
|
Don Richardson, J. et al (2018)(168)
|
Canada
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Canadian Armed Forces members and veterans
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
44.6
|
522
|
413 (79.1 %)
|
7
|
Elbogen, E. B. et al (2018)(169)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
34.9
|
1172
|
375 (32 %)
|
6
|
Hourani, L. L. et al (2018)(170)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Active duty military personnel
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ), Checklist
|
-
|
947
|
115 (15.4%)
|
7
|
Kizilhan, J. I. et al (2018)(171)
|
Iraq
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Child soldiers
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
12.6
|
81
|
37 (45.6%)
|
6
|
McDonald, S. D. et al (2018)(172)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S.
Department of Veterans Affairs outpatients
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
58.1
|
280
|
53 (19 %)
|
7
|
Stefanovics, E. A. et al (2018)(173)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
US Veterans
|
The Patient Health Questionnaire-4
|
59
|
3122
|
209 (6.7 %)
|
7
|
Vun, E. et al (2018)(174)
|
Canada
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Canadian Armed Forces active personnel
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
35.4
|
6696
|
517 (8%)
|
8
|
Waitzkin, H. et al (2018)(175)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Military Personnel
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
198
|
143 (72 %)
|
7
|
Byrne, S. P. et al (2019)(176)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S. military veterans
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
53.4
|
158
|
62 (34.7%)
|
7
|
Carney, B. et al (2019)(177)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
US Military population with HIV
infection
|
20-
item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
|
32
|
662
|
114 (17.2 %)
|
8
|
Jones, N. et al (2019)(178)
|
UK
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
UK Armed Forces
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
Total (1448)
|
110 (7.6 %)
|
6
|
Male (1229)
|
93 (7.7 %)
|
Female (219)
|
17 (7.9 %)
|
Lucas, C. L. et al (2019)(179)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Military Personnel
|
The PRIME-MD
Patient Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ)
|
-
|
Total (1980)
|
660 (37.9 %)
|
7
|
Male (1665)
|
530 (36.2 %)
|
Female (315)
|
130 (46.8 %)
|
Nichter, B. et al (2019)(180)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S.
veteran population
|
The Patient Health
Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), The Patient Health
Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
|
60.3
|
2732
|
201 (7.3 %)
|
9
|
Start, A. R. et al (2019)(181)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Military Personnel
|
The Patient Health
Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
|
-
|
944
|
72 (7.6 %)
|
7
|
Blosnich, J. R. et al (2020)(182)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Military Veterans
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
-
|
293872
|
45391 (15.4 %)
|
9
|
Forys-Donahue, K. L. et al (2020)(183)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
US Army population
|
The Patient Health
Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
|
-
|
7043
|
774 (11%)
|
6
|
Gjerstad, C. L. et al (2020)(184)
|
Norway
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Norwegian
Peacekeepers
|
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
|
30
|
10450
|
417 (4 %)
|
8
|
Groll, D. L. et al (2020)(185)
|
Canada
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Canadian military persons
|
The Patient Health
Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
|
-
|
477
|
61 (12.8 %)
|
8
|
Gross, G. M. et al (2020)(186)
|
USA
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S.
veteran population
|
The Patient Health
Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
|
35
|
Total (650)
|
306 (47 %)
|
7
|
Male (498)
|
192 (38.6 %)
|
Female (352)
|
114 (32.4 %)
|
Shim, E. J. et al (2020)(187)
|
Korea
|
Random Sampling
(CS)
|
Korean military population
|
The Mini
International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (MINI-Plus), The Patient Health
Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
|
50.6
|
1937
|
162 (8.4 %)
|
8
|
Smigelsky, M. A. et al (2020)(188)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S. military population
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
37.6
|
1002
|
210 (21 %)
|
6
|
Smith, L. M. et al (2020)(189)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S. Air Force Basic Military Training
|
The Patient Health
Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
|
-
|
85
|
20 (23.5 %)
|
5
|
Stefanovics, E. A. et al (2020)(190)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S. Military Veterans
|
The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), The Patient Health
Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
|
55
|
1308
|
340 (30 %)
|
5
|
Taillieu, T. L. et al (2020)(191)
|
Canada
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Canadian Armed Forces
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
-
|
6447
|
1006(15.6%)
|
5
|
Wang, J. et al (2020)(192)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
U.S.
Reserve and National Guard Personnel
|
The Patient Health
Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
|
34.4
|
3503
|
86 (2.5 %)
|
6
|
Ursano, R. J. et al (2020)(193)
|
USA
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
US Army Soldiers During Deployment
in Afghanistan
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
(DSM-IV)
|
-
|
3957
|
173 (4.1 %)
|
7
|
Yeom, C. W. et al (2020)(194)
|
Korea
|
Convenience Sampling
(CS)
|
Korean military personal
|
The Mini
International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus
(MINI-Plus Suicidality module), The Patient Health
Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
|
21.4
|
480
|
27(5.6 %)
|
6
|