3.1. Physico-chemical parameters of wastewater samples:
The physicochemical analysis of the wastewater samples revealed that the wastewater samples were almost within the tolerance limits of irrigation water standards prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for industrial effluents on land. The temperature of distilled water and tap water was at normal room temperature of 25 0C. The temperature of industrial wastewater samples was within the prescribed BIS standards. The temperature was 28 ± 2 0C for all the three wastewater samples (WWS). The water samples of tap, distilled and WWS-1 had no colour. The WWS-2 and WWS-3 had milky white and pale yellow colour respectively. The water samples of tap and distilled water had no odour whereas the WWS-1, WWS-2 and WWS-3 had chemical and bleach odour. The water samples had different pH levels. The distilled water should be neutral with a pH of 7.0, but because it absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, it was slightly acidic with pH of 6.08. The WWS-2 had the highest pH level of 8.01 among all the samples (Table – 1).
The electric conductivity of the water samples was tested in laboratory using electric conductivity meter (EQ660B). The results reflect that the mean of WWS-2 had maximum conductivity among all samples, which is 1.72 ± 0.05 mS. The alkalinity of the TW, WWS-1, WWS-2 and WWS-3 is ranging from 390, 420, 620, 500 mg/L were recorded respectively. Water containing chloride concentrations of less than 150 mg/L of chloride are safe for most crops. The chloride contents in TW, WWS-1, WWS-2, WWS-3 were estimated as 469, 367.26, 52.60, 52.60 ± 2 mg/L. Total hardness is the measurement of mineral content in water samples. From the tests conducted the WWS-2 had the highest total hardness of 420 mg/L, whereas, the samples DW, TW, WWS-1 and WWS-3 had total hardness of 5, 281, 187, and 196 ± 2 mg/L (Table – 1).
It was found that WWS-2 had the highest Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of 1800 mg/L, whereas other samples i.e., DW, TP, WWS-1 and the WWS-3 had TDS of 40, 500, 1050, 1550 ± 5 mg/L respectively. Total suspended solids are the solids dissolved in water that can be trapped by a filter. The WWS-3 had highest value of TSS was 700 mg/L. Whereas, other samples like DW, TW, WWS-1, WWS-3 had 20, 102, 134, 650 ± 5 mg/L respectively. Total dissolved oxygen (TDO) is the measure of amount of gaseous oxygen dissolved in an aqueous solution. Ensuring sufficient levels of dissolved oxygen in the irrigation water improves a plants overall health. The TDO of DW, TW, WWS-1, WWS-2 and WWS-3 are 20.8, 31.36, 24, 7 and 17.2 ± 2 mg/L.
Total dissolved carbon dioxide is the carbon dioxide present in water in the form of a dissolved gas. The WWS-1 and WWS-3 had exhibited absence of dissolved carbon dioxide. Whereas, TW and WWS-2 had dissolved CO2 is of 0.057 and 0.025 were recorded respectively. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the measurement of the oxygen required to oxidize soluble and particulate organic matter in water. The COD of WWS-3 was highest in all samples i.e., 195.2 mg/L. The other samples TW, WWS-1 and WWS-2 had COD level as 142.4, 174.4 and 126.4 ± 2 mg/L Biological oxygen demand is the measurement of the amount of dissolved oxygen that is used by aerobic microorganisms when decomposing organic matter in water. The BOD of TW, WWS-1, WWS-2 and WWS-3 are 11, 56, 63 and 79 ± 2 mg/L (Table – 1).
3.2. Physico-chemical parameters of soil samples:
The collected soil samples contained maximum amount of silt viz, 57%, clay 33% and sand 10%. Hence from the soil texture chart it is identified as silty clay loam soil. Silty soil is usually more fertile than other types of soil; it promotes water retention and air circulation. From the physical analysis of sample it was found that it has pH of 8.06 and electrical conductivity 0.27 mS/cm.
In the chemical analysis revealed that phosphate amount was maximum i.e., 15 mg/Kg followed by sulphur 8.15 mg/Kg, potassium 6.11 mg/kg, iron 5.72 mg/Kg, manganese 1.53 mg/Kg, organic carbon 1.52 mg/Kg, copper 0.40 mg/Kg, nitrogen 0.35 mg/Kg, boron 0.20 mg/Kg and zinc 0.18 mg/kg (Table – 2).
3.3. Analysis of physical purity and rate of imbibitions in seeds:
The Imbibitions tests was conducted and observed that barley seeds in WWS-1 exhibited highest percent of imbibitions (67.67%) followed by WWS-3 which had imbibitions percent of 63.90%, control water TW had 61.41% of imbibitions, WWS-2 which had the lowest rate of imbibitions i.e., 60.83% (Fig.
2).
In case of bajra seeds in which TW exhibited highest percent of imbibitions (32.31%) followed by WWS-3 with 27.09%, WWS-1 with 24.33% and WWS-2 had 26.60% of imbibitions.
In contrast, the jowar seeds TW showed 26.56% of imbibitions rate followed by WWS-1 (24.20%), WWS-3 (24.15%) and WWS-2 (21.74%).
Overall comparison revealed that the imbibitions percentage of barley seeds stand first with the treatment of all the water samples and it is followed by bajra seeds, it is exhibited low rate of imbibitions compare to barley, but the jowar seeds shown the least imbibitions percentage among the three seed sample (Fig.
2).
3.4. Analysis of vegetative growth/vigor index in plant.
The vigor index in jowar seeds samples was highest (1665) in WWS-3 at 100% conc. and lowest (707) in WWS-1 at 25% conc. whereas, WWS-2 exhibited higher results at all concentrations (Table – 3). The vigor index in bajra seeds samples was highest (1775) at 50% conc. and lowest (604) at 25% concentration. Whereas, an average in all the samples of WWS-3 (Table – 3). The vigor index in barley seeds samples was highest (1545) in both WWS-2 and WWS-3 at 50% conc. and lowest (1065) in WWS-1 at 25% conc. And it showed better results in all the other samples (Table – 3). The all the seeds grown in TW (tap water) which is the control water sample had shown very less vigor index among all the water samples. It is indicated that seeds irrigated with industrial wastewater sample have better growth results than the tap water sample. The length of roots and shoots had shown different developmental variations in different samples. It was also observed that vigor index was higher in higher concentrated wastewater samples but the variations also merely depend on the type of seed selected (Fig. 3).
In the present study it was found that plant height was maximum in the Wastewatersamples the control i.e. tap water sample. In the tap water sample barley plant had maximum height (0.2m) and jowar plant height was minimum (0.19 m). In WWS-1 the barley plant was (0.215m), jowar (0.21m) and the bajra shortest (0.195m) height.
In WWS-2 the barley plant had maximum (0.24m) height followed by jowar plant (0.21m) and bajra plant (0.2m) height.
In WWS-3 jowar and barley both had maximum (0.23m) height followed by bajra plant sample.
In forage crops sufficient leaf surface area is needed to capture sunlight and continue photosynthesis. In the present work the leaf surface area of jowar and barley in TW was maximum (7.5cm
2) and bajra lowest (6cm
2). In WWS-1 bajra had the maximum surface area (6.5cm
2) and jowar, barley (5cm
2). In WWS-2 all the plants samples had relatively lower surface area. In WWS-3 all the plants exhibited preferable results, jowar (5cm
2), bajra (6.5cm
2) and barley (6.2cm
2) (Table
4).
Table 1
Physicochemical parameters of wastewater samples. Note: BIS,- Bureau of Indian Standards; DW- distilled water; TW-tap water; WWS- wastewater sample; NA, not applicable; * Absent
Parameters | UNIT | DW | TW | WWS-1 | WWS-2 | WWS-3 | BIS |
---|
Temp | 0C | 25 | 25 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 40 |
Colour | NA | * | * | * | Pale yellow | Milky | * |
Odour | NA | * | * | Foul | Foul | * | * |
pH | NA | 6.08 | 6.90 | 7.50 | 8.1 | 7.75 | 5.5–9 |
EC | mS | 0.25 | 1.0 | 0.86 | 1.75 | 1.16 | NA |
Alkalinity | mg/L | NA | 390 | 420 | 620 | 500 | NA |
Chlorides | mg/L | NA | 469 | 367.26 | 52.60 | 52.60 | 600 |
Hardness | mg/L | 5 | 281 | 187 | 420 | 196 | 300 |
TDS | mg/L | 400 | 500 | 1050 | 1800 | 1550 | 2100 |
TSS | mg/L | 20 | 102 | 134 | 650 | 700 | 200 |
Tdo | mg/L | 20.8 | 31.3 | 24 | 8 | 17.2 | NA |
TDCO2 | mg/L | NA | 0.05 | NIL | 0.025 | NIL | NA |
COD | mg/L | 0.0 | 142 | 174.4 | 126.4 | 195.2 | 250 |
BOD | mg/L | NA | 11 | 56 | 63 | 79 | 100 |
Table 2
Physico-chemical parameter of soil samples.
Sl. No. | Unit | Parameters | Value |
---|
1. | - | pH | 8.06 |
2. | mS/cm | EC | 0.27 |
3. | mg/Kg | OC | 1.52 |
4. | mg/Kg | N | 0.35 |
5. | mg/Kg | P2O5 | 15 |
6. | mg/Kg | K2O | 611 |
7. | mg/Kg | S | 8.15 |
8. | mg/Kg | Zn | 0.18 |
9. | mg/Kg | B | 0.20 |
10. | mg/Kg | Fe | 5.72 |
11. | mg/Kg | Mn | 1.53 |
12. | mg/Kg | Cu | 0.40 |
13. | % | Clay | 32.69 |
14. | % | Silt | 57 |
15. | % | Sand | 9.61 |
Table 3
Vigour index of jowar, bajra and barley plants grown in different concentrations of wastewater
Sl. No. | Sample type | Days of observation | No. of test seeds | JOWAR |
---|
(WWS-1) | (WWS-2) | (WWS-3) |
---|
MRL (cm) | MSL (cm) | PG | VI= (MRL + MSL)\(\times\)PG | MRL (cm) | MSL (cm) | PG | VI= (MRL + MSL)\(\times\)PG | MRL (cm) | MSL (cm) | PG | VI= (MRL + MSL)\(\times\)PG |
---|
1. | DW | 5 | 25 | 4.46 | 2.72 | 88 | 631.84 | 4.46 | 2.72 | 88 | 631.84 | 4.46 | 2.72 | 88 | 631.84 |
2. | TW | 5 | 25 | 3.54 | 2.38 | 100 | 592 | 3.54 | 2.38 | 100 | 592 | 3.54 | 2.38 | 100 | 592 |
3. | 25% | 5 | 25 | 4.25 | 2.82 | 100 | 707 | 10.19 | 6.44 | 96 | 1596 | 8.79 | 5.74 | 96 | 1394.88 |
4. | 50% | 5 | 25 | 4.36 | 3.83 | 92 | 753 | 8.89 | 5.94 | 92 | 1364.36 | 9.68 | 5.20 | 96 | 1428.48 |
5. | 100% | 5 | 25 | 5.73 | 3.35 | 88 | 799 | 8.60 | 5.14 | 84 | 1154.16 | 10.60 | 7.50 | 92 | 1665.2 |
| BAJRA |
1. | DW | 5 | 25 | 4.46 | 2.72 | 88 | 631.84 | 4.46 | 2.72 | 88 | 631.84 | 4.46 | 2.72 | 88 | 631.84 |
2. | TW | 5 | 25 | 3.54 | 2.38 | 100 | 592 | 3.54 | 2.38 | 100 | 592 | 3.54 | 2.38 | 100 | 592 |
3. | 25% | 5 | 25 | 4.1 | 2.2 | 96 | 604.8 | 9.5 | 6.1 | 100 | 1497.6 | 6.8 | 4.7 | 92 | 1058 |
4. | 50% | 5 | 25 | 7.4 | 5.1 | 92 | 1150 | 7.5 | 4.2 | 96 | 1123.2 | 11.2 | 8.1 | 92 | 1775.6 |
5. | 100% | 5 | 25 | 8.6 | 3.8 | 92 | 1140.8 | 8.2 | 4.8 | 92 | 1196 | 9.9 | 5.1 | 88 | 1320 |
| Barley |
1. | DW | 5 | 25 | 4.46 | 2.72 | 88 | 631.84 | 4.46 | 2.72 | 88 | 631.84 | 4.46 | 2.72 | 88 | 631.84 |
2. | TW | 5 | 25 | 3.54 | 2.38 | 100 | 592 | 3.54 | 2.38 | 100 | 592 | 3.54 | 2.38 | 100 | 592 |
3. | 25% | 5 | 25 | 6.9 | 4.2 | 96 | 1065.6 | 8.2 | 6.3 | 96 | 1392 | 8.2 | 6.3 | 92 | 1334 |
4. | 50% | 5 | 25 | 8.3 | 6.9 | 92 | 1398.4 | 10.2 | 5.9 | 96 | 1545.6 | 10.2 | 5.9 | 96 | 1545 |
5. | 100% | 5 | 25 | 11.2 | 5.9 | 84 | 1436.4 | 9.3 | 6.5 | 88 | 1390.4 | 9.3 | 6.5 | 92 | 1453.6 |
Table 4
Plant height and surface area of leaf in jowar, bajra and barley plants grown in different concentrations of wastewater
JOWAR |
---|
Water Sample types | Height of plants (15th day) | No. of leaves in plants | Avg. leaf length (cm) | Avg. leaf width (cm) | Avg. leaf SA (cm2) |
6th day | 10th day | 15th day | 6th day | 10th day | 15th day | 6th day | 10th day | 15th day | 6th day | 10th day | 15th day |
TW | 0.19 m | 3 | 4 | 8 | 9.03 | 12 | 16 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 5 | 6 | 7.5 |
WWS-1 | 0.21 m | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5.46 | 7.4 | 10.2 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 4 | 5 |
WWS-2 | 0.21 m | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5.66 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 0.83 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 4 | 4.5 |
WWS-3 | 0.23 m | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6.36 | 11.2 | 13.6 | 0.83 | 0.96 | 1.3 | 4 | 4.5 | 6 |
BAJRA |
TW | 0.195m | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6.8 | 9.5 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 4 | 4.5 | 6 |
WWS-1 | 0.195 m | 2 | 3 | 5 | 4.2 | 6.6 | 9 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 4 | 4.5 | 6.5 |
WWS-2 | 0.2 m | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3.8 | 5.9 | 7.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 3 | 4 | 5.5 |
WWS-3 | 0.19 m | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4.8 | 7.1 | 9.2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 4.5 | 5 | 6.5 |
BARLEY |
TW | 0.2 m | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 10.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 5 | 6 | 7.5 |
WWS-1 | 0.215 m | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6.9 | 8.1 | 9.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 3.5 | 4 | 5 |
WWS-2 | 0.24 m | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 9.5 | 0.83 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 4 | 4.5 |
WWS-3 | 0.23 m | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6.36 | 11.2 | 13.6 | 0.83 | 0.96 | 1.3 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 6.2 |
3.5. Estimation of Chlorophyll and Carotenoids:
From the present investigations it was found that total chlorophyll in jowar plant was maximum (172.53µg/g) in WWS-1 followed by WWS-2 (169.21µg/g) and WWS-3 (144.74µg/g). In the control water (TW) the total chlorophyll content was too less (107.69µg/g) than the other water samples (Fig. 4).
The total chlorophyll in bajra plant was maximum (175.54 µg/g) in WWS-2, followed by WWS-1 (174.56µg/g) and WWS-3 (146.18µg/g).
In the control sample total chlorophyll content was low (110.92µg/g) than other samples (Fig.
4).
The total chlorophyll in barley leaves was maximum (109.08µg/g) in WWS-2 followed by WWS-1 (164.17µg/g) and WWS-3 (154.83µg/g).
The total chlorophyll in control water (TW) was less (105.98µg/g) than other samples (Fig.
4).
It was found that carotenoid contents in jowar leaves were highest in TW sample followed by WWS-2 (2.46), WWS-3 (2.29) and WWS-1(2.1).
In bajra leaves carotenoid content was high in WWS-2 (2.72) followed by TW (2.30), WWS-1 (1.98) and WWS-3 (1.2). In barley leaves carotenoid content was maximum in TW (3.76) followed by WWS-3 (3.59), WWS-2 (2.49) and WWS-1 (1.51) these readings are graphically represented (Fig.
4).