1. | Dlamini Uganda 2015 | Antibiotic prophylaxis | RCT single-blinded | 464 Women for CS | 3 months | Significantly lower risk of infection when prophylaxis is given 1 hour before skin incision than I hour after skin incision |
2. | Bagratee, 2001 South Africa | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | RCT prospective ,double blind, placebo-controlled | 480 Women for elective CS | 6 weeks-as inpatient and at post-natal visit | No difference in SSI risk with pre-op cefoxitin (intervention) versus placebo.. |
3. | Igwemadu 2022 Nigeria | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | RCT Open Label | 162 Women for CS | 11 Months | No significant difference between single-dose ceftriaxone and metronidazole and multiple doses for antibiotic prophylaxis for wound infection. Clinical endometritis was statistically significant and none reported in the single-dose arm |
4. | Ijarotimi AO 2013 Nigeria | Antibiotic prophylaxis | RCT | 200 Women for CS | 6 months | No significant difference in the incidence of infection between short term and long term prophylactics, but short term cheaper |
5. | Jyothirmayi 2017 India | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | randomized controlled double blinded trial | 1106 Women for CS | 7 months | Significantly lower risk of infection with pre incision antibiotic prophylaxis as compared to the post incision. decreased the hospital stay significantly |
6.. | Lyimo 2013 Tanzania | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | a randomized, equivalence, non-blinding clinical trial | 500 Women for CS | 7 months | Pre-op single-dose gentamicin and metronidazole was associated with significantly less risk of infection than prolonged therapy |
7. | Mivumbi 2014 Rwanda | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | Prospective, randomized, open-label, single-site study | 132 Women for CS | 3 months | Significantly lower risk of infection with prophylaxis cefazolin than with ampicillin |
8. | Mohamed 2020 Nigeria | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | RCT | 160 Women for CS | 5 months | No significant difference in infection risk between two doses of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and a 7 days’ course of prophylactic antibiotic. The use of two doses of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid has the advantages of reduced cost and some maternal side effects. |
9. | Oluwalana, 2017 Gambia | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | RCT,double-blinded, placebo-controlled | 829 Women in labour | 12 months | Arithromycin given in labour is associated with significantly less risk of infection than no antibiotic (control). |
10. | Osman,Sudan 2013 | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | Opened RCT | 180 Women for CS | 4 month | There was no difference in the two regimens (pre-incision or post-clamping of the umbilical cord) of ceftizoxime as prophylactic for elective cesarean delivery |
11. | Vathana, 2018 Sri Lanka | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | RCT, non-blinded | 369 women for CS | 3 months | No statistically significant differences between single dose and multiple dose antibiotic regimens with the incidence hospital stay |
12. | Abdelfattah,. 2022 Egypt | Self-care training | Quasi experimental design (one group pre and post-test) | 120 Postpartum Women. | 4 months | Significant Improvement in the knowledge and practices of postpartum women regarding puerperal sepsis |
13. | Elsayed 2021, Egypt | Self-care training | A quasi experimental design with pre and post intervention | 100 women before CS | 4 months | Significant improvement on women’s knowledge and practice regarding puerperal sepsis. |
14. | Gamel 2020 Egypt | Self-care training | Interventional quasi-experimental, pre-posttest, research design | 100 Postpartum women | 2 months | Significant improvement on women’s knowledge and practice regarding puerperal sepsis. |
15. | Sarkar India 2021 | Self-care training | A quasi experimental study | 64 Women before CS | 1 month | Significant improvement in the knowledge and practices scores among the experimental group |
16. | Ramadan 2018 Egypt | Self-care training | An intervention (Quasi-Experimental) | 120 Postpartum women | 7 months | It was found that self- care guideline has a positive effect on improving the quality of life among women undergoing cesarean section |
17. | Zarei 2021 Iran | Self-care training | a quasi-experimental clinical trial | 72 women Before CS | 2 months | A significant acceleration of wound healing 9 days after CS In the intervention group compared to the Control group |
18. | Elsharkawy 2022,Egypt | Skin Preparation | RCT, Non blinded | 54 Women | 6 months | Preoperative skin preparation with povidone iodine was associated with a significant less wound infection than no skin prep |
19. | Lukabwe 2022 Uganda | Skin Preparation | RCT Single blind Control Goup Routine care | 96 women before Emergency c/s | 1 month | Significant lower risk of infection with chloroxylenol bath than no antiseptic (Control) |
20. | Luwang 2021 | Skin Preparation | RCT | 311 Women for CS | 3 months | Significant lower risk of infection with chlorhexidine–alcohol skin antiseptic compared to povidone–iodine. |
21. | Ahmed Egypt 2022 | Skin Preparation | RCT | 90 women undergoing elective CS | 8 months | Significant lower risk of infection with povidine or iodine or chlorhexidine group than the none (Control group) No statistically significant difference between Povidine-iodine and the chlorhexidine group |
22. | Ogah, Nigeria 2020 | Skin preparation | Prospective RCT Control group- Routine Care | 322 Women Before Emergency | 4 months | Vaginal cleansing with 1.0% chlorhexidine gluconate solution was associated with a Significant reduction in infection |
23. | Taha, 1997 Malawi | Skin Preparation | Clinical trial Control group Routine care | 6965 Before delivery | 6 months | Cleansing the birth canal with chlorhexidine is associated with significant reduction in infection. |
24. | Ernest EC 2021 Tanzania | Systems Approach | A pre-cross-sectional/post-cross-sectional study design | Interprofessional Surgical teams 279 Women | 3 months | Significant improvement in the SSC utilization /Reduction in SSI/ Drop in CS related POMR |
25. | Gentilotti et al 2020 Tanzania | Systems Approach | Before-after intervention cohort study | 1037 women | 24 months | Significantly increased use of antibiotic prophylaxis, more qualified operators performed the CS and a significant reduction of SSI |
26. | Goodburn, 2000 Bangladesh | TBA training | Before and after intervention | TBAs 800 2099 post-partum women | 18 months | No significant difference in the risk of infection between trained and untrained TBAs. Other factors, such as pre-existing infection, long labour and insertion of hands into the vagina were found to be highly significant. |
27. | Shaieb 2020 Sudan | TBA training | Semi-experimental | 37 TBAs | 7 months | Significant improvement in the knowledge after training than before the training . |
28. | Darmstadt, 2009,Egypt | Clean Delivery Kit (CDK ) use | cross-sectional cohort study | 334 Postpartum women | 1 month | Significant low risk of infection with the use of CDK |
29. | Seward 2015 Bangladesh, India & Nepal | Clean Delivery Kit (CDK) use Promotion of Hand wash | Cluster RCT, open cohort. | Postpartum Women Bangladesh 25,591 India 11,063 Nepal 3948 | Bangladesh 24 months India 36 months Nepal 24 months | Significant reduction in infection with hand wash.,CDK use does not improve maternal survival |