General clinical data of the patients
A total of 148 patients were included in this study, 68 patients were excluded of which 12 patients were due to blood and tumor diseases, 10 patients were due to cirrhosis, 15 patients were due to long-term oral warfarin or heparin and low molecular weight heparin, 11 patients were due to bleeding risk and unable to use heparin, 20 patients were due to no family consent or incomplete data. 80 patients met the inclusion criteria, including 24 patients in SIC group and 56 patients in non-SIC group. There were 14 males in SIC group (53.84%) and 39 males in non-SIC group (69.64%). There was no statistical significance in gender composition between the two groups (X2 = 4.816, P = 0.555). The mean age of SIC group patients was 78.00 ± 10.77 years, and that of non-SIC group was 75.85 ± 12.75 years. There was no statistical significance in age between the two groups (X2 = 0.594, P = 0.555). In SIC group, 9 cases (37.50%) of pulmonary infection, 9 cases (37.50%) of abdominal infection, 5 cases (20.83%) of urinary tract infection, 1 case (4.17%) of soft tissue infection. In the non-sic group, 26 patients (46.42%) of pulmonary infection, 20 patients (35.71%) of abdominal infection, 6 patients (10.71%) of urinary tract infection, 4 patients (7.14%) of soft tissue infection. (Table 1)
Table 1
| Non-SIC group (n = 56) | SIC group (n = 24) | T / X2 value | P |
Gender-male (proportion) | 39(69.64%) | 14(53.84%) | 4.816 | 0.555 |
Age (year) | 75.85 ± 12.75 | 78.00 ± 10.77 | 0.594 | 0.555 |
Underlying disease (for example) | | | | |
Hypertension | 23 | 11 | 0.019 | 0.99 |
Diabetes mellitus | 19 | 7 | 2.250 | 0.31 |
Coronary disease | 14 | 6 | 0.751 | 0.77 |
Site of infection (for example) | | | | |
Abdominal cavity | 20 | 9 | | |
Urology | 6 | 5 | | |
Bellows | 26 | 9 | | |
Flab | 4 | 1 | | |
The Comparison Of Hbp, Ha, Hs, And Sdc-1 Content Between The Two Groups
Independent sample t-test results showed that HBP, HA, HS, and SDC-1 content were significantly different between SIC and non-SIC groups, and non-SIC groups had lower levels of HBP and glycocalyx metabolites. Statistical significance was compared between the two groups.(Table 2).
Table 2
Comparison of HBP, HA, HS, and SDC-1 contents
| Non-SIC | SIC | T | P |
HBP(ng/ml) | 140.92 ± 68.78 | 235.53 ± 74.50 | 5.499 | 0.001 |
HA(ng/ml) | 3.41 ± 2.98 | 8.13 ± 2.61 | 7.089 | 0.001 |
HS(ng/ml) | 888.20 ± 272.13 | 1133.49 ± 240.84 | 4.011 | 0.035 |
SDC-1(ng/ml) | 10.03 ± 7.30 | 22.82 ± 10.95 | 6.132 | 0.001 |
HBP: Heparin-binding; protein HA: Hyaluronan; HS: Heparan Sulfate; SDC-1: Protomer-1.
Correlation Of Hbp With Ha, Hs, And Sdc-1
Using the Person correlation analysis, the results showed a significant positive correlation between plasma HBP and endothelial glycocalyx metabolites levels in the SIC group(Fig. 1).
Comparison of HBP, HA, HS, and SDC-1 before and after using heparin in the SIC group
The paired sample t-test was used to compare the changes of HBP, HA, HS, and SDC-1 in SIC group before and after heparin treatment. The results showed that the HBP before heparin was 235.53 ± 74.50ng/ml and after heparin was 297.66 ± 75.09ng/ml (t=-15.159, P < 0.001). The HA before heparin was 8.13 ± 2.61ng/ml and after heparin was 3.66 ± 1.38ng/ml (T = 12.069, P < 0.001). The HS before heparin was 1133.49 ± 240.84ng/ml and after heparin was 888.70 ± 159.32ng/ml (T = 8.091, P < 0.001). The SDC-1 before heparin was 22.82 ± 10.95ng/ml and after heparin was 10.17 ± 5.93ng/ml (T = 11.565, P < 0.001). (Table 3)
Table 3
HBP and glycocalyx metabolites of heparin before and after comparison
| Pre-heparin | Post-heparin | T | P |
HBP(ng/ml) | 235.53 ± 74.50 | 297.66 ± 75.09 | -15.159 | < 0.001 |
HA(ng/ml) | 8.13 ± 2.61 | 3.66 ± 1.38 | 12.069 | < 0.001 |
HS(ng/ml) | 1133.49 ± 240.84 | 888.70 ± 159.32 | 8.091 | < 0.001 |
SDC-1(ng/ml) | 22.82 ± 10.95 | 10.17 ± 5.93 | 11.565 | < 0.001 |
HBP: Heparin-binding protein; HA: Hyaluronan; HS: Heparan; Sulfate SDC-1: Protomer-1.
Comparison Of Hbp, Ha, Hs, And Sdc-1 In The Non-sic Group
The paired sample t-test was used to compare HBP, HA, HS, and SDC-1 before and after heparin treatment in non-SIC group.The results showed that the HBP before heparin was 140.92 ± 68.78ng/ml and after heparin was 174.55 ± 70.95ng/ml (t=-25.177, P < 0.001). The HA before heparin was 3.41 ± 2.97ng/ml and after heparin was2.30 ± 2.37ng/ml (T = 5.21 ± 5.27, P < 0.001). The HS before heparin was 884.01 ± 272.81ng/ml and after heparin was 796.64 ± 282.28ng/ml (T = 7.734, P < 0.001). The SDC-1 before heparin was 10.04 ± 7.31ng/ml and after heparin was 5.21 ± 5.27ng/ml (T = 13.769, P < 0.001). (Table 4).
Table 4
HBP and glycocalyx metabolites of heparin before and after comparison
| Pre-heparin | Post-heparin | T | P |
HBP(ng/ml) | 140.92 ± 68.78 | 174.55 ± 70.95 | -25.177 | < 0.001 |
HA(ng/ml) | 3.41 ± 2.97 | 2.30 ± 2.37 | 10.298 | < 0.001 |
HS(ng/ml) | 884.01 ± 272.81 | 796.64 ± 282.28 | 7.734 | < 0.001 |
SDC-1(ng/ml) | 10.04 ± 7.31 | 5.21 ± 5.27 | 13.769 | < 0.001 |
HBP: Heparin-binding protein; HA: Hyaluronan; HS: Heparan Sulfate; SDC-1: Protomer-1.
Comparison Of The Changes Before And After Heparin Use Between The Two Groups
The independent sample t-test showed that the change of HBP(62.13 ± 20.07ng/ml), HS(4.48 ± 1.82ng/ml), HA(244.78 ± 148.21ng/ml), SDC-1(12.64 ± 5.35ng/ml) before and after heparin levels in the SIC group was significantly greater than that before heparin HBP(33.63 ± 9.99ng/ml), HS(1.10 ± 0.80ng/ml), HA(87.36 ± 83.77ng/ml in the non-SIC group), SDC-1 (4. 83 ± 2.63ng/ml) Change in the levels. Comparing the two groups, the SIC group had higher HBP level and lower glycocalyx metabolites level after heparin treatment than the non-SIC group (Table 5).
Table 5
Comparison between the two groups before and after using heparin
| SIC group | Non-SIC group | T | P |
HBP (ng/ml) | 62.13 ± 20.07 | 33.63 ± 9.99 | 6.324 | < 0.001 |
HS (ng/ml) | 4.48 ± 1.82 | 1.10 ± 0.80 | 1.549 | 0.003 |
HA (ng/ml) | 244.78 ± 148.21 | 87.36 ± 83.77 | 3.762 | < 0.001 |
SDC-1(ng/ml) | 12.64 ± 5.35 | 4.83 ± 2.63 | 2.873 | < 0.001 |
HBP: Heparin-binding protein; HA: Hyaluronan; HS: Heparan Sulfate; SDC-1: Protomer-1.