Norambuena et al. (2021) Chile | PPS 5 weeks | Elite athletes Sports: Judo SS: 10 EG: 10; 8 B/ 2 G; Age: 15.4 ± 2.8 year; | IV: Suspension-training INT: Intensity gradually increased Freq: 3 /week Time: 20min | No | Single-leg horizontal jumping (right leg↑; left leg↑), Sorensen↑, SAR↑, Y balance (arm↑; leg↑;). Grip strength ~; prone instability test performance ~; |
Baron et al. (2020) Poland | PPS 12 weeks | Elite athletes Sports: Football SS: 20 EG: 20 B; Age: 16.8 ± 0.6 year; | IV: Functional training Time: 70-90min | No | Functional state (FMS1↑, FMS2↑, FMS3↑); Speed and acceleration Tests (0-5m ~, 5-20m↑, 10-30m↑, 0-30m↑); Velocity↑. |
Katsanis et al. (2021) Greece | PPS 8 weeks | Ordinary children SS: 321; 158 B/163 G; Age: 16.54 ± 0.91 year; EG: 154; 76 B/78 G; Age: 16.52 ± 0.88 year; CG: 167; 82 B/ 85 G; Age: 16.56 ± 0.94 year; | IV: Suspension-training INT: Increased by 50%/2weeks. Freq: 2 /week Time: 45min | IV: Regular PE class Freq: 2 /week Time: 45min | In EG (SLJ↑ p < .001, Sit-ups for 30 seconds↑ p < .001, push-up↑ p < .001, handgrip↑ p < .001); in CG ~. In EG increased in motivation to participate in the PE class |
Laurent et al. (2018) USA | RCTs 6 weeks | Ordinary children SS: 28; 46% B/54% G; Age: 9.3 ± 1.5 year; EG: 17; 58.5% B/41.5% G; Age: 9.82 ± 1.22 year; CG: 11; 27.3% B/72.7% G Age: 8.54 ± 1.57 year; | IV: Suspension training Freq:2 /week Time: 60min | IV: Regular activities Freq: 2 /week Time: 60min | Pull-Up performance↑(P = .01) Lift↑, and FMS score↑, relative to CG. skill-related fitness (SLJ ~, SR ~) |
Labib (2014) Egypt | PPS 10 weeks | Ordinary athletes Sports: Handball SS: 20 G EG: 10 G; Age: 13 ± 1.5 year; Training experience 3 ± 0.7yr CG: 10 G; Age: 14 ± 1.8 year; Training experience 3 ± 0.8yr | IV: Functional training Freq: 3 /week Time: 60min | IV: Normal training Freq: 3 /week Time: 60min | Standing Stork Test↑, DB↑, Static strength↑ and Running shoot↑. both Handgrip Strength↑ and Static strength test↑ improved at two group, but No Significant Difference between them. |
Yildiz et al. (2018) Tukey | PPS 8 weeks | Ordinary athletes Sports: Tennis SS: 28 B; Age: 9.6 ± 0.7 year; Training experience 3.1 ± 1.3yr EG1: 10 B EG2: 10 B CG: 8 B | EG1 IV: Functional training Freq:3 /week Time: 65-75min EG2 IV: Traditional training Freq: 3 /week Time: 65-75min | IV: Normal tennis training Freq: 3 /week Time: 65-70min | In CG, FMS scores↓ and other parameters ~. In EG1, DB↑ FMS↓ and other parameters ~. In EG2, all parameters ↑, (the vertical jump performances↑, flexibility↑, agility↑, DB↑, SB↑, FMS data↑), between groups showed a significant difference, no big difference for right left DB. |
Song et al. (2014) Koera | PPS 16 weeks | Elite athletes Sports: Baseball SS: 62 B EG: 31 B; Age: 17.0 ± 1.06 year; CG: 31 B; Age: 16.62 ± 0.94 year; | IV: Functional Screen training INT: NM Freq: 3 T/week Time: NM | IV: Traditional training Freq: 3 /week Time: NM | Strength↑ and flexibility↑, hand grip strength↑ 12%, bench-press↑ 9% |
Liao et al. (2017) China | RCTs 12 weeks | Ordinary children SS: 144 G; Age: 12.47 ± 0.57yr EG: 72 G; CG: 72 G; | IV: Functional strength training INT: a moderate intensity Freq: 3 /week Time: 45min | IV: Traditional strength training INT: a moderate intensity Freq: 3 /week Time: 45min | FMS data↑, deep squat↑, turn stability↑, muscular strength↑, flexibility↑ and power↑, FST is better at improving the quality of movement Curl-ups, SAR and SLJ. |
Marta et al. (2019) Portugal | RCTs 8 weeks | Prepubescent children SS: 57 B EG1: 19 B; Age: 10.71 ± 0.43 year EG2: 20 B; Age: 10.92 ± 0.45 year CG: 18 B; Age: 10.81 ± 0.57 year | EG1 IV: Resistance training INT: low to moderate Freq: 2 /week Time: 45min EG2 IV: Suspension training INT: low to moderate Freq: 2 /week Time: 45min | IV: Regular PE course INT: low to moderate Freq: 2 /week Time: 45min | 1-kg ball throw large↑ (P < .001, 2p = .463), 3-kg ball throw medium↑ (P < .001, 2p = .395), and time-at-20m test small ES. no big difference between in the CVJ or the SLJ. but in ST training the CVJ↑, SLJ↑. |
Eagher et al. (2016) Australia | RCTs 8 weeks | Ordinary children SS: 96; 46 B/50 G; Age: 15.4 ± 0.5 year; EG: 51 CG: 45 | IV: CrossFit Teens Freq: 2 /week Time: 60min | IV: Regular PE class Freq: 2 /week Time: 60min | SAR↑ (+ 3.0 cm, P < .001), SLJ↑ (+ 0.1 m.021) and SR (+ 10.3laps, P = 0.019) SAR↑ Curl-up test↑, push-up ↑, SLJ↑ grip strength↑, SR test ↑ |
Carvutto et al. (2021) Italy | RCTs 8 weeks | Ordinary children Sports: Score SS: 28 B; Age: 12.6 ± 8.8; EG: 14 B CG: 14 B | IV: High-intensity functional training INT: High-intensity Freq: 3 /week Time: Lasts 90 minutes | IV: Traditional training based on technical and tactical abilities. Freq: 3 /week Time: 90min | Group x Time-agility ↑ no significant in sprint performance |
Baron et al. (2020) Poland | PPS 12 weeks | PT: Elite athletes Sports: Football SS: 20 B EG: 20 B; Age: 16.8 ± 0.6 year; | IV: Functional training Time: 70-85min | No | Functional state↑; FMS↑, FMS↑, FMS3↑; CM, power and height↑ CMJ without swing power and height↑, SQUAT Jump power and height↑ |
Bonney et al. (2019) South Africa | RCTs 14 weeks | PT: Obesity SS: 52 G EG: 26 G Age: 14.4 ± 0.9 year CG: 26 G Age: 14.3 ± 0.8 year | IV: Task-oriented functional training Freq: 1 /week Time: 45min | IV: Wii Fit intervention Freq: 1/week Time: 45min | Aerobic↑, coordination↑, knee extensors strength↑, dorsiflexors↑, plantar flexors↑, anaerobic↑ in both groups. lower extremity functional strength↑, manual dexterity↑, balance↑ in both groups. These changes were not different between groups. |
Gorter et al. (2009) Netherland | PPS 9 weeks | Cerebral Palsy SS: 13; 8 B/5 G EG: 13; 8 B/5 G; Age: 9.9 ± 1.15 year normal intelligence (n = 1), mild mental retardation (n = 12). CP and at GMFCS level 1 (n = 12) or level 2 (n = 1). | IV: Functional physical training Freq: 1 /week Time: 30min | No | Aerobic Endurance HR6↓ T max↑; walking distance and velocity ↑, Ambulation TUDS Seconds↓. VO2max ↑ 9%, max treadmill time↑ 23%, walking distance ↑ 7%, ambulation ↑ 21%. |
Mikołajczyk et al. (2014) Poland | PPS 12 weeks | Intellectual disability SS: 34; 28 B/6 G; moderate ID, mean IQ 45.1 ± 3.3; Age: 15.06 ± 0.9 year; EG: 17; CG: 17; | IV: Obligatory physical education classes + original dual-task functional training Freq: 3 /week Time: 45min | IV: Regular PE class Freq: 2 /week Time: 45min | Balance↑ (eyes open conditions, eyes closed conditions), path length of the center of pressure (eyes open conditions↓ significant shortening length by 28%, eyes closed conditions↓, significant shortening 36%). |
Emara et al. (2016) Saudi arabia | RCTs 12 weeks | Spastic diplegia SS: 20; 7 B/13 G; Age: 6-8 EG: 10; 4 B/6 G Age: 6.9 ± 0.6 year CG: 10; 3 B/7 G Age: 6.6 ± 0.7 year | IV: Traditional therapeutic exercises + body-weight suspension training Freq: 3 /week Time: 40 + 30min | IV: Wii Fit intervention Freq: 1 /week Time: 45min | standing↑, walking↑, 10-Meter walking speed↑. five times sit to stand, walking speed, sit to stand transitional skills, no significant difference between groups |
Ansa et al. (2020) Ghana | PPS 8 weeks | Cerebral Palsy SS: 10; 7 B/3 G SS: 10; 7 B/3 G Age: 14.4 ± 1.53 year; Type of CP: 4 Diplegia/1 Hemiplegia/ 5 Quadriplegia | IV: Community-based functional aerobic exercise INT: 40–80% max heart rate Freq: 4 /week Time: 50min | No | GMF D-standing ↑ 8.2%, E-walking + running + jumping ↑ 5.12%, walking distance↑ 6.09%. physical health ↑ 105.04%, by children parent proxy. And physical health ↑ 60.00%, by Self-reported. |
Surana et al. (2019) USA | RCTs 9 weeks | Unilateral spastic cerebral palsy SS: 24; 10 B/14 G EG: 12; 5 B/7 G Age: 5.8 ± 2.3 year GMFCS, 5 I/7 II CG: 12; 5 B/7 G Age: 5.1 ± 2.6 year GMFCS 3 I/9 II | IV: LE intensive functional training Freq: 5 /week Time: 120min | IV: Obligatory physical education classes + NR | 1MWT↑, ABILOCO-kids↑, single-leg stance↑, fast velocity↑, 30-s chair rise↑. LIFT improved more than H-HABIT. no significant differences between LIFT and H-HABIT for self-selected walking velocity |
Ketelaar et al. (2001) Netherland | RCTs 18 months | Spastic cerebral palsy SS: 55; 33 B/22 G; Age: 2-7yr EG: 28; 16 B/12 G Age: 54 ± 20 months; Cerebral palsy distribution: 16 Hemiplegia/5 Diplegia/ 6 Quadriplegia. CG: 27; 17 G/10 G; Age: 56 ± 20 months Cerebral palsy distribution: 16 Hemiplegia/6 Diplegia / 6 Quadriplegia. | IV: Functional physical therapy | IV: Traditional therapeutic exercises + the treadmill Freq: 3 /week Time: 40 + 30min | GMFM↑ and PEDI score ↑in both groups; basic gross motor abilities↑, no differ between groups. The mean scores↑ higher than in the CG. functional skills in daily situations↑, self-care and mobility activities↑. |
Salavat et al. (2017) Netherland | PPS 18 weeks | PT: Cerebral palsy and cerebral visual impairment SS: 5 2 B/3 G; Cerebral palsy; Age:114 ± 52 month; distribution: 5 Spastic, GMFCS classified levels: 2 I/ 1 II/1 V/1 IV; | IV: Functional therapy programmed Freq: 3 /week Time: 30min | No | Gross motor functioning↑, Functional Skills↑ |
Blundell et al. (2002) Australia | PPS 4 weeks | PT: Cerebral palsy SS: 8; 7 B/ 1 G EG: 8; 7 B/ 1 G; Age: 6.3 ± 1.3yr Cerebral palsy distribution: 7 spastic Diplegia/1 Quadriplegia. | IV: Functional strength training + a group circuit training INT: intensive repetitive practice Freq: 2 /week Time: 60min | IV: Hand-Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy Freq: 5 /week Time: 120min | Isometric strength↑; Left and right Lateral Step-up ↑; time of 10-m walk↑; stride length↑. |
Ahl et al. (2005) Sweden | PPS 5 months | PT: Children with cerebral palsy SS: 14; 11 B/3 G; Age: 1year 6 month to 6 years. With diplegia and tetraplegia cerebral palsy; EG: 8; 7 B/1 G; GMFCS classified between levels II–V; | IV: Goal-directed functional therapy Freq: 2 /week Time: NM | IV: Reference normalization | 76 goals fulfilled completely, 19 partially completed; gross motor function↑; self-care performance↑; mobility ↑; social function↑ |
Mikołajczyk et al. (2014) Poland | RCTs 12 weeks | Moderate mental disabilities SS: 34 Age: 15.06 ± 0.9 year; EG: 17 CG: 17 | IV: Unstable-surface functional exercises Freq: 3 /week Time: 45min | IV: Did not perform any exercises | Static balance - COP deviation range↑, Path length↓, Path area↓. Eye open and eye closed. |
Farrokhian et al. (2021) Iran | RCTs 5 weeks | Intellectual disability SS: 30 Gender: G EG: 15 CG: 15 Age: Elementary school students(Not specific) | IV: Functional training Freq: 3 /week Time: 45-60min | IV: Did not perform any exercises | SB↑, DB↑, and flexibility↑, student’s' performance statistically significant. |