Enhancing the elasticity of Silicate Cement Stone with anionic styrene-butadiene latex particles

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2876587/v1

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Enhancing the elasticity of Silicate Cement Stone with anionic styrene-butadiene latex particles

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2876587/v1

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To address the problems of brittleness and poor elastic deformation ability of Silicate Cement stone, anionic styrene-butadiene latex particles were prepared using emulsion polymerization with styrene, liquid polybutadiene, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, and fumaric acid as raw materials. The dispersion properties of anionic styrene-butadiene latex particles in water were investigated, as well as the elastic enhancement effect of the particles in cement. The test results show that anionic styrene-butadiene latex particles have good dispersion performance in water, is not easy to agglomerate, and can improve the fluidity of cement slurry. The elastic modulus of anionic styrene-butadiene latex particles cement stone is 43.1% and 27.8% lower than that of blank cement stone and commercially available latex particles cement stone, respectively. The finding of the mechanism analysis demonstrate that the anionic styrene-butadiene latex particles can be filled in cement stones to increase the silicate cement’s elasticity, compactness, and resistance to external stress.

Silicate Cement

styrene butadiene latex particles

dispersion

elastic modulus.

Due to the exploration and exploitation of unconventional oil and gas, the drilling engineering conditions of oil and gas wells are getting more complicated. [1] Due to the influence of subsequent operations such as perforation, fracturing, and mining, the cement sheath may crack under various complex stresses due to its brittleness, which leads to the failure of wellbore sealing integrity. [2] In the case of serious impact, it may even lead to the abandonment of oil and gas wells.[3–5] Therefore, we need to increase the elasticity of cement stone to keep the cement sheath from cracking and destroying the long-term sealing integrity of the wellbore.[6] Improve the ability of Silicate Cement to withstand external damage, as well as the plastic deformation ability of cement stone, to assure long-term cementing effect.[7–9]

One of the most effective methods to decrease cement cracking is to add elastic material to the cement. At present, rubber, resin, and latex are being used as the primary materials to increase the elasticity of Silicate Cement.[10–12]

Rubber, such as waste tire rubber powder and natural rubber powder, has good durability, thermal insulation, and frost resistance. By filling in the cement stone, the cement stone can become more elastic.[13, 14] When the cement stone is put under force from the outside, the rubber particles filled in the cement stone can absorb part of the impact energy and buffer the stress.[15] This increases the cement stone's resistance to outside harm. Rubber has been applied in Silicate Cement.[16] However, rubber has hydrophobic surfaces and are not compatible with cement slurries, and its temperature resistance is not strong, which is difficult to meet the cementing needs of complex oil and gas wells.[17, 18] To improve cement stone's elastic properties, epoxy resin requires a curing agent to form an elastomer.[19] However, the commonly used curing agents are highly toxic and will bring environmental safety problems.[20] In Silicate Cement, latex forms a continuous polymer film, which improves cement stone's elasticity.[21]

Styrene butadiene latex is a kind of latex commonly used in cement.[22, 23] It has developed rapidly in cementing additives and has become a research hotspot at home and abroad.[24] In Ramón's study, oil-well cement will be affected by the addition of styrene butadiene latex. The results showed that styrene-butadiene latex improved oil well cement's elastic properties.[25] In Sun's study, the pore structure of cement stone will be impacted by styrene butadiene latex. Styrene-butadiene latex particles provide a filling effect that makes the cement stone more compact.[26] Guo applied styrene-butadiene latex to cement after grafting modification. It substantially improved the cement stone's elasticity and its capacity to withstand crushing impact.[27] However, the existing liquid styrene-butadiene latex has poor stability, easy stratification, weak temperature resistance, and problems such as easy demulsification and easy foaming during mixing.[28, 29] Therefore, it is necessary to improve the performance of styrene-butadiene latex and solidify it to make powder. While improving its temperature resistance and dispersibility, it can also effectively avoid problems such as demulsification and foaming during liquid use, improve the transportation and storage convenience of styrene-butadiene latex, and broaden the application prospect of styrene-butadiene latex.

This study introduced 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and Fumaric acid (FA) to improve the dispersion performance of styrene-butadiene latex. At the same time, the styrene-butadiene latex was dried by microwave drying method to obtain anionic styrene-butadiene latex particles. And styrene-butadiene latex powder was added to Silicate Cement as elastic material.

2.1. Material

Styrene (St)、sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)、azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)、sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and Fumaric acid (FA) were all analytically pure and purchased from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Factory. Liquid polybutadiene (LPB), industrial grade, purchased from Beijing Yanshan Petrochemical Co., Ltd. 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), industrial grade, purchased from Qingdao Aolu Petroleum Machinery Co., Ltd. Latex particles (GR-1), industrial grade, purchased from Weihui Chemical Co., Ltd. G Silicate Cement, purchased from Jiahua Special Cement Co., Ltd. Dispersing agent (SXY), fluid loss additive (SWJ-4), defoaming agent (X60L) are industrial products provided by Shengli Oilfield Drilling Institute. Deionized water and tap water were made by the laboratory.

2.2. Synthesis of SBR-AS

Styrene-butadiene latex was synthesized by emulsion polymerization (SBR-AS). The synthesis steps are shown in Fig. 1.

21 grams St and 6 grams LPB were weighed in a 250ml beaker, 1.8 grams SDS was dissolved in 50 grams deionized water and added to the above beaker, and then emulsified and dispersed by an emulsion machine. Transfer the emulsified and dispersed liquid to the round bottom flask, and kept in a nitrogen atmosphere for 30 min. Add 0.3 g AIBN to round bottom flask. A mixture of 3.75 grams of AMPS and 2.25 grams of FA was dissolved in 50 grams of deionized water. Then adjusted to pH = 8–10 with a mass concentration of 30% NaOH solution and dropped into a round bottom flask. The reaction was conducted for 8 hours at 70°C to obtain a milky white liquid product. Then the solid styrene-butadiene latex was obtained by microwave drying (650 w, 10 minutes), and the anionic styrene-butadiene latex particles were obtained after crushing. The reaction equation is as follows:

2.3. Structure characterization and performance evaluation of latex particles

2.3.1. Structural characterization of latex particles

Dialysis bags with a molecular weight cut-off of 7000 were used to dialyze a small amount of latex particles for 72 hours. The molecular structure of SBR-AS and GR-1 was characterized by WQF520 Fourier transforms infrared spectrometer. There is a wavenumber range between 400 and 4000 cm^− 1.

To further determine whether the sample is the target product. After purification and drying, the SBR-AS was dissolved in Chloroform-d solution. Then loaded into a nuclear magnetic tube with a diameter of 5 mm. Using the Bruker III HD 400 NMR spectrometer to test the SBR-AS’s NMR ¹H.

2.3.2. Performance evaluation of latex particles

Using A thermogravimetric analyzer (DSC823 TGA / SDTA85 / e) to test the thermal stability of latex particles. The heating rate was 20°C/min, and the test temperature ranged from 40 to 600°C. The thermal stability of latex particles was investigated in a nitrogen atmosphere.

Water wettability of latex particles were evaluated using a contact angle measuring device (KRUSS DSA30S, KRUSS, Germany). Before the test, the latex particles were pressed into slices by a tablet press.

In the ultraviolet spectrum test, the absorption capacity of latex particles to 200 ~ 380 nm ultraviolet light was tested by Shimadzu UV-1800 ultraviolet spectrometer. The sample was diluted 100 times with deionized water, the solution was sonicated for 10 min. An UV-visible absorbance measurement was performed after centrifuging at 5000 r / min for 10 minutes.

Using the fluorescence digital microscopes AMG and EVOSFL to see latex particles were spread out in water. Before the test on the latex particles, it was diluted 50 -fold with deionized water.

2.4. Preparation of cement slurry samples

Five different cement slurry formulations (Table 1) were designed to examine the influence of latex particles on cement performance. According to API RP 10 B-2-2013,[30] the following cement slurries were created: blank cement slurry (A1), SBR-AS cement slurry (A2-A4), and GR-1 cement slurry (A5).

Table 1

The mixing ratio of cement paste in different experimental groups.
Samples	Constituents (wt. %)
Samples	G silicate cement	Tap water	GR-1	SBR-AS	SWJ-4	SXY	X60L
A1 A2	100 100	44 44	0 0	0 3	1 1	2 2	0.3 0.3
A3	100	44	0	5	1	2	0.3
A4	100	44	0	7	1	2	0.3
A5	100	44	5	0	1	2	0.3

2.5. Flow performance test of cement slurry

According to GB / T 8077 − 2012 ' Concrete admixture homogeneity test method '.[31] Measuring the fluidity of the cement slurry at 25°C and 80°C. A small cone measuring 60 mm high, 60 mm wide, and 36 mm high was used to measure the fluidity. The cement slurry was poured into the cone, then lifted the cone. The average diameter was noted as the cement slurry's diffusion diameter.

2.6. Mechanical strength of cement stone

The mechanical properties were evaluated according to the Chinese standard GB / T 19139 − 2012 ' Oil well cement test method '.[32] The cured samples were tested for mechanical properties.

2.6.1. Compressive strength test

The compressive strength test requires a size of 50.8 × 50.8 × 50.8mm³. Using the NYL-300 pressure testing machine (Wuxi City Building Materials Instrument Machinery Factory) to measure the sample’s compressive strength.

2.6.2. Stress and strain test

The elastic modulus specimen size is Φ25 mm × 50 mm. The RTR-1000 triaxial rock mechanics test equipment is utilized (GCTS, USA) to test uniaxial strain-stress curve.

2.7. Mechanism analysis of latex particles

2.7.1. XRD analysis

After three and seven days of curing at 80 C, the cement stone was soaked for 24 hours in isopropanol, microwave dried (650 w, 10 minutes), and then crushed into particles. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed on the samples using an X Pert PRO MPD.

2.7.2. SEM analysis

The microstructure of blank cement, SBR-AS cement, and GR-1 cement were examined using scanning electron microscopy (Quanta 450, FEI, USA). All three cements were cured at 80°C for three days.

3.1. Characterization of latex particles

3.1.1. Structural analysis

The infrared spectra of commercial latex particles and laboratory emulsion polymerized styrene-butadiene latex particles are shown in Fig. 3 (a). Compared with commercial GR-1 latex particles, the stretching vibration absorption peak of the N-H bond in the functional monomer AMPS and the stretching vibration absorption peak of the -OH of the carboxyl group in FA are both present in the SBR-AS latex particles and are both located at 3460cm^− 1. The stretching vibration absorption peaks of C = O in the carboxyl group of FA and the amide group of AMPS are 1680 cm^− 1 and 1590 cm^− 1, respectively. The peaks of S = O in the sulfonic acid group of AMPS are 1180 cm^− 1 and 1040 cm-1, respectively. The C-H stretching vibration absorption peak on the polybutadiene molecular chain is at 3070 cm^− 1, and the C-H stretching vibration peak related to the benzene ring is at 3030 cm^− 1. The absorption peaks at 1950 cm^− 1,1870 cm^− 1 and 1810 cm^− 1 are the characteristic absorption peaks of monosubstituted benzene ring. The absorption maxima of methyl and methylene in the carbon chain are located at 2920 cm^− 1 and 2850 cm^− 1, respectively. Infrared spectrum test results indicating that St, LPB, AMPS, and FA are involved in the reaction.

The ¹H NMR spectrum of SBR-AS is shown in Fig. 3 (b). The chemical shift δ = 5.05 ppm is the characteristic proton absorption peak of -CH₂- in LPB, and δ = 1.87 ppm is the characteristic peak of -CH- in LPB. The peak at δ = 1.30 ppm is the characteristic peak of -CH₂- in St, δ = 1.44 ppm corresponds to the characteristic peak of -CH- in St, and δ = 6.86 ~ 7.25 ppm and 6.20 ~ 6.86 ppm are the peaks of five protons on the benzene ring. δ = 1.44 ppm is the characteristic proton absorption peak of AMPS (CH₃-C-CH₃). The peak at δ = 2.08 ppm is the proton peak of -CH₂- linked to the sulfonic acid group on AMPS, and the absorption peak at δ = 1.26 ppm represents the proton of -CH₂- of AMPS. At the same time, the single peak of δ = 7.49 ppm is the proton peak of (O = C-NH-C) H on AMPS, and the proton peak of δ = 6.67 ppm is the proton peak of -CH- on FA. It was verified by nuclear magnetic resonance as a copolymer of LPB / St / AMPS / FA.

3.1.2. Thermal stability of latex particles

Figure 4 (a) and (b) shows the results of the thermal stability analysis. From the beginning of heating to the temperature range of polymer decomposition, the pyrolysis of SBR-AS is mainly divided into two stages. From 40 to 325°C is the first stage, mainly for the decomposition of oligomers in SBR-AS latex particles, the mass loss rate was about 10%. The second weight loss stage was at 325 ~ 480°C, and the mass loss rate was about 85%, indicating that the temperature was the thermal decomposition temperature of SBR-AS latex. At this temperature, the molecular main chain of SBR-AS latex particles were broken and decomposed. GR-1 latex particles decomposed at 220 ~ 460°C, and the mass loss rate was 90%. In a comparison of SBR-AS and GR-1 latex particles, SBR-AS latex particles exhibit greater temperature resistance.

3.1.3. Wettability analysis

Figure 5 displays the results of the latex particles contact angle test. The static contact angle between SBR-AS latex particles and water is 31.96°, and the static contact angle between GR-1 latex particles and water is 119.3°, which indicates that the water wettability of SBR-AS latex particles are significantly higher than that of GR-1 latex particles. This is due to the introduction of AMPS and FA to the SBR-AS latex particles. The surface of SBR-AS will existent carboxyl, sulfonic acid, and amide groups, in latex particles, these polar groups contribute to its hydrophilicity. At the same time, due to the addition of the SDS in the synthesis process of SBR-AS, part of the surfactant remains in SBR-AS, thus improving its water wettability. SBR-AS has strong water wettability, which can improve the dispersion of SBR-AS in cement slurry.[33]

3.1.4. Dispersion performance analysis

The dispersion of the particles can be characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The absorbance shows the dispersion ability of the particles. Latex particles scatter and absorb ultraviolet light when it passes through the suspension, and the remaining light passes through the suspension. The higher the absorbance, and the lower the transmittance, indicating a more stable emulsion the higher the dispersion.[34, 35] The absorbance changes of GR-1 and SBR-AS at 200 ~ 380 nm were measured. According to Fig. 6 (a), GR-1 latex particles absorb significantly less than SBR-AS latex particles. Indicating that GR-1 latex particles agglomerated and settled in water, while SBR-AS latex particles had good dispersibility in aqueous solution.

The dispersion of SBR-AS latex particles and GR-1 latex particles in water were observed by a fluorescence digital microscope. As shown in Fig. 6 (b), SBR-AS latex particle can be uniformly dispersed in water, and only a small amount of particle are not dispersed. SBR-AS can disperse latex particles in water due to its carboxyl group and sulfonic acid groups on the surface.[36] As shown in Fig. 6 (b), the commercially available GR-1 latex particles showed obvious agglomeration. Combined with wettability analysis, it was mainly because the surface of GR-1 was hydrophobic. As a result, it proved challenging to disperse in aqueous solution.

3.2. Fluidity of cement slurry

Cement slurry with good fluidity can increase efficiency throughout the cementing process.[37] Fig. 7 (a), (b) show the change of fluidity of cement slurry with different latex particles at 25°C and 80°C. As the amount of latex particles increases, it is evident that the fluidity of the cement slurry increases accordingly. However, when latex particles are added at 7%, cement slurry fluidity decreases. The main reason may be that the latex particles are an organic material, and too much latex particles will affect the compatibility with inorganic material cement.[38] When the amount of latex particles are 5%, cement slurry is more fluid. Compared to 25°C, cement slurry has a greater fluidity at 80°C, which is consistent with the previous report.[16] Compared with the commercially available GR-1 latex particles, cement slurry fluidity is significantly improved by SBR-AS latex particles. It is due to the surface properties of particles that cement slurry fluidity will be greatly affected.[39] There are polar groups carboxyl, sulfonic acid, and amide groups on the surface of SBR-AS latex particles. The negative charge on the surface of the cement particles is enhanced by mixing cement particles with anionic SBR-AS latex particles. Electrostatic repulsion makes the cement slurry more fluid, which makes the cement particles more evenly distributed.

3.3. Compressive strength of cement stone

It was investigated how different SBR-AS dosages (3%, 5%, 7%) affected the compressive strength of cement. Cement's compressive strength was evaluated after three, seven, and fourteen days of curing in an 80°C water bath. The results are shown in Fig. 8. Cement stone becomes stronger with extended curing time. Cement stone that has had SBR-AS additions of 3%, 5%, and 7% has compressive strengths that are, at three days, 13.2%, 18.7%, and 32.9% lower than those of blank cement stone, respectively. It is evident that cement stone with SBR-AS added by 7% has a lower compressive strength, which will seriously affect the cementing performance. The gap between the compressive strength of SBR-AS cement and blank cement rapidly diminishes when the curing period is extended. At seven days, cement stone's compressive strength is 8.9%, 15.5%, and 21.7% less than that of blank cement stone, respectively, when SBR-AS is added in increments of 3%, 5%, and 7%. At fourteen days, they decreased by 3.5%, 4.9%, and 8.7%, respectively. According to the results of the compressive strength of SBR-AS cement stone, when the dosage of SBR-AS particles is 5%, the compressive strength slightly decreases and the slurry fluidity improves.

3.4. Stress-strain properties of cement stone

The elastic modulus of cement stone can be determined from the stress-strain curve, which can be calculated from the stress-strain test.[40] The stress-strain curve of 5% SBR-AS cement, 5% GR-1 cement, and blank cement is shown in Fig. 9. Under the same strain, the differential stress associated to the SBR-AS and GR-1 cement stone curves is lower than that of the blank cement stone. However, when the strain reaches 0.6%, blank cement stone's structure is fully shattered, and following failure, the stress falls off quickly. But SBR-AS and GR-1 cement stones can continue to deform. The stress of SBR-AS and GR-1 cement stone decreases slowly after reaching the maximum stress. The test resulted in a blank cement stone with an elastic modulus of 6.984 GPa. In cement stone with 5% GR-1, the elastic modulus is 5.043 GPa, while with 5% SBR-AS, it is 3.972 GPa, which were lower than the elastic modulus of blank cement stone 27.8% and 43.1%, respectively. The results indicates that the cement stone with SBR-AS has better elastic properties than the other cement stones. SBR-AS particles filled in cement can prevent and buffer the damage to external pressure on cement casing, and effectively improve the long-term sealing integrity of cement casing.[29]

3.5. Analysis of the action mechanism of latex particles on cement

3.5.1. XRD analysis

Figure 10 (a) and (b) are the XRD test results of blank cement and 5% SBR-AS cement stone cured at 80°C for three days and fourteen days, respectively. Among them, the strong peak at 2θ = 18° is the diffraction peak of calcium hydroxide (CH). According to Fig. 10 (a), when the SBR-AS is added, the diffraction peak at 18 ° in the XRD pattern is significantly reduced. As a result, CH was produced less when SBR-AS was present. This is due to SBR-AS added to the cement will be bonded with cement particles and cement hydration products. Hindering ion migration, decreasing the rate of cement hydration and slowing the cement hydration process as a result. According to Fig. 10 (b), the diffraction peak contrast of CH at 2θ = 18° of cement stone cured for 14 days almost did not change, indicating that in the later stage of cement hydration, SBR-AS latex particles did not hinder the final formation of hydration product CH. Furthermore, SBR-AS latex particles do not alter cement hydration, but inhibits the early hydration of cement. The strength of cement stone's compressive also rises with the production of hydration products.[41, 42] This occurrence is consistent with the compressive strength test results mentioned above.

3.5.2. Micro-morphology analysis of cement stone

The microstructure of blank cement stone, SBR-AS cement stone, and GR-1 cement stone were researched, so it can be more clearly notice the dispersion of SBR-AS and GR-1 in cement and their impacts on the microstructure of cement stone. The microstructure diagram is shown in Fig. 11. In Fig. 11 (a), the morphology of the blank cement stone is shown. It is evident that the surface of the cement stone has an irregular porous structure. Figure 11 (b) shows the morphology of commercial GR-1 latex particles cement stone, and GR-1 latex particles show obvious agglomeration in cement. Figure 11 (c), (d) is the micro-morphology of SBR-AS latex particles cement stone. It is evident that SBR-AS has good dispersion performance in cement. At the same time, SBR-AS latex particles are filled in cement stone. Cement stone matrices are closely connected with hydration products, which form a structural deformation center between them. This can stop micro-cracks from growing and developing and help absorb stress. The compactness of cement stone is improved, thereby improving the elastic properties of SBR-AS cement stone.

3.5.3. Mechanism model of latex particles

Figure 12 shows the mechanism model of SBR-AS and GR-1 latex particles after adding cement. As shown in Fig. 12 (a), after GR-1 latex particles are mixed with cement, there is obvious agglomeration, and the cement stone will produce microcracks after being subjected to stress. According to Fig. 12 (b), after the latex particles are mixed with cement, the latex particles are uniformly dispersed in the cement, and the sulfonic acid group in the latex particles will have electrostatic interaction with Ca²⁺ in the cement.[43] The carboxyl group reacts with Ca²⁺ in calcium hydroxide to form Ca(RCOO)₂.[15] Therefore, the latex particles and the hydration product can be tightly bonded. At the same time, the latex particles can be filled in the pores inside the cement stone and interspersed between the cement hydration products. It can connect the hydration products and the cement particles that are not hydrated. In this way, the compactness of cement stone can be improved, and the brittleness of cement stone can be effectively reduced, thus improving the elastic properties of cement stone. On the other hand, SBR-AS latex particles, as an elastic material, has a certain deformation ability. When an external load strikes a cement stone, the impact is transmitted to the SBR-AS latex particles dispersed in the cement stone by way of the cement. The elastic deformation of SBR-AS buffers the external impact force and absorbs some energy to prevent the crack propagation of the cement stone, thereby improving the impact resistance of the cement stone and enhancing the elasticity of the cement stone.

In an effort to settle the problem of high brittleness of silicate cement sheath and easy cracking under external force. Using styrene (St), liquid polybutadiene (LPB), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), and fumaric acid (FA) were selected to synthesize a kind of easily dispersed anionic elastic particle material (SBR-AS), which was used to improve the elasticity of silicate cement stone. Following are the conclusions that can be drawn from the experimental results.

The structural and thermal stability analysis of the synthesized products showed that the four monomers could synthesize the target product SBR-AS by emulsion polymerization, and SBR-AS has good thermal stability and its thermal degradation temperature can reach 375°C. The anionic SBR-AS latex particles have good dispersibility in aqueous solution. When the dosage is less than 5%, the fluidity of cement slurry increases with the increase in dosage. SBR-AS latex particle has good water wettability, and the static contact angle with water is 31.96 °. By adding SBR-AS latex particle to cement stone, the elastic modulus can be effectively reduced. It was found that 3.972 GPa was the elastic modulus of cement when 5% of SBR-AS latex particle were added, which is 43.1% lower than that of blank cement stone and 27.8% lower than that of cement stone containing 5% commercial GR-1 latex particle. It was analyzed the mechanism of the SBR-AS latex particle to improve the elasticity of cement stone. SEM analysis of cement stone showed that SBR-AS latex particle can effectively connect hydration products and no hydrated cement particles by particle filling, improve the structural morphology of cement stone and increase the compactness of cement stone. When subjected to stress, cement stone can undergo certain deformation and absorb some stress impact energy, thereby reducing or delaying the cracking of cement stone.

The anionic SBR-AS elastic material studied in this paper can be used to improve the brittleness of silicate cement stone and increase its elasticity. To reduce the cracking problem of cementing cement sheath under complex stress conditions, and ensuring the long-term sealing integrity of oil and gas wells. This material has a promising application prospect.

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Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Research involving Human Participants and/or Animals (Not applicable)

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Competing interests

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Authors' contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Zheng Yong: Supervision, Writing - review. Guoli Liao: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft. Peng Zhigang: Supervision. Feng Qian: Supervision, Validation, Investigation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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No competing interests reported.

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Enhancing the elasticity of Silicate Cement Stone with anionic styrene-butadiene latex particles

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Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Material and methods

2.1. Material

2.2. Synthesis of SBR-AS

2.3. Structure characterization and performance evaluation of latex particles

2.3.1. Structural characterization of latex particles

2.3.2. Performance evaluation of latex particles

2.4. Preparation of cement slurry samples

2.5. Flow performance test of cement slurry

2.6. Mechanical strength of cement stone

2.6.1. Compressive strength test

2.6.2. Stress and strain test

2.7. Mechanism analysis of latex particles

2.7.1. XRD analysis

2.7.2. SEM analysis

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Characterization of latex particles

3.1.1. Structural analysis

3.1.2. Thermal stability of latex particles

3.1.3. Wettability analysis

3.1.4. Dispersion performance analysis

3.2. Fluidity of cement slurry

3.3. Compressive strength of cement stone

3.4. Stress-strain properties of cement stone

3.5. Analysis of the action mechanism of latex particles on cement

3.5.1. XRD analysis

3.5.2. Micro-morphology analysis of cement stone

3.5.3. Mechanism model of latex particles

4. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

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