Aleurodiscus Bicornis and A. Formosanus Spp. Nov. (Basidiomycota) With Smooth Basidiospores, and Description of A. Parvisporus From NE China

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-306327/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Aleurodiscus Bicornis and A. Formosanus Spp. Nov. (Basidiomycota) With Smooth Basidiospores, and Description of A. Parvisporus From NE China

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-306327/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

You are reading this latest preprint version

Three species of Aleurodiscus s.l. characterized in having effused basidiomata, clamped generative hyphae and quasi-binding hyphae, sulphuric positive reaction of gloeocystidia, hyphidia, acanthophyses and smooth basidiospores, are described. They are A. bicornis sp. nov., A. formosanus sp. nov. and A. parvisporus. Aleurodiscus bicornis was found from high mountains of NW Yunnan Province of SW China, grew on branch of Picea sp. Aleurodiscus formosanus was found from high mountains of central Taiwan, grew on branch of gymnosperm. Aleurodiscus parvisporus was previously reported only once from Japan and Sichuan Province of China respectively, and is reported in this study from Jilin Province of China. Phylogenetic relationships of these three species were inferred from analyses of a combined dataset consisting of three genetic markers, viz. 28S, nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), and a portion of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene, TEF1. The studied three species are phylogenetically closely related with significant support, corresponds with resemblance of their morphological features.

Mycology

China

corticioid fungi

Taiwan

taxonomy

wood-decaying fungi

The genus Aleurodiscus Rabenh. ex J. Schröt. belongs to the Stereaceae Pilát of the Russulales Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David. Aleurodiscus s.l. is characterized by cupulate, effused or effused-reflexed basidiocarps, a monomitic or dimitic hyphal system with simple-septate or clamped generative hyphae, smooth or ornamented amyloid basidiospores, and sterile organs such as acanthophyses, gloeocystidia, hyphidia, and dendrohyphidia may be present (Núñez and Ryvarden 1997; Wu et al. 2001). However, it has long been a complicated and unsettled problem as how to delimit the segregate genera among Aleurodiscus s.l. (Núñez and Ryvarden 1997; Wu et al. 2001; Larsson and Larsson 2003; Miller et al. 2006; Larsson 2007; Wu et al. 2010; Wu et al. 2019), due to highly variable diagnostic characters among species. The characteristics combined for separating segregate genera within Aleurodiscus s.l. (Acanthobasidium Oberw., Acanthofungus Sheng H. Wu et al, Acanthophysellum Parmasto, Aleurobotrys Boidin, Aleurodiscus s.s., Aleurocystidiellum P.A. Lemke, Gloeosoma Bres., and Neoaleurodiscus Sheng H. Wu) as well as Stereum Hill ex Pers. and Xylobolus P. Karst. were provided by Wu et al. (2001, table 1) and Wu et al. (2010, table 1). Currently, 187 names are recorded under Aleurodiscus, of which about 90 taxa are generally accepted (http://www.indexfungorum.org/). In the recent decade, new species of Aleurodiscus s.l. have been proposed by Ryvarden et al. (2012), Gorjón et al. (2013), Maninder et al. (2014), Dai and He (2016, 2017), Dai et al. (2017a, b), Ghobad-Nejhad and Langer (2018), Tian et al. (2018), and Wu et al. (2019). Since the phylogenetic relationships of the taxa in Aleurodiscus s.l., together with the family Stereaceae it belongs, are not resolved, we adopt a broad and inclusive generic concept of Aleurodiscus for the studied taxa presented in this study.

During an ongoing survey of corticioid fungi from mainland China and Taiwan, we noted two un-described and an uncommon Aleurodiscus sp. with effused basidiomata, clamped generative hyphae and quasi-binding hyphae, sulphuric positive reaction of gloeocystidia, hyphidia, acanthophyses and smooth basidiospores. These morphologically resembling species are also phylogenetically closely related.

Morphological study

Specimens used in this study are deposited in the herbarium of the National Museum of Natural Science of ROC (TNM; Taichung City, Taiwan). Macroscopic and microscopic studies were based on dried specimens. Color names from Rayner (1970) are capitalized. Thin free-hand sections of basidiocarps were prepared for microscopic study. For observations and measurements of microscopic characters, sections were mounted in 5% KOH to ensure rehydration. A blue-black color change with Melzer’s reagent (IKI) indicates an amyloid reaction. Cotton blue (CB) was used as mounting medium to determine cyanophily. Sulphoaldehyde (SA) was used to detect a sulphuric reaction of gloeocystidia; a bluish black color change with SA indicates a positive reaction. The following abbreviations are used for basidiospore measurements: L = mean spore length with standard deviation, W = mean spore width with standard deviation, Q = variation in L/W ratio, and n = number of spores measured from each specimen. Apiculi and ornamentation were excluded in spore measurements. Living mycelia were isolated from the woody substratum beneath the basidiocarps, and were cultured on 1.5% malt extract agar (MEA).

DNA extraction and sequencing

Dried specimens or the mycelial colonies cultured on MEA were used for DNA extraction, carried out with a Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Miniprep System (Viogene-Biotek Corp., New Taipei City, Taiwan). Liquid N and TissueLyser II (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) were used to disrupt and homogenize the fungal tissues before DNA extraction process. The primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 or ITS1F/LR22 were used for the ITS region (White et al. 1990, Gardes and Bruns 1993), and LR0R/LR3 and LR0R/LR5 were used for the 28S region (Vilgalys and Hester 1990). Efdf/1953R and 983F/2218R were used to amplify a portion of the TEF1 gene (Rehner & Buckley 2005; Matheny et al. 2007). PCR products were purified and directly sequenced by MB Mission Biotech Company (Taipei City, Taiwan). We examined the technical quality of the newly obtained sequences by comparison to entries in GenBank (Mashima et al. 2016). Sequences were assembled using BioEdit v7.2.5 (Hall 1999). Newly obtained sequences (Supplementary Table 1) were submitted to DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) ( Benson et al. 2018).

Phylogenetic analyses

The selection of strains and sequences consulted Dai and He (2016) and Wu et al. (2019). MAFFT 7 was used to align sequences with Q-INS-i strategy for ITS dataset, and FFT-NS-i for both 28S and EF1datasets. Three final alignments were manually adjusted, when neccessary, in Bioedit (Hall 1999) before combined. Phylogenetic trees were inferred from Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods using RaxML Black Box (Stamatakis 2014) and MrBayes v. 3. 2. 6. (Ronquist et al. 2012) on CIPRES (http://www.phylo.org/), respectively. The best fit model of each dataset for BI analyses was estimated by jModelTest 2 (Darriba et al. 2012) based on the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The BI analysis was conducted with ten million generations, sampled every 1000 generations, and resulted in ten thousand trees. The first 2500 trees were discarded as the burn-in. The posterior probabilities (PP) were calculated. In ML analysis, the bootstrap values were calculated with 1000 replicates. Only phylogram inferred from BI analyses was shown since both ML and BI analyses resulted in similar topologies. Statistic supports were shown on nodes of BI tree when BP value ≥ 70 and PP value ≥ 0.7. The final alignment and phylogenetic trees were submitted to TreeBASE (TBS: S27713; www.treebase.org).

Phylogeny

The 3-gene dataset was composed of 63 taxa and 2923 sites including gaps, 1420 for 28S, 932 for ITS and 571 for TEF1. The absent gene sequences were treated as missing data. GTR+G+I model was fit for ML analysis. For BI analysis, partition model was selected, GTR+I+G for 28S, GTR+G for ITS, GTR+I+G+I for TEF1. Average standard deviation of split frequencies fell to 0.008016 after 10 million generations. For all parameters, PSRFs approached 1.0. The BI tree of the 3-gene dataset (FIG. 1) showed that strains of Aleurodiscus bicornis, A. formosanus, and A. parvisporus formed separate monophyletic lineages with significant statistical support (PP:1, BP:93-99). Aleurodiscusformosanus was sister to A. bicornis with significant supports (PP:1, BP:96), while A. parvisporus resolved as sister to them with poor statistical supports (PP:0.75, BP<70).

Taxonomy

Aleurodiscus bicornis Sheng H. Wu, sp. nov. (Fig. 2A and 3)

MycoBank: MB xxxxxx

Etymology. From bicornis (= two-horned), referring to the 2-sterigmate basidia.

Holotype. China, Yunnan Province, Lichiang, near Astronomy Observatory, alt. 3150 m, on branch of Picea sp., coll. S.H. Wu, 31-Ⅷ-2013, Wu 1308-125 (TNM F27227)

Basidiomata resupinate, effused, adnate, membranaceous, 80－300 μm thick in section. Hymenial surface Buff, smooth, occasionally cracked and exposing white subiculum; margin white, thinning, arachnoid-pruinose.

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae nodose-septate. Subiculum bi-layered, basal layer up to ca. 40 μm thick, sometimes indistinct, intermediate layer with somewhat loose to fairy dense texture, 20－100 μm thick; hyphae interwoven. Subicular generative hyphae moderately ramified, colorless, 2－5 μm diam., with 0.3－1.2 μm thick walls, with abundant small oily drops, anastomoses rather frequent; quasi-binding hyphae richly ramified, colorless, 1－3 μm diam, walls almost solid. Hymenial layer thickening, subhymenium differentiated, with dense texture, 50－200 μm thick; hyphae ± vertical, irregularly swollen, full of small oily drops, 2.2－6.5 μm diam. thin- to slightly thick-walled. Crystal masses scattered throughout section. Gloeocystidia numerous, immersed or slightly projecting, cylindrical, usually moniliform toward apices or with a schizopapillate constriction, occasionally with stalked bases or a lateral branch, colorless, usually with several big oily drops, 40－120 × 7－13 μm, thin- to slightly thick-walled, SA＋. Acanthophyses numerous, cylindrical, colorless, ventricose, subclavate or broadly clavate, apices with numerous aculei, occasionally with adventitious septa, 25－70 × 4－17 μm, thin- to thick-walled, usually thick-walled toward aculei parts, adventitious septa occasionally occur, aculei 1－4 × 1 μm. Hyphidia numerous, 20－55 × 3－5.5 μm, sometimes branched. Basidia subclavate, ± flexuous, 45－76 × 14－19 μm, 2-sterigmate. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, adaxially slightly concave, smooth, with a distinct apiculus, with several very small oily drops or homogeneous, IKI bluish black, CB－, generally 19－22 × 12.5－15 μm.

Statistic measurements of basidiospores. (18.4－)19.2－21.5(－22.6) × (11.7－)13.3－14.9(－16) μm, L = 20.10±1.00 μm, W = 14.00±0.80 μm, Q = 1.44 (n = 30) (Wu 1308-125). (18.7－)20.1－22.6(－23.2) × (11－)12.1－14.8(－15.7) μm, L = 21.01±1.13 μm, W = 13.42±1.14 μm, Q = 1.57 (n = 30) (Wu 1308-101). (19.2－)20.2－22.1(－24) × (12.8－)13.4－15.6(－16.2) μm, L = 21.19±0.96 μm, W = 14.64±0.94 μm, Q = 1.45 (n = 30) (Wu 1308-108).

Additional specimens (paratypes) examined. China, Yunnan Province, Lichiang, near Astronomy Observatory, alt. 3,150 m, on branch of Picea sp., coll. S.H. Wu, 31-Ⅷ-2013, Wu 1308-101 (TNM F27210), Wu 1308-108 (TNM F27214).

Distribution. Known from SW China (NW Yunnan Province).

Aleurodiscus formosanus Sheng H. Wu, sp. nov. (Fig. 2B and 4)

MycoBank: MB xxxxxx

Etymology. From formosanus, relating to Formosa (Taiwan).

Holotype. Taiwan, Nantou County, Hsinyi Township, Tatachia, 23°29'N, 120°53'E, alt. 2450 m, on branch of gymnosperm, coll. S.Z. Chen, W.C. Chen & C.C. Chen, 30-Ⅷ-2014, Chen 2736 (TNM F28401).

Basidiomata resupinate, effused, adnate, membranaceous , 50－200 μm thick in section. Hymenial surface Light Buff, Pale Luteous, occasionally cracked; margin concolorous or white, thinning or fairly determinate, arachnoid-pruinose or shortly filamentous.

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae nodose-septate. Subiculum fairly uniform, with somewhat loose to dense texture, 15－80 μm thick, sometimes indistinct; hyphae usually horizontal near substrate, ± vertical near hymenial layer. Generative hyphae colorless, fairly straight, moderately ramified, 2－5.2 μm diam, walls up to 1 μm thick, with several small oily drops, anastomoses occasional; quasi-binding hyphae few in deep subiculum, richly ramified, colorless, 1－2.5 μm diam, walls almost solid. Hymenial layer thickening, subhymenium differentiated, with dense texture, 50－150 μm thick; hyphae ± vertical, colorless, 2－4.6 μm diam, thin- to slightly thick-walled. Crystal masses scattered throughout section. Gloeocystidia numerous, immersed or projecting, cylindrical to tubular, usually moniliform towards apices, usually with swollen bases and narrow apices, colorless, with several big oily drops, 45－115 × 7－16 μm, walls up to 1 μm thick, SA＋. Acanthophyses numerous, subglobose, fusiform or cylindrical, usually with stalked base, usually with an apical projection provided with ± dextrinoid aculei, colorless, 18－35 × 4－17 μm, walls up to 0.8 μm thick. Hyphidia numerous, ± flexuous, 18－40 × 2－4 μm. Basidia broadly clavate, usually with stalked bases, 45－76 × 14－19 μm, usually with a lateral aculeate branch up to 25 μm long, walls up to 1 μm thick, 4-sterigmate. Basidiospores narrowly ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, adaxially flatten, smooth, with small oily drops or homogeneous, IKI bluish black, CB－, generally 14－16 × 7.5－10.5 μm.

Statistic measurements of basidiospores. (14－)14.5－15.8(－16.5) × (7.2－)8－10.2(－11.8) μm, L = 15.14±0.71 μm, W = 9.02±1.07 μm, Q = 1.70 (n = 30) (Chen 2736). (13－)13.5－15(－16) × (7.2－)8－9.8(－11.2) μm, L = 14.29±0.74 μm, W = 8.99±0.86 μm, Q = 1.60 (n = 30) (Chen 2748).

Additional specimens (paratypes) examined. Taiwan, Nantou County, Hsinyi Township, Lulinshan, 23°28'N, 120°52'E, alt. 2600 m, on branch of Pinus taiwanensis, coll. S.H. Wu, 5-X-1992, Wu 9210-4 (TNM F00388); Hsinyi Township, Tatachia, 23°29'N, 120°53'E, alt. 2450 m, on branch of gymnosperm, coll. S.Z. Chen, W.C. Chen & C.C. Chen, 30-Ⅷ-2014, Chen 2739 (TNM F28404), Chen2748 (TNM F28411).

Distribution. Known from temperate high mountains of Taiwan.

Aleurodiscus parvisporus Núñez & Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum 12: 117 (1997) (Fig. 2C and 5)

Basidiomata resupinate, effused, adnate, membranaceous, 90－300 μm thick in section. Hymenial surface Pale Buff or Buff when young, Pale Luteus when old, smooth to ± tuberculate, extensively cracked and exposing white subiculum; margin concolorous, thinning, pruinose.

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae nodose-septate. Subiculum mostly embedded in woody substrate, with dense to compact texture, hyphae interwoven; generative hyphae moderately ramified, colorless, 2－7.5 μm diam, with walls up to ca. 1 μm thick, usually with small oily drops; quasi-binding hyphae embedded in woody substrate, richly ramified, colorless, 1.2－3.2 μm diam, walls almost solid. Hymenial layer thickening, with compact texture, 90－300 μm thick; generative hyphae ± vertical, irregularly swollen, with small oily drops, colorless, 2－4.5 μm diam. Lumpy crystals scattered in section. Gloeocystidia numerous, immersed or slightly projecting, irregularly cylindrical or tubular, ± flexuous, usually moniliform toward apices or with a schizopapillate constriction, sometimes laterally or apically protruding, usually with several big oily drops, colorless, (25－)40－120 × 4.5－15 μm, thin- to slightly thick-walled, walls up to ca. 1 μm thick, SA＋. Acanthophyses numerous, cylindrical, colorless, with numerous aculei towards apices, 25－55 × 2－3.5 μm, usually slightly thick-walled toward apices; aculei subcolorless when young, slightly brownish when old, 2－4(－10) × 0.8－1 μm. Hyphidia numerous, 20－40 × 2－4.5 μm, sometimes branched. Basidia clavate to narrowly clavate, ± flexuous, usually laterally with several aculei, ± guttulate, 25－40 × 4－5.5 μm, 4-sterigmate. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, adaxially flattened or slightly concave, smooth, with a minute apiculus, with several minute oily drops, IKI bluish black, CB－, generally 5.7－6.3 × 3.5－4.2 μm.

Statistic measurements of basidiospores. (5.6－)5.8－6.2(－6.6) × (3.3－)3.5－4.1(－4.3) μm, L = 5.96±0.23 μm, W = 3.78±0.30 μm, Q = 1.58 (n = 30) (Wu 1307-84). (5.5－)5.7－6.2(－6.5) × (3.4－)3.6－4.2(－4.5) μm, L = 5.95±0.27 μm, W = 3.94±0.25 μm, Q = 1.51 (n = 30) (Wu 1307-88).

Specimens examined. China, Jilin Province, Fusong County, Touxi Protection Station, 42°18 'N, 127°50'E, alt. 1025 m, on branch of Syinga reticulate var. mandshurica, coll. S.H. Wu, 13-Ⅶ-2013, Wu 1307-84 (TNM F27616), on branch of Lonicera sp., Wu 1307-88 (TNM F27617).

Distribution. Known from Japan (type locality), Sichuan (Maekawa et al. 2002) and Jilin Province of China (this study).

The studied three Aleurodiscus species share some important morphological characteristics, i.e. effused basidiomata, clamped generative hyphae and quasi-binding hyphae, sulphuric positive reaction of gloeocystidia, hyphidia, acanthophyses and smooth basidiospores. These three species are phylogenetically closely related with significant support (Fig. 1), corresponds with resemblance of their morphological features. An independent generic taxon separate from Aleurodiscus s.s., to accommodate these three new species, should be proposed. However, it needs further studies by advanced phylogenetical analysis based on a comprehensive survey of Aleurodiscus s.l.

Aleurodiscus canadensis Skolko resembles A. bicornis in having whitish hymenial surface, clamped hyphae, acanthophyses, and smooth basidiospores, especially 2-sterigmate basidia; but differs from the latter in having smaller basidiospres (10－18 × 7－13 μm, Núñez and Ryvarden 1997). Moreover, Aleurodiscuscanadensis have basidia with protuberances in the middle parts, which are lacking in basidia of A. bicornis. Aleurodiscus canadensis is distributed in North America and grows on Picea and other gymnosperms (Núñez and Ryvarden 1997). Aleurodiscus canadensis is phylogenetically closely related to the three studied species (Fig. 1).

Aleurodiscus dextrinoideocerussatus Manjón, M.N. Blanco & G. Moreno is distributed in Spain and Italy, resembles A. formosanus in having similar morphological characteristics including acanthophyses with dextrnoid apical protuberances; but differs from the latter in having smaller basidiospores (7－10 × 4－7 μm, Núñez and Ryvarden 1997). In addition, the lateral aculeate branch of basidia in A. formosanus, is not present in A. dextrinoideocerussatus. Aleurodiscus dextrinoideocerussatus is phylogenetically closely related to the presented three new species (Fig. 1).

Aleurodiscus parvisporus was originally reported based on the holotype collected from Niigata Prefecture of Japan (Núñez and Ryvarden 1997). The second specimen of this species was reported from high mountain (3890 m) of Sichuan Province in China (Maekawa et al. 2002). The present study reports two specimens of this species collected from NE China in 2013. All of these four collections were made from branches of angiosperms. Recognition of two specimens (Wu 1307-84 & Wu 1307-88) collected from NE China as A. parvisporus, is based on resemblance of some diagnostic features described from the holotype (Núñez and Ryvarden 1997): effused basidiomata with similar color of hymenial surfaces, thin subiculum and thick hymenial layer, clamped generative hyphae, gloeocystidia, narrow acanthophyses, and smooth basidiospores which are distinctly small in Aleurodiscus s.l. It is hardly to have different species to share these characteristics. Moreover, the collecting site of these two specimens in Jilin Province of China, is geographically close to the holotype collected from Niigata Prefecture of Japan. However, the characteristics of hyphidia and basidia with lateral aculei present in the specimens (Wu 1307-84 & Wu 1307-88), were not mentioned for the holotype of A. parvisporus. Nevertheless, the hyphidia could be neglected in study, and good basidia may be not found in the holotype as drawing of this structure was lacking in the protologue (Núñez and Ryvarden 1997). This study first reports DNA sequences of A. parvisporus.

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Availability of data and materials (data transparency)

All authors make sure that all data and materials as well as software application or custom code support our published claims and comply with field standards.

Funding

Ministry of Science and Technology of ROC (Taiwan) (Grant no 107-2621-B-178-002-MY3)

Authors' contributions -

Conceptualization: Sheng-Hua Wu; Methodology: Sheng-Hua Wu, Chiung-Chih Chang; Formal analysis and investigation: Sheng-Hua Wu, Chia-Ling Wei, Chiung-Chih Chang; Writing - original draft preparation: Sheng-Hua Wu, Chia-Ling Wei, Chiung-Chih Chang; Writing - review and editing: Sheng-Hua Wu; Funding acquisition: Sheng-Hua Wu; Supervision: Sheng-Hua Wu

Acknowledgments

This study was financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology of ROC (Taiwan) (Grant no 107-2621-B-178-002-MY3).

Benson DA, Cavanaugh M, Clark K, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Ostell J, Pruitt KD, Sayers EW (2018) GenBank. Nucleic Acids Research 46 (D1):D41–D46. https://doi.org/1093/nar/gkx1094
Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9:772–772. https://doi.org/1038/nmeth.2109
Dai LD, He SH (2016) New species and new records of Aleurodiscusl. (Basidiomycota) in China. Mycological Progress 15:717–730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-016-1202-z
Dai LD, He SH (2017) A new species and a new combination of Aleurodiscus s.l. (Russulales, Basidiomycota). Mycosphere 8:908–916. https://dorg/10.5943/mycosphere/8/7/7
Dai LD, Wu SH, Nakasone KK, Burdsall HH, He SH (2017a) Two new species of Aleurodiscusl. (Russulales, Basidiomycota) on bamboo from tropics. Mycoscience 58:213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2017.02.001
Dai LD, Zhao Y, He SH (2017b) Three new species of Aleurodiscus l. (Russulales, Basidiomycota) on bamboos from East Asia. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 38:227-239. https:// doi.org/10.7872/crym/v38.iss2.2017.227
Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2:113–118. https://doi.org/1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x
Ghobad-Nejhad M, Langer E (2018) A new species in Aleurodiscus l. (Stereaceae, Russulales) from Iran. Phytotaxa 351:264-272. ttps://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.351.4.2
Gorjón SP, Greslebin AG, Rajchenberg M (2013) The genus Aleurodiscusl. (Stereaceae, Russulales) in the Patagonian Andes. Mycological Progress 12:91–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-012-0820-3
Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41:95–98.
Larsson KH (2007) Re-thinking the classification of corticioid fungi. Mycological Research 111:1040–1063. https://doi.org/1016/j.mycres.2007.08.001
Larsson E, Larsson KH (2003) Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa. Mycologia 95:1037–1065. https://doi.org/2307/3761912
Maekawa N, Yang ZL, Zang M (2002) Corticioid fungi (Basidiomycetes) collected in Sichuan Province, China. Mycotaxon 83:81-95.
Maninder K, Avneet PS, Dhingra GS, Ryvarden L (2014) Aleurodiscus himalaicus (Agaricomycetes) sp. nov. from India. Synopsis Fungorum 32:5–7.
Matheny BP, Wang Z, Binder M, Curtis JM, Lim YW, Nilsson RH, Hughes KW, Hofstetter V, Ammirati JF, Schoch CL, Langer E, Langer G, McLaughlin DJ, Wilson AW, Frøslev T, Ge Z-W, Kerrigan RW, Slot JC, Yang ZL, Baroni TJ, Fischer M, Hosaka K, Matsuura K, Seidl MT, Vauras J, Hibbett DS (2007) Contributions of rpb2 and tef1 to the phylogeny of mushrooms and allies (Basidiomycota, Fungi). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43:430–451. https://doi.org/1016/j.ympev.2006.08.024
Mashima J, Kodama Y, Kosuge T, Fujisawa T, Katayama T, Nagasaki H, Okuda Y, Kaminuma E, Ogasawara O, Okubo K, Nakamura Y, Takagi T (2016) DNA data bank of Japan (DDBJ) progress report. Nucleic Acids Research 44:D51–D57. https://doi.org/1093/nar/gkv1105
Miller SL, Larsson E, Larsson K-H, Verbeken A, Nuytinck J (2006) Perspectives in the new Russulales. Mycologia 986:960–970. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832625
Núñez M, Ryvarden L (1997) The genus Aleurodiscus (Basidiomycotina). Synopsis Fungorum 12:1–164.
Rayner RW (1970) A Mycological colour chart. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute 34 p.
Rehner SA, Buckley E (2005) A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps Mycologia 97:84–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832842
Ronquist F, Teslenko M, Mark P van der, Ayres DL, Darling A, Hohna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61:539–542. https://doi.org/1093/sysbio/sys029
Ryvarden L, Sanyal SK, Dhingra GS (2012) Aleurodiscus indicus (Agaricomycetes) sp. nov. from India. Synopsis Fungorum 30:14–16.
Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30:1312–1313. https://doi.org/1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Tian Y, Ghobad-Nejhad M, He SH, Dai YC (2018) Three new species of Aleurodiscus l. (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from southern China. MycoKeys 37:93-107. https://doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.37.25901
Vilgalys R, Hester M (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus Journal of Bacteriology 172:4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990
White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols, a guide to methods and applications. Academic, San Diego, pp 315–322. https://doi.org/1016/b978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wu SH, Hibbett DS, Binder M (2001) Phylogenetic analyses of Aleurodiscusl. and allied genera. Mycologia 93:720–731. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761826
Wu SH, Wang DM, Yu SY (2010) Neoaleurodiscus fujii, a new genus and new species found at the timberline in Japan. Mycologia 102:217–223. https://doi.org/3852/09-052
Wu, SH, Wei CL, Lin YT, Chang CC, He, SH (2019) Four new East Asian species of Aleurodiscus with echinulate basidiospores. Mycokeys 52:71-87. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.52.34066

Table 1. List of species, specimens and sequences used in this study. Sequences generated in this study are shown in boldface.

Fungal species	Specimen or strain no.	DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL accession no.
Fungal species	Specimen or strain no.	ITS	28S	TEF1
Acanthobasidium bambusicola	He 2357	KU559343	KU574833	–
Acanthofungus rimosus#	Wu 9601-1	MF043521	AY039333	–
Acanthophysellum cerussatum	He 20120920-3	KU559339	KU574830	KU992716
Aleurobotrys botryosus#	He 2712	KX306877	KY450788	–
Aleurocystidiellum disciforme	He 3159	KU559340	KU574831	KU992721
Aleurocystidiellum subcruentatum#	He 2886	KU559341	KU574847	KU992720
Aleurodiscus alpinus	Wu 1407-59	MF043522	MF043527	–
Aleurodiscus alpinus	Wu 1407-55*	–	MF043526	LC269190
Aleurodiscus alpinus	Wu 1407-61	MF043523	MF043528	–
Aleurodiscus amorphus#	Ghobad-Nejhad-2464	KU559342	KU574832	KU992717
Aleurodiscus amorphus#	KHL 4240	AF506397	AF506397	–
Aleurodiscus bambusinus	He 4261	KY706207	KY706219	LC430911
*Aleurodiscus bicornis*	Wu 1308-101	LC433893	LC433900	LC433907
*Aleurodiscus bicornis*	Wu 1308-125*	LC433899	LC433906	LC433912
Aleurodiscus canadensis	Wu 1207-90	KY706203	KY706225	–
Aleurodiscus dextrinoideocerussatus	EL25-97	AF506401	AF506401	–
Aleurodiscus dextrinoideophyses	He 4105	MH109050	KY450784	–
Aleurodiscus effusus	He 2261	KU559344	KU574834	KU992719
*Aleurodiscus formosanus*	Chen 2736*	LC433894	LC433901	LC433908
*Aleurodiscus formosanus*	Chen 2748	LC433895	LC433902	LC433909
*Aleurodiscus formosanus*	Chen 2739	LC433896	LC433903	–
*Aleurodiscus formosanus*	WEI 19-274	LC514405	LC514406	–
Aleurodiscus gigasporus	Wu 0108-15	KY706205	KY706213	–
Aleurodiscus grantii	HHB-14417	KU559363	KU574821	KU992708
Aleurodiscus grantii	HHB-14418	KU559364	KU574822	–
Aleurodiscus isabellinus	He 5283	MH109052	MH109046	LC430912
Aleurodiscus mesaverdense	FP-120155	KU559359	KU574817	–
Aleurodiscus mirabilis	Dai 13281	KU559350	KU574839	KU992711
Aleurodiscus oakesii	He 2243	KU559352	KU574840	–
Aleurodiscus oakesii	HHB11890-A-sp	KU559365	KU574823	–
*Aleurodiscus parvisporus*	Wu 1307-84	LC433897	LC433904	LC433910
*Aleurodiscus parvisporus*	Wu 1307-88	LC433898	LC433905	LC433911
Aleurodiscus pinicola	Wu 1106-16	MF043524	MF043529	–
Aleurodiscus pinicola	Wu 1308-54*	MF043525	MF043530	LC269191
Aleurodiscus senticosus	Wu 1209-7*	MH596849	MF043531	LC271169
Aleurodiscus senticosus	Wu 1209-9	MH596850	MF043533	LC269192
Aleurodiscus senticosus	Wu 9610-1	MH596851	MF043532	LC269193
Aleurodiscus sichuanensis	Wu 0010-18*	MH596852	MF043534	LC269194
Aleurodiscus sichuanensis	He 4935	LC430904	LC430907	–
Aleurodiscus subroseus	He 4807	MH109054	MH109048	–
Aleurodiscus subroseus	He 4895	LC430903	LC430910	LC430913
Aleurodiscus tenuissimus	He3575	KX306880	KX842529	–
Aleurodiscus thailandicus	He 4099	KY450781	KY450782	–
Aleurodiscus tropicus	He 3830	KX553875	KX578720	LC269195
Aleurodiscus verrucosporus	He 4491	KY450786	KY450790	–
Aleurodiscus wakefieldiae	He 2580	KU559353	KU574841	KU992710
Boidinia macrospora	Wu 9202-21	AF506377	AF506377	–
Conferticium heimii	CBS321.66	AF506381	AF506381	–
Conferticium ravum	NH13291	AF506382	AF506382	–
Gloeocystidiellum aspellum	LIN 625	AF506432	AF506432	–
Gloeocystidiellum porosum #	Wu 1608-176	LC430905	LC430908	–
Gloeocystidiopsis cryptacanthus	KHL10334	AF506442	AF506442	–
Gloeocystidiopsis flammea#	CBS324.66	AF506437	AF506437	–
Heterobasidion parviporum	91605	KJ651503	KJ651561	KU985089
Megalocystidium chelidonium	LodgeSJ110.1	AF506441	AF506441	–
Megalocystidium leucoxanthum#	HK9808	AF506420	AF506420	–
Megalocystidium wakullum	Oslo-930107	AF506443	AF506443	–
Neoaleurodiscus fujii#	He 2921	KU559357	KU574845	KU992709
Stereum complicatum	He 2234	KU559368	KU574828	KU992706
Stereum hirsutum#	Wu 1109-127	LC430906	LC430909	–
Stereum ostrea	He 2067	KU559366	KU574826	KU992703
Stereum sanguinolentum	He 2111	KU559367	KU574827	KU992705
Xylobolus frustulatus	He 2231	KU881905	KU574825	KU992704

* Holotype, # Generic type

Download PDF

Reviewers invited by journal
14 Mar, 2021
Reviews received at journal
14 Mar, 2021
Editor assigned by journal
08 Mar, 2021
First submitted to journal
06 Mar, 2021

You are reading this latest preprint version

Aleurodiscus Bicornis and A. Formosanus Spp. Nov. (Basidiomycota) With Smooth Basidiospores, and Description of A. Parvisporus From NE China

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Results

Discussion

Declarations

References

Table

Status:

Version 1