Sarcopenia as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer: A Retrospective Study

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-31256/v1

Download PDF

Research

Sarcopenia as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer: A Retrospective Study

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-31256/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Journal Publication

published 22 Aug, 2020

Read the published version in World Journal of Surgical Oncology →

You are reading this older preprint version

Read the latest preprint version →

Background Sarcopenia is a prognostic factor in various cancers. However, the impact of sarcopenia in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer remains unclear. This study evaluated the prognostic significance of sarcopenia in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer. Methods Seventy-four patients who developed postoperative recurrence of pancreatic cancer after undergoing pancreatectomies were enrolled. Sarcopenia in these patients was defined according to the psoas muscle index (PMI) measured via computed tomography at the third vertebra.

Results The mean PMIs at the time of recurrence were 4.47 ± 1.27 cm 2 /m 2 for men and 3.26 ± 0.70 cm 2 /m 2 for women. Of the 74 patients, 65 (87.8%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia with low PMI. The 2-year post-recurrence survival curve in the sarcopenia group was significantly worse than that in the non-sarcopenia group ( P = 0.034). Multivariate analysis revealed that sarcopenia at the time of recurrence was an independent prognostic factor ( P = 0.023) along with a high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ( P = 0.004), early recurrence ( P < 0.001) and chemotherapy after recurrence ( P < 0.001) in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, the area under the curve (AUC) of the combination of sarcopenia and time to recurrence for predicting 2-year survival was 0.763, which was much higher than that of sarcopenia alone (AUC = 0.622).

Conclusions Sarcopenia is a useful prognostic factor in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer. The combination of sarcopenia and time of recurrence may more accurately predict post-recurrence survival than can sarcopenia alone.

Oncology

Pediatrics

recurrent pancreatic cancer

sarcopenia

prognosis

Prognosis in cancer patients is multifactorial. Tumor-specific factors and individual patient characteristics are risk factors for prognosis in patients with various malignant diseases. Many studies have reported that evaluating the body composition can help determine survival outcomes in cancer patients [1–4].

In 1989, Rosenberg first described sarcopenia as an age-related decrease in skeletal muscle mass [5]. Sarcopenia was later defined as a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with adverse outcomes, including physical disability, poor quality of life, and death. Sarcopenia was further classified into primary sarcopenia, caused only by aging, and secondary sarcopenia, with causes such as physical hypoactivity, malnutrition, inflammatory disease, the endocrine system and malignancy [6, 7]. Previous reports suggest that sarcopenia in cancer patients might reflect hypercatabolism of the skeletal muscle promoted by aggressive biological behaviors from cancer [8–10]. In cancers of the digestive system, sarcopenia is generally recognized as an accurate and quantitative marker of frailty and as a prognostic risk factor [11] [12–15].

Pancreatic cancer remains the cancer with the poorest prognosis among gastrointestinal malignancies despite advanced surgical techniques, development of perioperative treatment and progress in systemic therapies such as chemotherapy [16, 17]. Preoperative sarcopenia is closely associated with both preoperative cancer stage and poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer [18–20]. Sarcopenia is a prognostic factor in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer because it impairs the response to chemotherapy [21, 22]. However, the impact of sarcopenia for prognosis after recurrence in patients who underwent pancreatectomies for pancreatic cancer remains unclear.

Therefore, this study examined the prognostic significance of sarcopenia in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer using the psoas muscle index (PMI), a comparatively easy method for representing skeletal muscle volume among the measurements used to evaluate sarcopenia [23].

Patients

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 114 patients who were histopathologically diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and had undergone pancreatectomies with regional lymphadenectomy at Tottori University Hospital between January 2005 and February 2018. Of these patients, 74 had developed postoperative recurrence as of March 2020 and were enrolled in this study.

Patients were diagnosed with postoperative recurrence via diagnostic imaging, which was performed periodically and included ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and if needed, positron emission tomography, and via the tumor marker, carbohydrate antigen 19–9. Causes of death and patterns of recurrence were determined by reviewing medical records or by direct inquiry with family members. Data on the pathological findings of specimens obtained from the initial pancreatic resection, such as primary tumor size, localization, lymph node metastasis, and histological grading were collected as per the 8th edition of the Union for International Union Against Cancer classification system of tumor node metastasis [24]. Clinical characteristics, such as age at time of recurrence, sex, chemotherapy after recurrence, time to recurrence after initial surgery, carbohydrate antigen 19–9, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an inflammatory indicator, were obtained from patients’ medical records. Early recurrences were defined as recurrences within 12 months after the initial surgery; late recurrences were those occurring later than 12 months after the initial surgery [25].

Assessment of PMI and definition of sarcopenia

PMI was calculated according to a previous report [23]. We analyzed computed tomography images at the time of recurrence using SYNAPSE VINCENT (FUJI film, Tokyo, Japan) and measured the cross-sectional areas of bilateral psoas muscles at the third lumber vertebra (L3). We then calculated the PMI at the time of recurrence and normalized the cross-sectional areas of the bilateral psoas muscles to the height (cm²/m²).

Sarcopenia was defined as a PMI < 6.36 cm²/m²for men and < 3.92 cm²/m²for women [23].

Statistical analysis

To evaluate between-group differences, chi-square or Fisher’s exact probability tests were used for categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables. Post-recurrence survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences among survival curves were estimated with log-lank tests. Univariate and multivariate analyses with Cox proportional hazards models were performed to determine the significant prognostic factors for overall survival after recurrence. The areas under the curves (AUCs) with respect to predicting 2-year survival were determined using receiver operating characteristic analyses. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software (SPSS for Windows Version 24; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

The median follow-up time after recurrence was 10.5 (range: 0.3–84.5) months for all patients in this study. Fifty-seven of 74 patients (77.0%) with recurrence received chemotherapy. The first-line chemotherapy was performed as follows: 42 patients received a gemcitabine-based regimen (gemcitabine alone or gemcitabine plus S–1 or gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel), 13 received S–1 alone, 1 received uracil-tegafur, and 1 received modified FOLFIRINOX. Second-line chemotherapy was administered to 17 of 57 patients (29.8%) who experienced disease progression. The other patients, except those who received chemotherapy, underwent best supportive care.

The mean PMIs at the time of recurrence were 4.47 ± 1.27 cm²/m² for men and 3.26 ± 0.70 cm²/m² for women, which were both lower than the sex-specific cut-off values for the PMI used as criteria for sarcopenia in Asian adults [23]. Sixty-five of the 74 patients (87.8%) with recurrent pancreatic cancer had low PMIs and were diagnosed with sarcopenia based on these criteria.

Table 1 shows the correlations of the clinicopathological characteristics between patients with low PMI (the sarcopenia group) and those with normal PMI (the non-sarcopenia group). Lymphatic vessel invasion was significantly correlated between the two groups.

Characteristics	Sarcopenia group (n = 65)	Non-sarcopenia group (n = 9)	P value
Age at time of recurrence, year, median (range)	73.0 (44–85)	68.0 (53–80)	0.529
Sex, male, (n, %)	44 (67.7%)	5 (55.6%)	0.476
Primary tumor location, (pancreatic head, %)	42 (64.6%)	6 (66.7%)	1.000
Primary tumor size, median (range), mm	28.0 (5–60)	30.0 (25–35)	0.466
Lymph node involvement, (present, %)	45 (69.2%)	7 (77.8%)	0.716
Histological grading, (G1^a, %)	30 (46.2%)	6 (66.7 %)	0.302
Time to recurrence after pancreatectomy, (< 12 months, %)	25 (38.5%)	5 (55.6%)	0.471
Lymphatic vessel invasion, (present, %)	23 (35.9%)	7 (77.8%)	0.027
Blood invasion, (present, %)	27 (41.5%)	6 (66.7%)	0.176
Perineural invasion, (present, %)	9 (13.8%)	2 (22.2%)	0.615
Initial site of recurrence, (distant, %)	41 (63.1%)	5 (55.6%)	0.722
Chemotherapy after recurrence, (present, %)	49 (75.4%)	8 (88.9%)	0.675
Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, median (range)	1.94 (0.36–18.60)	1.62 (0.26–2.63)	0.378
Serum CA19-9 levels at time of recurrence, median (range), U/ml	206.5 (0.1–20460)	92.1 (10.2–1843)	0.669
^aG1: well-differentiated CA19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 Continuous variables are expressed as the median and range.

Table 1

Clinicopathological characteristics of recurrent pancreatic cancer patients with sarcopenia and without sarcopenia

Figure 1 shows the post-recurrence survival curves for sarcopenia at the time of recurrence. The 2-year post-recurrence survival rates and median survival times after recurrence in patients with sarcopenia were 16.2% and 9.6 months, respectively, which were significantly worse than those in patients without sarcopenia (50.0%, 15.5 months; P = 0.034).

Multivariate analysis revealed that sarcopenia at the time of recurrence was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio [HR] 3.349, P = 0.024), along with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (HR 2.359, P = 0.004), time to recurrence after pancreatectomy (HR 2.975, P = 0.001) and chemotherapy after recurrence (HR 0.344, P = 0.005) in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer (Table 2).

	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
Variables	HR	95% CI	P value	HR	95% CI	P value
Age at time of recurrence (≥ 75 vs. < 75)	0.886	0.521–1.507	0.655
Sex (male vs. female)	0.875	0.505–1.515	0.633
Primary tumor location (head vs. body and tail)	0.876	0.512–1.499	0.630
Primary tumor size (≥ 28.9 mm vs. < 28.9 mm)	1.396	0.826–2.361	0.213
Histological grading for primary tumor (G1 vs. other)	0.729	0.435–1.222	0.230
Lymph node metastasis at initial surgery (present vs. absent)	1.624	0.911–2.895	0.100	1.626	0.868–3.047	0.129
Serum CA19-9 level at time of recurrence (≥ 107.95 U/ml vs. < 107.95 U/ml)	0.931	0.548–1.583	0.793
NLR (≥ 1.69 mm vs. < 1.69 mm)	2.544	1.460–4.434	0.001	2.359	1.314–4.234	0.004
Time to recurrence after pancreatectomy (< 12 months [early] vs. ≥ 12 months [late])	2.618	1.489–4.604	0.001	2.975	1.576–5.613	0.001
Initial site of recurrence (distant vs. local)	1.227	0.717–2.100	0.456
Chemotherapy after recurrence (present vs. absent)	0.489	0.266–0.898	0.021	0.344	0.165–0.721	0.005
Sarcopenia at time of recurrence (present vs. absent)	2.846	1.029–7.871	0.044	3.349	1.169–9.593	0.024
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; G1, well-differentiated; CA19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio

Table 2

Univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic factors for overall survival among patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer

Using sarcopenia and time of recurrence after pancreatectomy, which were independent prognostic factors, we divided the combination of sarcopenia and time of recurrence into three groups as follows: non-sarcopenia and late recurrence (group A; n = 5), non-sarcopenia and early recurrence or sarcopenia and late recurrence (group B; n = 29), and sarcopenia and early recurrence (group C; n = 40).

The 2-year post-recurrence survival rates were 75.0%, 29.7% and 7.5% in groups A, B and C, respectively. The median survival times after recurrence differed significantly at 15.5 months for group B, 6.3 months for group C, and were unmet in group A (P < 0.001, Figure 2). The AUC of the combination of sarcopenia and time of recurrence for predicting 2-year survival was 0.763 (Figure 3a), which was much higher than that of sarcopenia alone (0.622, Figure 3b).

Thus, the combination of sarcopenia and time of recurrence was more useful than sarcopenia alone for predicting the prognoses of patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer.

This study showed that sarcopenia at the time of recurrence was an independent, unfavorable prognostic factor in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer. In addition, the combination of sarcopenia at the time of recurrence and time to recurrence after pancreatectomy more accurately predicted post-recurrent prognoses in patients who underwent surgery for pancreatic cancer than did sarcopenia alone.

Skeletal muscle loss negatively affects the outcomes of various diseases such as chronic diseases and many cancers [11, 26, 27] [12–15].

In pancreatic cancer, preoperative skeletal muscle loss is closely correlated with overall survival [18–20]. However, the prognostic significance of skeletal muscle loss, i.e., sarcopenia, at the time of recurrence has remained unclear. In the present study, skeletal muscle loss at the time of recurrence was a significant prognostic factor in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer.

The mechanism for the association between skeletal muscle loss and prognosis in cancer patients remains unclear. Skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the human body, accounting for more than 40% of the adult human body weight [9]. Skeletal muscle is also a secretory organ, and accumulating data have shown that muscle cells produce and secrete several hundreds of cytokines and other peptides, termed myokines, which influence various systemic responses [28].

Among numerous myokines, myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, is a key regulator of skeletal muscle mass. Myostatin with inactivation increases skeletal muscle volume. On the other hand, activated myostatin decreases skeletal muscle volume [29]. TGF-β is a multifunctional regulatory factor and responds to tumor cells by regulating tumor development by suppressing epithelial cell tumorigenesis early in the carcinogenic process via the TGF-β-SMAD pathway. In advanced stages however, TGF-β switches to promote tumor progression. Increased TGF-β expression by tumor cells promotes tumor progression by enhancing migration, invasion and survival of tumor cells by stimulating extracellular matrix deposition and tissue fibrosis, perturbing immune and inflammatory functions, and stimulating angiogenesis [30, 31]. Therefore, high TGF-β expression can promote muscle wasting and tumor progression in late-stage cancer patients. In pancreatic cancer, TGF-β plays a paradoxical role by both suppressing and promoting tumors. Previous studies showed that patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer had increased soluble TGF-β; thus, TGF-β was identified as a prognostic factor [32, 33].

Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)–1, IL–6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), cause skeletal muscle proteolysis by suppressing muscle genes and activating ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated proteolysis and are closely associated with both sarcopenia and cancer-related cachexia [34].

A strong relationship exists between skeletal muscles and the immune system. Skeletal muscle contains more leukocytes, such as CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells, and neutrophils, which play important roles in antitumor immunity and are the same as those in the total blood of human adults [35]. Hence, skeletal muscle wasting induces decreased leukocyte numbers and impairs tumor immunity in cancer patients with sarcopenia, which in turn results in tumor progression. Therefore, these relationships may explain the correlation between sarcopenia at the time recurrence and poor prognoses in the current study.

Post-recurrence overall survival in an early recurrence group after curative surgery for pancreatic cancer was reported to be significantly worse than that of the late recurrence group [25]. In that study, larger tumor sizes, high preoperative serum carbohydrate antigen 19–9 levels, poor differentiation on histological grading, presence of microscopic lymphovascular invasion, and highly positive lymph node ratios were reported as risk factors for early recurrence. Another study found more distant metastasis in patients whose pancreatic cancer recurred within 12 months [36]. These findings suggest that patients with early recurrence already had more aggressive tumor biology that led to shorter recurrence-free survival after the initial surgery and a more rapid progression to death. In our study, both sarcopenia and early recurrence were independent prognostic factors in patients whose pancreatic cancer recurred. Sarcopenia is regulated by factors related to patients’ physical and functional conditions, whereas time to recurrence is regulated by tumor behavioral factors. We hypothesized that the combination of these two factors regulated by differ factors might better predict the prognosis in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer than can sarcopenia alone. The combination of sarcopenia and time to recurrence predicted the prognosis in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer more accurately than did sarcopenia alone.

This study had several limitations. First, it was retrospective with a small sample size and was conducted in a single institution, which could generate bias. No standard methods exist to precisely evaluate sarcopenia because skeletal muscle mass and strength are influenced considerably by ethnicity, body size, age, lifestyle, and cultural background. Although the criteria for sarcopenia using PMI measurement as reported by Hamaguchi et al. were used to evaluate sarcopenia in this study, these criteria were determined from data from healthy Asian young-adult donors for living donor liver transplantation. Therefore, the optimal PMI cut-off value that defines sarcopenia in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer remains unclear. A large-scale prospective study is needed to verify our results. Additionally, further studies should be conducted to define sarcopenia corresponding to patients’ various conditions to more accurately evaluate sarcopenia-related events.

In conclusion, sarcopenia is a useful prognostic factor in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer. The combination of sarcopenia and time to recurrence might more accurately predict post-recurrence survival than can sarcopenia alone. Not only systemic chemotherapy but also regular exercise and nutritional therapy after curative surgery might be needed to improve the prognosis in the patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer.

AUC: area under the curve

HR: hazard ratio

IL: interleukin

MST: median survival time

PMI: psoas muscle index

TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board of the ethics committee and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. The Tottori University Hospital Ethics Committee approved this study (No. 17A135).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

None.

Author contributions

Study concepts: TS, Study design: TS, Data acquisition: TY, EU and TH, Quality control of data and algorithms: KM and TM, Data analysis and interpretation: KK and NT, Statistical analysis: TS and MY, Manuscript preparation: TS, Manuscript editing: SH, Manuscript review: YF, Final approval of the article: all authors.

Acknowledgment

We thank Traci Raley, MS, ELS, from Edanz group (www.edanzediting.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

Caan BJ, Cespedes Feliciano EM, Prado CM, Alexeeff S, Kroenke CH, Bradshaw P, Quesenberry CP, Weltzien EK, Castillo AL, Olobatuyi TA, Chen WY: Association of Muscle and Adiposity Measured by Computed Tomography With Survival in Patients With Nonmetastatic Breast Cancer. JAMA Oncol 2018, 4:798-804.
Jung AR, Roh JL, Kim JS, Kim SB, Choi SH, Nam SY, Kim SY: Prognostic value of body composition on recurrence and survival of advanced-stage head and neck cancer. Eur J Cancer 2019, 116:98-106.
Purcell SA, Elliott SA, Kroenke CH, Sawyer MB, Prado CM: Impact of Body Weight and Body Composition on Ovarian Cancer Prognosis. Curr Oncol Rep 2016, 18:8.
Shachar SS, Williams GR, Muss HB, Nishijima TF: Prognostic value of sarcopenia in adults with solid tumours: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Cancer 2016, 57:58-67.
Rosenberg IH: Summary comments. Am J Clin Nutr 1989, 50:1231-1233.
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, et al: Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010, 39:412-423.
Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Bahyah KS, Chou MY, Chen LY, Hsu PS, Krairit O, et al: Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014, 15:95-101.
Dodson S, Baracos VE, Jatoi A, Evans WJ, Cella D, Dalton JT, Steiner MS: Muscle wasting in cancer cachexia: clinical implications, diagnosis, and emerging treatment strategies. Annu Rev Med 2011, 62:265-279.
Argiles JM, Busquets S, Stemmler B, Lopez-Soriano FJ: Cachexia and sarcopenia: mechanisms and potential targets for intervention. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015, 22:100-106.
Ryan AM, Power DG, Daly L, Cushen SJ, Ni Bhuachalla E, Prado CM: Cancer-associated malnutrition, cachexia and sarcopenia: the skeleton in the hospital closet 40 years later. Proc Nutr Soc 2016, 75:199-211.
Deng HY, Zha P, Peng L, Hou L, Huang KL, Li XY: Preoperative sarcopenia is a predictor of poor prognosis of esophageal cancer after esophagectomy: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus 2019, 32.
Nakashima Y, Saeki H, Nakanishi R, Sugiyama M, Kurashige J, Oki E, Maehara Y: Assessment of Sarcopenia as a Predictor of Poor Outcomes After Esophagectomy in Elderly Patients With Esophageal Cancer. Ann Surg 2018, 267:1100-1104.
Kawamura T, Makuuchi R, Tokunaga M, Tanizawa Y, Bando E, Yasui H, Aoyama T, Inano T, Terashima M: Long-Term Outcomes of Gastric Cancer Patients with Preoperative Sarcopenia. Ann Surg Oncol 2018, 25:1625-1632.
Kudou K, Saeki H, Nakashima Y, Edahiro K, Korehisa S, Taniguchi D, Tsutsumi R, Nishimura S, Nakaji Y, Akiyama S, et al: Prognostic Significance of Sarcopenia in Patients with Esophagogastric Junction Cancer or Upper Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2017, 24:1804-1810.
Miyamoto Y, Baba Y, Sakamoto Y, Ohuchi M, Tokunaga R, Kurashige J, Hiyoshi Y, Iwagami S, Yoshida N, Yoshida M, et al: Sarcopenia is a Negative Prognostic Factor After Curative Resection of Colorectal Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2015, 22:2663-2668.
Kamisawa T, Wood LD, Itoi T, Takaori K: Pancreatic cancer. Lancet 2016, 388:73-85.
Gillen S, Schuster T, Meyer Zum Buschenfelde C, Friess H, Kleeff J: Preoperative/neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of response and resection percentages. PLoS Med 2010, 7:e1000267.
Carrara G, Pecorelli N, De Cobelli F, Cristel G, Damascelli A, Beretta L, Braga M: Preoperative sarcopenia determinants in pancreatic cancer patients. Clin Nutr 2017, 36:1649-1653.
Choi MH, Yoon SB, Lee K, Song M, Lee IS, Lee MA, Hong TH, Choi MG: Preoperative sarcopenia and post-operative accelerated muscle loss negatively impact survival after resection of pancreatic cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018, 9:326-334.
Okumura S, Kaido T, Hamaguchi Y, Fujimoto Y, Masui T, Mizumoto M, Hammad A, Mori A, Takaori K, Uemoto S: Impact of preoperative quality as well as quantity of skeletal muscle on survival after resection of pancreatic cancer. Surgery 2015, 157:1088-1098.
Kurita Y, Kobayashi N, Tokuhisa M, Goto A, Kubota K, Endo I, Nakajima A, Ichikawa Y: Sarcopenia is a reliable prognostic factor in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer receiving FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy. Pancreatology 2019, 19:127-135.
Basile D, Parnofiello A, Vitale MG, Cortiula F, Gerratana L, Fanotto V, Lisanti C, Pelizzari G, Ongaro E, Bartoletti M, et al: The IMPACT study: early loss of skeletal muscle mass in advanced pancreatic cancer patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019, 10:368-377.
Hamaguchi Y, Kaido T, Okumura S, Kobayashi A, Hammad A, Tamai Y, Inagaki N, Uemoto S: Proposal for new diagnostic criteria for low skeletal muscle mass based on computed tomography imaging in Asian adults. Nutrition 2016, 32:1200-1205.
Brierley JD, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C: TNM classification of malignant tumours. John Wiley & Sons; 2017.
Groot VP, Gemenetzis G, Blair AB, Rivero-Soto RJ, Yu J, Javed AA, Burkhart RA, Rinkes I, Molenaar IQ, Cameron JL, et al: Defining and Predicting Early Recurrence in 957 Patients With Resected Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2019, 269:1154-1162.
Bone AE, Hepgul N, Kon S, Maddocks M: Sarcopenia and frailty in chronic respiratory disease. Chron Respir Dis 2017, 14:85-99.
Lai S, Muscaritoli M, Andreozzi P, Sgreccia A, De Leo S, Mazzaferro S, Mitterhofer AP, Pasquali M, Protopapa P, Spagnoli A, et al: Sarcopenia and cardiovascular risk indices in patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative and replacement therapy. Nutrition 2019, 62:108-114.
Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA: Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012, 8:457-465.
Rodriguez J, Vernus B, Chelh I, Cassar-Malek I, Gabillard JC, Hadj Sassi A, Seiliez I, Picard B, Bonnieu A: Myostatin and the skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy signaling pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014, 71:4361-4371.
Morikawa M, Derynck R, Miyazono K: TGF-beta and the TGF-beta Family: Context-Dependent Roles in Cell and Tissue Physiology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016, 8.
Jazag A, Ijichi H, Kanai F, Imamura T, Guleng B, Ohta M, Imamura J, Tanaka Y, Tateishi K, Ikenoue T, et al: Smad4 silencing in pancreatic cancer cell lines using stable RNA interference and gene expression profiles induced by transforming growth factor-beta. Oncogene 2005, 24:662-671.
Truty MJ, Urrutia R: Basics of TGF-beta and pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2007, 7:423-435.
Park H, Bang JH, Nam AR, Park JE, Jin MH, Bang YJ, Oh DY: The prognostic role of soluble TGF-beta and its dynamics in unresectable pancreatic cancer treated with chemotherapy. Cancer Med 2020, 9:43-51.
Lenk K, Schuler G, Adams V: Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and sarcopenia: molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2010, 1:9-21.
Tidball JG: Regulation of muscle growth and regeneration by the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2017, 17:165-178.
Nishio K, Kimura K, Amano R, Yamazoe S, Ohrira G, Nakata B, Hirakawa K, Ohira M: Preoperative predictors for early recurrence of resectable pancreatic cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2017, 15:16.

Download PDF

Journal Publication

published 22 Aug, 2020

Read the published version in World Journal of Surgical Oncology →

Editorial decision: Major Revision
16 Jul, 2020
Review #2 received at journal
12 Jul, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed at journal
11 Jul, 2020
Review #1 received at journal
19 Jun, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed at journal
03 Jun, 2020
Reviewers invited by journal
27 May, 2020
Editor assigned by journal
24 May, 2020
First submitted to journal
23 May, 2020
Submission checks completed at journal
23 May, 2020
Editor invited by journal
23 May, 2020

You are reading this older preprint version

Read the latest preprint version →

Sarcopenia as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer: A Retrospective Study

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Patients And Methods

Patients

Assessment of PMI and definition of sarcopenia

Statistical analysis

Results

Discussion

Abbreviations List

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Consent for publication

Availability of data and materials

Competing interests

Funding

Author contributions

Acknowledgment

References

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1