1 | Zheng, 2021[13] | 5 × FAD mice | EA | GV24, GB13 | 0.3 mA, 2 Hz, 15 min, 5 times/week, 4 weeks | MWM | Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus | APP↓, CTFs↓, Aβ↓, glial cell activation↓, AKT-MAPK1-MTORC1 pathway↓, TFEB↑, ALP↑ |
2 | Yang, 2018[14] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20, BL23 | 2 Hz, 2mA, 15 min, 7 days/one course, 1 day rest between two courses | MWM | Cortex, hippocampus | APP↓, BACE1↓, IDE↑, Senile plaques↓ |
3 | Dong, 2015[15] | SAMP8 mice | EA | BL23, GV14 | 2Hz, 1mA, 20 min, 8 days with 2 days of rest, 30 days | MWM | Hippocampus | BACE1↓, Aβ↓, Aβ1–42↓ |
4 | Tang YS 2019[17] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 1 Hz, 1 mA, 20 min, 1 month | MWM | Hippocampus | APP↓, BACE1↓, p-PKA/total-PKA↑ |
5 | Sun, 2021[18] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 2 Hz, 2 V, 0.6 mA, 20 min/day, 15 days | MWM | Hippocampus | Aβ↓ |
6 | Tang, 2020[19] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 1 Hz, 1 mA, 20 min, followed by fast pricking of GV26, 4 weeks | MWM | Hippocampus | APP↓, P-JNK↓, MKK4↓, MKK7↓, c-Jun↓, caspase-3↓ |
7 | Du, 2018[22] | Aβ1-42-induced AD rats | EA | GV20, BL23 | 5 Hz, 15 min, 15 days | MWM | Hippocampus | IDE↑, α2M↑, TTR↑, LPL↑, APoE↑, Aβ1–42↓ |
8 | Huang, 2020[23] | Al/D-gal-OLETF induced AD rats | EA | GV20, BL23, PC6, ST36, SP6 | Sparse-dense waves (frequency 5 Hz, amplitude 1, sparse wave 5 s, dense wave 9 s, with the ratio of 1:5), 20 min, 3 weeks | MWM | Hippocampus, CSF, plasma, serum | Aβ↓, Tau↓, FPG↓, FINS↓, C-P↓, CSF insulin↓, p-IRS1↑, p-IRS2↑, IDE↑, p-GSK3β↑, p-PI3K-p85α↓, p-Akt↓ |
9 | Wang, 2016[24] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20, KI1 | 2/15 Hz, 1 mA, 15 mins per time, once every other day, 6 weeks | MWM | Hippocampus | Aβ↓, LRP1↑ |
10 | Liang, 2021[26] | SAMP8 mice | EA | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 2 Hz, 1 mA, 10 min, 5 days/week, 8 weeks | MWM | Hippocampus, cortex | Aβ↓, paravascular influx in the glymphatic system↑, astrocytes activation↓, AQP4 polarity↑ |
11 | Yang, 2020[29] | D-gal/Aβ1-40-induced AD rats | EA | GV24, GB13 | 30 Hz, 1 mA, 30 min, 1 day of rest every 6 days, 28 days | MWM, OFT | Hippocampus | Aβ↓, p-tau (s396)↓, p-tau (s404)↓ |
12 | Yu, 2020[30] | D-gal induced AD rats | EA | GV20, BL23 | 50 Hz, 1 mA, 20 min, once daily for eight weeks with one rest day every 6 days | MWM | Hippocampus | PHF-1↓, p-tau↓, SYN1↑, PSD95↑, GSK3β/mTOR↓ |
13 | Yu, 2021[31] | D-gal induced AD rats | EA | GV20, BL23 | 50 Hz, 1 mA, 20 min, 8 weeks | MWM | Brainstem DRN | p-tau↓, GSK-3β↓, DNMT1↑ |
14 | Chang, 2019[32] | SAMP8 mice | MA | CV17, CV12, CV6, SP10, ST36 | Each acupoint stimulated for 30s, once daily for 15 days with a rest on the eighth day | MWM, tightrope test | Hippocampus | Neuron numbers↑, SOD↑, GSH-Px↑, superoxide anion↓, protein carbony l↓, Hsp84↑, Hsp86↑ |
15 | Du, 2014[33] | Aβ1-42-induced AD rats | EA | GV20, BL23 | 2 Hz, 6 days/week, 4 weeks | MWM | Hippocampus | HSP70↑, HSP90↑, cell apoptosis↓ |
16 | Li, 2012[34] | SAMP8 mice | MA | CV17, CV12, CV6, SP10, ST36 | Rotated at the rate of twice a second for 30 s at each point, once a day for 15 days (no treatment on the eighth day) | MWM | Hippocampus | Neuron number and intensity |
17 | Kan, 2018[35] | SAMP8 mice | MA | GV17, GV12, GV6, ST36, SP10 | CV17, CV12, CV6, ST36: twisting angle < 90°, frequency > 120°; SP10: twisting angle > 180°, frequency < 60°. Each acupoint stimulated for 30s, once a day, 14 days with a rest on day 7 | MWM | Hippocampus | The number of apical and basal dendritic branches and total length of apical and basal dendrites↑ |
18 | Lin, 2018[36] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20 | 1/20 Hz, 1 mA, 30 min, 4 weeks | MWM, step-down avoidance test | Hippocampus | NAA and Glu metabolism↑, surviving neurons↑, BDNF↑, TrkB↑ |
19 | Guo, 2015[38] | Aβ1-40-induced AD rats | EA | GV20, BL23 | 20 Hz, ≤ 2 mA, 30 min, 28 days with a rest every 7 days | MWM | Hippocampus | Number of apoptotic cells/field↓, Bcl-2↑, Bax↓, SYP↑, SYN1↑, Notch1↓, Hes1↓ |
20 | Zhou, 2014[39] | Aβ25-35-induced AD rats | EA and moxibustion | GV20, BL23 | 2 Hz, 20 min/d, 6d/week | - | Hippocampus | Axin↓, β-catenin↑ |
21 | Lin, 2022[40] | 3×Tg-AD mice | EA | GV20, GV24 | 1/20 Hz, 1 mA, 30 min, 5 consecutive days weekly, 4 weeks | OFT, NORT | Brain | regional spontaneous activity↑, hippocampal synaptic neurotransmission↑, connection between the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex↑ |
22 | Yu,2018[42] | Aβ1-42-induced AD rats | EA | GV20, BL23 | 2 Hz, 30 Hz, or 50 Hz, 1mA, 20 min, 15 days with one rest day every 7 days | MWM | Hippocampus | improved synaptic ultrastructure, GSK-3β↓, APP↓, Aβ1–40↓, pSer9-GSK-3β↓, pTyr216-GSK-3β↑ |
23 | Luo, 2007[43] | Fornix-fimbria transection induced AD rats | EA | GV20, KI1, KI3, SP10 | 20 Hz, 2–4 V, 2 mA, 30 min, 20 days | MWM | Hippocampus | synaptic numeric density↑, surface density↑ |
24 | Dong, 2019[44] | - | EA | GV20, GV14, BL23 | 2Hz, 1mA, 20 min, 8 days and 2 days of rest, 30 days | - | Hippocampus | The number of synapses↑, AMPK/eEF2K/eEF2 pathway↓, SYN↑, PSD95↑ |
25 | Zhou, 2018[45] | SAMP8 mice | MA | GV17, GV12, GV6, ST36, SP10 | CV17, CV12, CV6, ST36: twisting angle < 90°, frequency > 120°; SP10: twisting angle > 180°, frequency < 60°. Each acupoint stimulated for 30s, once a day for 15 days and suspended only on day 7 | MWM | Hippocampus | SYP↑ |
26 | Wang, 2021[46] | Aβ1-42-induced AD rats | EA | GV29, LI20 | 15 Hz, 1.5 mA, 10 min/day, 28 days | MWM | Hippocampus | PI3K/AKT↑, GSK-3β↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, Aβ↓, p-tau↓, the ratio of viability neurons↑, SYP↑, PSD95↑, GAP43↑ |
27 | Cai, 2019[47] | 5 × FAD mice | EA | KI3 | 1 mA, 2 Hz, 15 min, 3 times/week, 2 weeks | NORT, Y-Maze Test | Prefrontal cortexes, hypothalamus | Glucose metabolism↑, CD11b↓, GFAP↓, COX2↓, HO-1↓, transferrin↓, Bax↓, LTP↑, SYP↑, PSD95↑, Aβ1–42↓, APP↓, APOE↓, BACE1↓ |
28 | Hou, 2022[48] | SAMP8 mice | EA | GV20, ST36 | 10 Hz, 1 mA, 30 min/day, 14 days | MWM, Y-Maze Test | CFS, hippocampus | GluN1↑, GluN2A↑, GluA2↑, SYP↑, PSD95↑, OxA↓, cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling↑ |
29 | Luo, 2017[49] | SAMP8 mice | MA | GV17, GV12, GV6, ST36, SP10 | Each acupoint needled for 30s, once daily, 21 days with a rest on day 7 | MWM | Cortex, hippocampus | PCAR and MCAR of Gαs and Gαi↑ |
30 | He, 2012[50] | Urethane-induced AD rats | EA | ST36, SP6 | 2 mV, 2Hz, 20 min | - | Hippocampus | LTP of perforant path-dentate gyrus granule cells↑, PS2/PS1↑, GABA↓ |
31 | Li, 2016[51] | Aβ1-42-induced AD rats | EA | GV20, BL23 | 2 Hz or 50 Hz, 1–2 mA, 2–4 V, 20 min, once a day, 15 days with a rest on the eighth day | MWM | Hippocampus | LTP↑, LTD↑ |
32 | Li, 2022[52] | 5 × FAD mice | EA | GV20, GV24 | 2/20 Hz, 1 mA, 30 min/day, 5 times/week, 4 weeks | OFT, NORT, NLRT, LDT | Brain | Choline/creatine↑, ChAT↑, VAChTs↑, AChE↓, Aβ↓ |
33 | Li, 2016[54] | Terc⁻/⁻ mice | MA | ST36 | Slowly rotated every 5 min, 4 days | - | Hippocampus, DG | BDNF↑, TrkΒ↑, ERK1/2↑, Akt↑, p75NTR↑, NF-κΒ↓ |
34 | Li, 2014[55] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20 | 2/15 Hz, 1mA, 30 min/day, 5 days/week, 4weeks | MWM | Hippocampus, cortex | Aβ1–42↓, BDNF↑ |
35 | Lin, 2016[56] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20 | 1 and 20 Hz, 30 min daily, 4 weeks. | MWM | Hippocampus | Aβ1–42↓, cell apoptosis↓, BDNF/proBDNF ratio↑, pTrKB/TrKB ratio↑, p75NTR↓ |
36 | Wang, 2017[57] | SAMP8 mice | EA | CV4, SP6 | 2 Hz, 2 V, 1 mA, 20 min, once every 2 days for 30 days | MWM | Hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary, vaginal cells | GnRH↓, LH↓, FSH↓, E2↑ |
37 | Zhao, 2016[58] | SAMP8 mice | MA | CV17, CV12, CV6, SP10, ST36 | Each acupoint stimulated for 30s, once daily, 15 days with a rest on the eighth day | MWM | Hippocampus | BDNF↑, bFGF↑, EGF↑, NeuN and astrocytes↑ |
38 | Zhao, 2020[59] | SAMP8 mice | MA | CV17, CV12, CV6, SP10, ST36 | Each acupoint stimulated for 30s, once daily, 15 days with a rest on the eighth day | MWM | Hippocampus | NSCs↑, SYP↑ |
39 | Jiang, 2022[64] | SAMP8 mice | EA | GV20, GV29 | 2 Hz, 2 V, 0.1 mA, 15 min | - | Hippocampus | TREM2↑, 5-methylcytosine↓, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine↑ |
40 | Lu, 2019[65] | Donepezil hydrochloride induced AD rats | EA | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 2 Hz, 2 V, 0.1 mA, 20 min, 15days | MWM | Hippocampus | TLR4↓, MyD88↓, NF-κB↓, iNOS↓ |
41 | Xie, 2021[66] | Aβ1-42-induced AD rats | EA | GV20 | 20 Hz, 20 mA, 2–4 V, 30 min/day, 6 days/week, 3 weeks | MWM | Hippocampus | Iba1↓, GFAP↓, M1 microglia↓, M2 microglia↑, p65↓, Stat6↑, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-4↑, IL-10↑ |
42 | Li, 2020[67] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20, GV24 | Disperse-dense wave, 1/20 Hz, 1 mA, 30min, once every other day, 3 times a week, 16 weeks | MWM | Brain | Aβ↓, M1 (iNOS/IL-1β)↓, M2 (CD206/Arg1)↑ |
43 | Li, 2019[68] | SAMP8 mice | MA | CV17, CV12, CV4, ST36, SP10 | Rotated for 30 seconds every 5 minutes, 15min, 15days, with an interval at day 8 | MWM | Hippocampus | PI3K↓, PDK1↓, nPKC↓, Rac 1↓ |
44 | Wang, 2020[69] | SAMP8 mice | EA | GV29, LI20 | 1.5 mA, 15 Hz, 10min, 6 days a week, 4 weeks | MWM, OFT | Hippocampus | Aβ↓, p-tau ↓, p38 MAPK↓, SYP↑, microglia activation↓ |
45 | Zhang, 2017[70] | Aβ1-40-induced AD rats | EA | GV20, BL23 | 2 Hz, 2 mA, 2–4 V, 20 min, 3 times/week, 4 weeks | MWM | Hippocampus | Aβ↓, p-Tau Ser404↓, PPAR-γ↑, p-p38MAPK↓ |
46 | Ding, 2017[72] | SAMP8 mice | MA | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 20 min/day, 15 days | MWM | Hippocampus | NLRP3↓, ASC↓, Caspase-1↓, IL-1β↓ |
47 | Jiang, 2018[73] | SAMP8 mice | EA | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 2 Hz, 2V, 0.6 mA, 20min, once daily for 15 days, except on the 8th day | - | Hippocampus | NLRP3↓, ASC↓, Caspase-1↓, IL-1β↓ |
48 | Li, 2021[74] | Presenilin 1 and 2 conditional double knockout mice | EA | GV20, GV24 | 2 Hz, 1 mA, 15 min, 5 days per week, 3 weeks | MWM, NORT, Y-Maze Test | Hippocampus | p-tau↓, NLRP3↓, ASC↓, Caspase-1↓, IL-1β↓, IL-18↓, NR1↑, NR2A↑, NR2B↑ |
49 | Yu, 2022[75] | APP/PS1 mice | taVNS | Bilateral auricular concha | 40 Hz, 1.8 mA, a pulse width of 0.5 millisecond, 30 min/day | MWM, NORT | Hippocampus | Aβ1–40↓, Aβ1–42↓, Aβ42↓, P2X7R↓, NLRP3↓, Caspase-1↓, pro-IL-1β↓, IL-1β↓, pro–IL-18↓, IL- 18↓ |
50 | Zhang, 2021[76] | SAMP8 mice | MA | GV20, BL23, SP10, BL17 | 6 days, followed by one day of rest, 8 weeks | MWM | Hippocampus | Aβ1–40↓, Aβ1–42↓, NLRP1↓, ASC↓, cleaved caspase-1↓, IL-1β↓, IL-18↓ |
51 | Cai, 2020[77] | 5×FAD mice | EA | KI3 | 1 mA, 2 Hz, 15 min, 3 times a week, 2 weeks | NORT, Y-Maze Test | Prefrontal cortical and hippocampus | GFAP↓, CD11b↓, COX2↓, HO1↓, HSP70↓, transferrin↓, BAX↓, APP↓, APOE↓, BACE↓, Aβ↓, glucose metabolism↑ |
52 | Wang, 2020[78] | SAMP8 mice | EA | GV20, BL23, KI3 | Sparse wave, 2Hz, 2V, 0.6 mA,15 min, 2 months | MWM | Cortical tissues | GFAP↓, Iba1↓, TNF-α↓, IL-17↓, IL-6↓ |
53 | Wang, 2014[79] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20 | 2/15 Hz, 1mA, 30 min/d, 5 days/week, 4 weeks | MWM | Hippocampus | GFAP↓, NDRG2↓ |
54 | Lu, 2014[81] | D-gal induced AD rats | MA | ST36 | Twisting: 90–180°, 60–90 times/min; the lifting and thrusting: 0.1–0.2 mm, 60–90 times/min, 30 min/d | Y-Maze Test | Brain | Blood perfusion↑, glycol metabolism↑ |
55 | Lu, 2017[82] | D-gal induced AD rats | MA | ST36 | 30 min, 30 days | Y-Maze Test | Brain | Glycol metabolism↑, glucose metabolism↑ |
56 | Lai, 2016[83] | D-gal induced AD rats | MA | HT7 | Rotated 120–150 times/min, 3 min, followed by a 2 min break, three times, 5 days/week until day 30 | Y-Maze Test | Hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, frontal lobe, temporal lobe | Glycol metabolism↑ |
57 | Liu, 2017[84] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20 | 1/20 Hz, 30 min, 5 days/week, 4 weeks | MWM, NORT | Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, basal forebrain septum, brain stem, and cerebellum | Glucose metabolism↑, GLUT1↑, GLUT3↑, Aβ1–42↓, p-AMPK↑, p-AKT↑, p-mTOR↓ |
58 | Cui, 2018[85] | D-gal induced AD rats | MA | GV24, GB13 | The twisting: a range of 90–180° and a rate of 100–150 times/min. The lifting and thrusting: a range of approximately 2–3 mm and a rate of 60–90 times/min, 15min, 5 days a week, 4 weeks | Y-Maze Test | Brain | Glucose metabolism↑ |
59 | Jiang, 2015[86] | SAMP8 mice | EA | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 2Hz, 2V, 0.6 mA, once a day for 15 days (no treatment on the eight day) | MWM | Hippocampus | Glucose metabolism↑ |
60 | Cao, 2017[8] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 2 Hz, 2 V, 0.1mA, 20min, 15days | MWM | Hippocampus | Glucose metabolism↑ |
61 | Xu, 2020[87] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 20min, once every alternate day, 4 weeks | MWM | Frontal lobe | Glucose metabolism↑, Aβ40↓, Aβ42↓, Iba-1↓, IL-1β↓, IL-10↑ |
62 | Jiang, 2016[88] | SMAP8 mice | EA/MEA | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 2 Hz, 2 v, 0.6 mA, 20min, once daily for 15 days (no treatment on day 8) | MWM | Hippocampus, cerebral cortex, frontal lobe | Glucose metabolism↑, Aβ1–42↓ |
63 | Jiang, 2019[89] | SAMP8 mice | MA combined with donepezil | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 20 min, once a day for 15 days (with no treatment on the eighth day) | MWM | Brain | Glucose metabolism↑, Aβ↓ |
64 | Dong, 2014[91] | SAMP8 mice | EA | GV14, BL23 | 2 Hz, 1 mA, 20 min, 8 days, and 2 days rest for a period of 30 days | MWM | Hippocampus | p-AMPK↑ |
65 | Li, 2021[92] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20, GV24 | 1/20 Hz, 2 V, 30 min/day, 5 times/week, 4 weeks | MWM, NORT | Hippocampus | AMPK↑, AG↑, HK2↑, PFKFB3↑, PKM2↑ |
66 | Xu, 2020[93] | APP/PS1 mice | EA | GV20, GV26, GV29 | 2 Hz, 1 mA, 20 min, once every other day, 28 days | MWM | Hippocampus | Glucose metabolism↑, p-AKT (Ser473)↑, p-GSK3β (Ser9)↑, p-Tau (Ser199 and Ser202)↓ |
67 | Zhao, 2013[95] | SAMP8 mice | MA | CV17, CV12, CV6, SP10, ST36 | Once a day, 6 day/week, 21 days | MWM | Hippocampus | TPI↑, DHAP↓ |
68 | Liang, 2018[97] | SAMP8 mice | MA | GV20, SP10, BL23, BL17 | SP10 and BL17, twirling reducing method, 180–360°, 50–60 times/min; BL23 and GV20, twirling reinforcing method, 60–90°, 120–150 times/min, 1 min, retaining for 10 min | - | Hippocampus | NFL↑, ACTB↑, TBB2A↑, TMOD2↑, PDHE1-β↑, NDUS1↑, HSC71↑, PDHE1-α↑, ATP-β↑, GFAP↓, PDP1↓, MMP-α↓, ADK↓ |
69 | Shao, 2022[99][35463064] | Aβ25–35 induced AD rats | EA | GV20, GV24, GB13 | 1–20 Hz, 1 mA, 15 min/day, 5 times/week, 3 weeks | MWM, Y-Maze Test | Hippocampus | Fis1↓, Mfn2↑, Beclin 1↑, and LC3B-II↑, PI3K↑, p-Akt/Akt↑ |
70 | Guo, 2016[100] | Aβ1–40 induced AD rats | EA | GV20, BL23 | 28 days with one rest day every 7 days | MWM | Hippocampus | Beclin-1↑, LC3II/LC3I↑, Aβ↓ |
71 | Dong, 2015[102] | SAMP8 mice | EA | GV14, BL23 | 2 Hz, 1 mA, 20 min, 8 days, and 2 days of rest, for a period of 30 days | - | Hippocampus, frontal cortex | ATP↑, SIRT1↑, PGC-1α↑, PGC-1α acetylation↓ |
72 | Dong, 2013[103] | SAMP8 mice | EA | GV20, GV14, BL23, KI3 | 2 Hz, 20 min, 10 days/course, 3 courses | MWM | Hippocampus | Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, II, III, IV↑, ATP↑ |
73 | Wu, 2017[104] | Aβ1-42-induced AD rats | EA | GV20, KI1 | 2/15 Hz, 1 mA, 30 min, 28 days | MWM | Hippocampus | T-AOC↑, ROS↓, MDA↓, 8-OH-dG↓, NOX2↓, NeuN↑ |
74 | Zhao, 2022[106] | ICV-streptozotocin rats | EA | ST36, GV14 | 2 Hz/10 Hz, 1 mA, 1 ms, 30 min/day, 4 weeks | MWM | Hippocampus | SOD↑, MDA↓, SIRT1↑, FOXO3a↓ |
75 | Liu, 2013[107] | Aβ1-40-induced AD rats | EA combined with eugenol | LI 20, GV 29 | 80–100 Hz, 1–3 mA, 1-3V, 10 min/day, 5 day/week, 6 weeks | MWM | Hippocampus | SOD↑, GSH-Px↑, MDA↓ |
76 | Ding, 2019[110] | SAMP8 mice | MA | GV20, GV29 | Twirling every 5 min and lasted 15 s each time, 20 min, once a day, 15days | MWM | Hippocampus, prefrontal lobe | CBF↑ |
77 | Ding, 2020[112] | SAMP8 mice | MA | GV20, GV29 | Twirling every 5 min for 15 s each time, 20 min, once a day, 26 days | MWM | Hippocampus | PLA2↓, COX-1↓, CYP2C23↓, AA↓, PGE2↓, EETs↓ |
78 | Yang, 2022[115] | APP/PS1 mice | MA | GV20, LI4, BL13, BL20, BL23, ST36, SP6 | For a period of four weeks, 20 min per day, five days per week, with two days off | MWM | Hippocampus, serum, feces | Aβ↓, tau protein↓, IL-10↓, LPS↓, gut microbiota diversity↑, Actinobacteria↓, Porphyromonadaceae↓, Coriobacteriaceae↓, Helicobacteraceae↓, Burkholderiaceae↓, Christensenellaceae↑, Clostridiaceae 1↑, Prevotellaceae↑, Rikenellaceae↑, Bacteroidaceae↑ |
79 | Zhang, 2022[9] | APP/PS1 mice | MA | GV20, GV29, ST36 | Every 5 min for 15 s, 20 min | MWM | Feces, cortical tissues, hippocampus, serum | Bacteroidota↑, Proteobacteria↓, Firmicutes↓, Escherichia– Shigella↓, ZO-1↑, occludin↑, LPS↓, TNF-a↓, IL-1β↓ |
80 | Jiang, 2021[116] | SAMP8 mice | EA | GV20, GV29 | 2 Hz, 2 V, and 0.1 mA, 15 min/day, 15 days | MWM | Feces, frontal lobe cortex, hippocampus, serum | IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓, Delta-proteobacteria↑, Epsilon-proteobacteria↑, the ratio of Bacteroidia and Clostridia↑ |
81 | Jiang, 2022[118] | SAMP8 mice | EA | GV20, GV29 | 2 Hz, 2 V, 0.1 mA, 15min/day, 15 days | - | Frontal lobe cortex, temporal lobe cortex, hippocampus (dentate gyrus), serum | Iba-1↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓ |
82 | Hao, 2022[119] | APP/PS1 mice | MA | GV20, GV29 ST36 | 20 min once a day from days 8 to 45 | MWM | Feces, small intestine tissues, serum | Bacteroidetes↑, Proteobacteria↓, Escherichia-Shigella↓, ZO-1↑, occludin↑, GFAP↓, LPS↓, TNF-α↓ |
83 | He, 2021[120] | D-gal induced AD rats | pre-EA | GV20, ST36 | 15 days with one rest day every 7 days, 50Hz, 1mA, 20 min | MWM | Serum, intestinal mucosal, hippocampus | ZO-1↑, DAO↓, S-100β↓, Iba-1↓, LPS↓, TLR4↓, Phospho-NF-κB p65↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, Lactobacillus↑, Bifidobacterium↑, E. coli↓, Bacteroides fragilis↓ |