In order to determine how these parameters (temperature, humidity, and CO2) impact project performance, a questionnaire on these aspects was created. In order to evaluate the impact of indoor air quality, a questionnaire was employed. The study employed a quantitative approach to pinpoint any challenges or problems facilities managers could have when the environment changes and they go about their regular business. A questionnaire was developed following a review of the literature and had ten items on a 5-point Likert scale. The study's ethical approval was granted by the researcher's department's ethics committee prior to the questionnaires being self-administered by participants.
The paper's methodology include creating a questionnaire about the variables impacting (temperature, humidity, and CO2) and learning how these affect project performance, The impact of indoor air quality was evaluated using a questionnaire. The study employed a quantitative approach to uncover any challenges or problems facilities managers could have as they carry out their everyday tasks in response to changing climatic conditions. An evaluation of the literature led to the development of a questionnaire with ten items on a 5-point Likert scale. The study received approval from the ethics committee of the researcher's department before participants self-administered the questionnaire. The next part of the methodology gathering sensor data that were setup on the building in order to determine their effect on the building and how thy vibrate during different weather conditions.
The stage explained in the following stage:
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Sensor will be embedded in different of the building in both Diyala university building and hospital building in order to obtain the following information (Co2, temperature data, Humidity data and strain data ) in order to determine projects performance by relating these data to projects performance.
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The sensor data will be transformed by using programming language in order to be used in the later stages.
Figure (1) Sensor Methodology
Weather is a key impact, according to studies on building delays. Temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind are the four most often researched meteorological variables. (Acharya et al., 2018; Budhathoki & Zander, 2019; Ghani et al., 2019; Moohialdin et al., 2019). These weather-related elements have different effects on equipment, materials, and labor. Changes in temperature often limit the amount of time that workers may spend outside, and they may also restrict the use of equipment if the environment becomes hazardous. Humidity provides a hazard to the installation of building materials, particularly concrete, which can suffer from even little additions of water over the water-cement ratio. This effect is doubly detrimental during periods of precipitation, which can have a significant impact on labor and equipment operations, particularly when combined with other meteorological phenomena like lightning or snow, high snow buildup, and material freezing. The necessity for constraints for unconstructed items and the harm posed to people by debris pushed around by winds are the final ways that winds can impact materials and labor. Operations of equipment might be threatened even by strong winds. These weather conditions may have an impact on each of the three task feasibility criteria.
Rashid, H., (2014) investigated how dust storms and severe temperatures affected the construction business. Data on the production of building materials in the United Arab Emirates region for a period of 2100 productive days was gathered. According to this study, productivity is severely decreased by the summer's harsh climate of heat and dust storms. The findings demonstrated that heat above 46°C per week causes an average 10% loss in productivity.(Rashid, 2015). According to the findings of this study, increasing the temperature to a more uncomfortable thermal zone costs companies $2 per worker each hour. Ibbs and Sun (2017) compared the Grimm and Wagner (1974) (G&W) and Thomas and Yiakoumis (1987) (T&Y) studies.(Grimm & Wagner, 1974; Ibbs & Sun, 2017; Thomas & Yiakoumis, 1987) Because the two studies used different definitions of productivity, they could not be directly compared. The regression curves for the T&Y and G&W data were therefore pretty similar after standardizing the various definitions. Finally, using information from the previous two weather studies, a new combined temperature-humidity model was created. Ibbs and Sun came to the conclusion that while humidity has an impact on productivity, it has a less significant one than temperature. Marzoughi et al. (2018) created a methodology to calculate project activity durations while accounting for weather effects. This model was created using multivariate statistical methods and an analytical network process (ANP). The proposed methodology was shown using information from an Iranian building project. By comparing the actual duration of the activity with the projected period utilizing the suggested framework, validation of the model was obtained. Due to the limited sample size, they discovered that there was no statistically significant difference between the actual and projected timings. Larsson et al. (2019) examined how temperature, precipitation, and wind speed affected the time it took to construct an in-situ concrete wall. The findings demonstrate that weather has a substantial influence on project length and must be taken into consideration throughout planning procedures. Additionally, they discovered significant variations in seasonal weather that may influence the time of project launch.(Marzoughi et al., 2018)
Table (1) Factors Affecting Temperature and Humidity
No | Items |
HT1 | Sources outside the building |
HT2 | outdoor air pollution |
HT3 | Moisture or stagnant water promotes microbial overgrowth two concerns |
HT4 | smoking |
HT5 | Emissions from new furnishings |
HT6 | Dust and fibers from demolition |
HT7 | Volatile organic and inorganic scents |
HT8 | Compounds of coatings, caulking, adhesives |
HT9 | Microbiological release from catabolism or reconstitution activity |
HT10 | Stagnant water from clogged or poorly designed drains |
HT11 | Dry traps allow the passage of sewage gas |
HT12 | Vehicles on nearby roads or in parking lots or garages |
HT13 | Odor loading basins from garbage containers that are re-drained (pulled back into the building) Exhausts from the building itself or from neighboring buildings |
Reduction in environmental pollution has always been an important issue in the development of the construction industry (Vickers, 2017). In recent years, the intensifcation of the greenhouse efect has placed enormous pressure on the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the construction industry, which is one of the seven sectors that predominantly contribute to global GHG emissions; the construction industry consumes approximately 40% of the total energy use, and it contributes up to 30% of all GHG emissions annually(Change, 2007). Moreover, the emissions from the construction industry are highly correlated with the emissions from other industries (Du et al., 2018). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) declared that over the next 20 years, GHG emissions will more than double relative to the present situation due to the rapid increase in urbanization and the inefciencies of existing building practices unless actions are taken to mitigate emissions(Sbci, 2009). As a result, the reduction in GHG emissions throughout the construction industry has become a very important goal; this is especially true for CO2 emissions, which is the most important component of anthropogenic GHGs(Du et al., 2018; Zhang & Wang, 2016).
Table (2) Factors Affecting CO2
No | Items |
CO1 | Economic growth |
CO2 | Technology development |
CO3 | Energy consumption |
CO4 | Use of ovens |
CO5 | Waste |
As consequence the effect of temperature, humidity and CO2 on the building as follow
Table (3) Factors Affecting Temperature, Humidity and CO2 on the Construction Projects
No | Items |
PF1 | Erection of abuilding |
PF2 | Increase in total production costs |
PF3 | damage construction |
PF4 | adverse effect on health |
PF5 | Microbial growth |
PF6 | poor indoor air quality |
PF7 | Steel corrosions |
PF8 | pipe can crack and require replacement |
PF9 | extensive water damage to the jobsite |
PF10 | coatings and finishes may not harden properly |
PF11 | mold that quickly spreads across surfaces and leads to added re-work and labor costs |
PF12 | Thermal cracking and a reduction in the compressive strength and quality of finish of the concrete |
PF13 | materials becoming more brittle |
PF14 | Deterioration of Material |