The demographic distribution of antibiotic usage of present study was comprised of 250 patients, out of which 62% were males and 43% were females. One of such similar clinical study showed that out of two hundred patients, 115 (57%) patients were females and 85 (43%) were males (Solanki N & Patel Y 2019), with slight deviation with present study finding. While, another study showed that male population (63%) was higher than females (37%) in its study setting. (Solanki N et al. 2019) Again a research conducted by Solanki ND & Patel P, 2017, observed that out of 250 patients, 54.4% were male and 45.6% were female cases, lending credence to the current findings. A new prospective research found that 53.57% of 280 patients were female and 46.42% were male (Solanki N et al. 2023), which differed slightly from the current study owing to different types of study settings. Patients in another research ranged in age from 20 to 60 years old (32%), 20 to 40 years old (29%), and 20 to 30 years old (29%), while patients aged 20 to 30 years old were prominent in one of the investigations. (Rangdal K et al., 2019). The majority of patients in the Solanki N et al. 2021 research were between the ages of 50 and 79 years, with proven co-morbidities; however, the majority of patients in the current study were between the ages of 40 and 80 years, which confirmed our study results. Another study found that patients were 51–60 years old (37.5%), followed by 61–70 years old (20%) (Solanki N et al. 2019), comparable findings were seen in the current investigation, which validates our findings. The intravenous route was the most common method of antibiotic delivery, followed by the oral route. According to one study, the majority of drugs were supplied intravenously, followed by oral administration. In one research, the percentage of injections provided surpassed (83%) the WHO recommended value (13.4–24.1%) due to redundant antibiotic prescribing, poor supervision and surveillance, ill-suited and poly-antibiotic prescriptions. (Amaha ND et al. 2018) emergency visits during acute phases of illness with no additional interventions and an elevated risk of multi-drug resistance. (Nagvekar V et al., 2020)
According to one research, the antimicrobial imposing rate was 52.3%, which validates our findings. (Demoz GT et al. 2020) Antibiotic use exceeded 76% in countries such as South Africa, India, Brazil, Russia, and China. (Nagvekar V et al. 2020) The most prevalent reason for antibiotic usage is viral fever (48%), followed by LRTI (40%), dengue fever (33%), and COPD (32%). (13.3%) According to one clinical trial conducted at a national referral and teaching hospital in our current work, 79% of hospital patients got at least one antibiotic, validating our findings. Ceftriaxone was prescribed the most (64%), followed by Cefoperazone (15%) in another research, which confirmed our findings of Ceftriaxone being given for viral fever 50% of the time. (Parthasarthi G et al. 2021; Al Shimemeri A et al. 2011) According to the current study results, the second most common illness that required antibiotics was LRTI, whereas data from the Hong Kong Hospital Authority showed that pneumonia, followed by chronic airway obstruction, was the most common cause for antibiotic prescriptions, and antibiotics were frequently prescribed in respiratory tract infections, which supported the current study results. (Meher BR et al. 2014) The amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination was the most often used FDC combination in LRTI (50%), followed by azithromycin (13%) and ceftriaxone (12%). Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were administered in 26% of instances in the current research. (Fridkin S et al. 2014) In 33% of instances, ceftriaxone was regularly used as an antibiotic for dengue fever. In thirty two (13%) patients, amoxiclav was the most usually recommended antibiotic for COPD. According to one of the study's findings, amoxiclav (96.8%) was widely used. (Sawant PM et al. 2017) According to the current study, the most usually given antibiotics were ceftriaxone (60%) and amoxiclav (26%). The Hong Kong Hospital Authority produced similar results. Third-generation cephalosporins were the most routinely used antibiotics. (Kaliamoorthy K et al. 2012) According to the data, the most usually prescribed drugs were lactams, but beta-lactams dominated overall prescriptions in one survey-based research in Denmark. (Pottegård A et al. 2015) Third-generation cephalosporins, such as ceftriaxone (60%) and cefixime (5%), are the most commonly recommended intravenously in the current study, whereas beta-lactam antibiotics were the most commonly administered antibiotics in one clinical study, with 78% of the medications identified by their brand names. Another pilot research found that cephalosporin prescription was high (63.3%), which corroborated the current study findings. The present study indicated proton pump inhibitors, analgesics, NSAIDs, antiemetic medications, and vitamins. Among the most regularly given drugs were ondansetron (74%), Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole, Ranitidine, and Folic Acid. Diclofenac, Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole, and Ranitidine were all suggested as pain relievers and antacids in one of the clinical investigations, which validated the current findings.
Gram-negative E. coli (30%) and Pseudomonas species (10%) provided the highest microbial proliferation in particular illnesses. One study found that E. coli isolates ranged from 768 to 1,429. The isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa vary from 88 to 184, whereas S. aureus isolates range from 341 to 914 (206 to 615). The highest bacterial growth was generated by 26 gram-positive, coagulase-negative staphylococci (6, 30%). A comparable research discovered a considerable rise in Escherichia coli. In this investigation, 14 gram-negative bacilli were shown to be the most prevalent cause. There are 11 gram-negative species and 5 gram-positive species, according to the data. (Moehring RW et al. 2015)