1, Congdon NG, Friedman DS, Lietman T: Important causes of visual impairment in the world today. JAMA 2003, 290(15):2057–2060.
2, Wong TY, Ferreira A, Hughes R, Carter G, Mitchell P: Epidemiology and disease burden of pathologic myopia and myopic choroidal neovascularization: an evidence-based systematic review. Am J Ophthalmol 2014, 157(1):9–25 e12.
3, Lam CS, Goldschmidt E, Edwards MH: Prevalence of myopia in local and international schools in Hong Kong. Optom Vis Sci 2004, 81(5):317–322.
4, Foster PJ, Jiang Y: Epidemiology of myopia. Eye (Lond) 2014, 28(2):202–208.
5, Morgan IG, Ohno-Matsui K, Saw SM: Myopia. Lancet 2012, 379(9827):1739–1748.
6, Wu PC, Huang HM, Yu HJ, Fang PC, Chen CT: Epidemiology of Myopia. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2016, 5(6):386–393.
7, Zeng CQ, Zhou LH, Zhang P, Wang J, Ye MH, Yi BX, Xiong XW, Liang XC: [The epidemiology of myopia in primary school students of grade 1 to 3 in Hubei province]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2018, 54(10):756–761.
8, Zhou J, Ma Y, Ma J, Zou Z, Meng X, Tao F, Luo C, Jing J, Pan D, Luo J et al: [Prevalence of myopia and influencing factors among primary and middle school students in 6 provinces of China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2016, 37(1):29–34.
9, Edwards MH, Lam CS: The epidemiology of myopia in Hong Kong. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2004, 33(1):34–38.
10, Chen M, Wu A, Zhang L, Wang W, Chen X, Yu X, Wang K: The increasing prevalence of myopia and high myopia among high school students in Fenghua city, eastern China: a 15-year population-based survey. BMC Ophthalmol 2018, 18(1):159.
11, Pan CW, Zheng YF, Anuar AR, Chew M, Gazzard G, Aung T, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Saw SM: Prevalence of refractive errors in a multiethnic Asian population: the Singapore epidemiology of eye disease study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013, 54(4):2590–2598.
12, Pan CW, Klein BE, Cotch MF, Shrager S, Klein R, Folsom A, Kronmal R, Shea SJ, Burke GL, Saw SM et al: Racial variations in the prevalence of refractive errors in the United States: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Ophthalmol 2013, 155(6):1129–1138 e1121.
13, Rose KA, Morgan IG, Smith W, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P, Saw SM: Myopia, lifestyle, and schooling in students of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore and Sydney. Arch Ophthalmol 2008, 126(4):527–530.
14, Ip JM, Saw SM, Rose KA, Morgan IG, Kifley A, Wang JJ, Mitchell P: Role of near work in myopia: findings in a sample of Australian school children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008, 49(7):2903–2910.
15, He M, Xiang F, Zeng Y, Mai J, Chen Q, Zhang J, Smith W, Rose K, Morgan IG: Effect of Time Spent Outdoors at School on the Development of Myopia Among Children in China: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2015, 314(11):1142–1148.
16, Barry RJ, Wacogne I, Abbott J: Spending an additional 40 min outdoors each day reduces the incidence of myopia among primary school children in China. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2016, 101(4):219.
17, Dandona R, Dandona L, Srinivas M, Sahare P, Narsaiah S, Munoz SR, Pokharel GP, Ellwein LB: Refractive error in children in a rural population in India. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002, 43(3):615–622.
18, Au Eong KG, Tay TH, Lim MK: Race, culture and Myopia in 110,236 young Singaporean males. Singapore Med J 1993, 34(1):29–32.
19, Sun J, Zhou JB, Zhao PQ, Lian JC, Zhu H, Zhou YX, Sun Y, Wang YF, Zhao LQ, Wei Y et al: High Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia in 5060 Chinese University Students in Shanghai. Invest Ophth Vis Sci 2012, 53(12):7504–7509.
20, Chin MP, Siong KH, Chan KH, Do CW, Chan HHL, Cheong AMY: Prevalence of visual impairment and refractive errors among different ethnic groups in schoolchildren in Turpan, China. Ophthal Physl Opt 2015, 35(3):263–270.
21, Pan CW, Chen Q, Sheng X, Li J, Niu Z, Zhou H, Wei T, Yuan Y, Zhong H: Ethnic variations in myopia and ocular biometry among adults in a rural community in China: the Yunnan minority eye studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015, 56(5):3235–3241.
22, Tabulation on the 2010 population census of the People’s Rebublic of China. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm.
23, He H, Pan L, Pa L, Cui Z, Ren X, Wang D, Liu F, Wang X, Du J, Wang H et al: Data Resource Profile: The China National Health Survey (CNHS). Int J Epidemiol 2018, 47(6):1734–1735f.
24, He M, Huang W, Li Y, Zheng Y, Yin Q, Foster PJ: Refractive error and biometry in older Chinese adults: the Liwan eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009, 50(11):5130–5136.
25, Liang YB, Wong TY, Sun LP, Tao QS, Wang JJ, Yang XH, Xiong Y, Wang NL, Friedman DS: Refractive errors in a rural Chinese adult population the Handan eye study. Ophthalmology 2009, 116(11):2119–2127.
26, He J, Lu L, He X, Xu X, Du X, Zhang B, Zhao H, Sha J, Zhu J, Zou H et al: The Relationship between Crystalline Lens Power and Refractive Error in Older Chinese Adults: The Shanghai Eye Study. PLoS One 2017, 12(1):e0170030.
27, Shan GL, Wei DY, Wang CX, Zhang JH, Wang B, Ma MJ, Pan L, Yu T, Xue F, Wang P et al: Body mass index and hypertension hemodynamic subtypes in Yi farmers and migrants. Biomed Environ Sci 2012, 25(1):53–60.
28, Xu L, Li J, Cui T, Hu A, Fan G, Zhang R, Yang H, Sun B, Jonas JB: Refractive error in urban and rural adult Chinese in Beijing. Ophthalmology 2005, 112(10):1676–1683.
29, Pan CW, Cheng CY, Saw SM, Wang JJ, Wong TY: Myopia and age-related cataract: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol 2013, 156(5):1021–1033 e1021.
30, Varma R, Torres M, McKean-Cowdin R, Rong F, Hsu C, Jiang X, Chinese American Eye Study G: Prevalence and Risk Factors for Refractive Error in Adult Chinese Americans: The Chinese American Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2017, 175:201–212.
31, Wang M, Cui J, Shan G, Peng X, Pan L, Yan Z, Zhang J, Zhong Y, Ma J: Prevalence and risk factors of refractive error: a cross-sectional Study in Han and Yi adults in Yunnan, China. BMC Ophthalmol 2019, 19(1):33.
32, Sawada A, Tomidokoro A, Araie M, Iwase A, Yamamoto T, Tajimi Study G: Refractive errors in an elderly Japanese population: the Tajimi study. Ophthalmology 2008, 115(2):363–370 e363.
33, Van Newkirk MR: The Hong Kong vision study: a pilot assessment of visual impairment in adults. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1997, 95:715–749.
34, Han SB, Jang J, Yang HK, Hwang JM, Park SK: Prevalence and risk factors of myopia in adult Korean population: Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2013–2014 (KNHANES VI). PLoS One 2019, 14(1):e0211204.
35, Nakamura Y, Nakamura Y, Higa A, Sawaguchi S, Tomidokoro A, Iwase A, Araie M: Refractive errors in an elderly rural Japanese population: The Kumejima study. PLoS One 2018, 13(11):e0207180.
36, Krishnaiah S, Srinivas M, Khanna RC, Rao GN: Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in the South Indian adult population: The Andhra Pradesh Eye disease study. Clin Ophthalmol 2009, 3:17–27.
37, Zhang M, Li L, Chen L, Lee J, Wu J, Yang A, Chen C, Xu D, Lam DS, Sharma A et al: Population density and refractive error among Chinese children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010, 51(10):4969–4976.
38, Choi KY, Yu WY, Lam CHI, Li ZC, Chin MP, Lakshmanan Y, Wong FSY, Do CW, Lee PH, Chan HHL: Childhood exposure to constricted living space: a possible environmental threat for myopia development. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017, 37(5):568–575.
39, Kempen JH, Mitchell P, Lee KE, Tielsch JM, Broman AT, Taylor HR, Ikram MK, Congdon NG, O’Colmain BJ, Eye Diseases Prevalence Research G: The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia. Arch Ophthalmol 2004, 122(4):495–505.
40, Anton A, Andrada MT, Mayo A, Portela J, Merayo J: Epidemiology of refractive errors in an adult European population: the Segovia study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2009, 16(4):231–237.
41, Wolfram C, Hohn R, Kottler U, Wild P, Blettner M, Buhren J, Pfeiffer N, Mirshahi A: Prevalence of refractive errors in the European adult population: the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS). Br J Ophthalmol 2014, 98(7):857–861.
42, Goldschmidt E, Jacobsen N: Genetic and environmental effects on myopia development and progression. Eye (Lond) 2014, 28(2):126–133.
43, French AN, Ashby RS, Morgan IG, Rose KA: Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia. Exp Eye Res 2013, 114:58–68.
44, Dirani M, Tong L, Gazzard G, Zhang X, Chia A, Young TL, Rose KA, Mitchell P, Saw SM: Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children. Br J Ophthalmol 2009, 93(8):997–1000.
45, Rose KA, Morgan IG, Ip J, Kifley A, Huynh S, Smith W, Mitchell P: Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children. Ophthalmology 2008, 115(8):1279–1285.
46, Ramamurthy D, Lin Chua SY, Saw SM: A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence. Clin Exp Optom 2015, 98(6):497–506.
47, Saw SM, Chia KS, Lindstrom JM, Tan DTH, Stone RA: Childhood myopia and parental smoking. Brit J Ophthalmol 2004, 88(7):934–937.
48, Picciotto MR CB, Brunzell DH, et al.: Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit knockout mice: physiological and behavioural phenotypes and possible clinical implications. Pharmacol Ther 2001, 92:89–108.
49, Flitcroft DI: The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012, 31(6):622–660.
50, Morgan I RK: How genetic is school myopia? Prog Retin Eye Res 2005, 24:1–38.
51, Liao X, Yap MKH, Leung KH, Kao PYP, Liu LQ, Yip SP: Genetic Association Study of KCNQ5 Polymorphisms with High Myopia. Biomed Res Int 2017, 2017:3024156.
52, Gong B, Qu C, Huang XF, Ye ZM, Zhang DD, Shi Y, Chen R, Liu YP, Shuai P: Genetic association of COL1A1 polymorphisms with high myopia in Asian population: a Meta-analysis. Int J Ophthalmol 2016, 9(8):1187–1193.
53, Ye Z, Luo H, Gong B, Lin Y, Shuai P, Wang P, Ye C, Yang Z, Wang W, Shi Y: Evaluation of four genetic variants in han chinese subjects with high myopia. J Ophthalmol 2015, 2015:729463.
54, Yiu WC, Yap MK, Fung WY, Ng PW, Yip SP: Genetic susceptibility to refractive error: association of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2) with high myopia in Chinese. PLoS One 2013, 8(4):e61805.
55, Jung SK, Lee JH, Kakizaki H, Jee D: Prevalence of myopia and its association with body stature and educational level in 19-year-old male conscripts in seoul, South Korea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012, 53(9):5579–5583.
56, Guo K, Yang DY, Wang Y, Yang XR, Jing XX, Guo YY, Zhu D, You QS, Tao Y, Jonas JB: Prevalence of myopia in schoolchildren in Ejina: the Gobi Desert Children Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015, 56(3):1769–1774.