Allden, K., Ceriæ, I., Kapetanoviæ, A., Lavelle, J., Loga, S., Mathias, M., … Sarajliæ, N. (1998). Harvard Trauma Manual: Bosnia-Herzegovina Version. Cambridge (MA): Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma.
Anderson, K., Delić, A., Komproe, I., Avdibegović, E., van Ee, E., & Glaesmer, H. (2019). Predictors of posttraumatic growth among conflict-related sexual violence survivors from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Conflict and Health, 13(1), 23.
Antičević, V., Kardum, G., & Britvić, D. (2011). War Veterans’ Quality of Life: the Impact of Lifetime Traumatic Experiences, Psychological and Physical Health-Related Characteristics. Drustvena Istrazivanja, 20(4, 114), 1101–1118.
Benard, C. (1994). Rape as Terror: The Case of Bosnia. Terrorism and Political Violence, 6(1), 29–43.
Bosmans, M. G. W., Komproe, I. H., van Loey, N. E., van der Knaap, L. M., Benight, C. C., & van der Velden, P. G. (2015). Assessing Perceived Ability to Cope With Trauma: a Multigroup Validity Study of a 7-Item Coping Self-Efficacy Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. DOI 10.1027/1015–5759/a000266.
Brooks, M., Graham-Kevan, N., Robinson, S. & Lowe M. (2018). Trauma characteristics and posttraumatic growth: The mediating role of avoidance coping, intrusive thoughts, and social support. Psychological Trauma. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000372.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267–283.
Chivers-Wilson, K. (2006). Sexual assault and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the biological, psychological and sociological factors and treatments. McGill Journal of Medicine, 9(2), 111–8.
Cole, A. S. (2008). Differential adjustment among sexual assault survivors: Predicting positive outcome. Department of Psychology: State University of New York at Binghampton.
Cole, A. S., & Lynn, S. J. (2010). Adjustment of Sexual Assault Survivors: Hardiness and Acceptance Coping in Posttraumatic Growth. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 30(1), 111–127.
Dekel, S., Ein-Dor, T., & Solomon, Z. (2012). Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic distress: A longitudinal study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(1), 94–101.
Delić, A. (2015). Kvalitete života i dugoročne psihičke posljedice u žena sa iskustvom ratnog silovanja. Univerzitet u Tuzli, Tuzla.
Elderton, A., Berry, A., & Chan, C. (2017). A Systematic Review of Posttraumatic Growth in Survivors of Interpersonal Violence in Adulthood. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 18(2), 223–236.
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198.
Garcia, D., & Rimé, B. (2019). Collective Emotions and Social Resilience in the Digital Traces After a Terrorist Attack. Psychological Science, (1993). DOI: 10.1177/0956797619831964
Hudek-Knežević, J., Kardum, I., & Vukmirović, Ž. (1999). The structure of coping styles: A comparative study of Croatian sample. European Journal of Personality, 13(2), 149–161.
Jennings, K., & Nikolić-Ristanović, V. (2009). UN Peacekeeping Economies and Local Sex Industries: Connections and Implications. MICROCON Research Working Paper 17. Brighton. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1488842.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). LISREL 8.80 for Windows (Computer Software). Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
Jordans, M. J. D., Komproe, I. H., Tol, W. A., & De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2009). Screening for psychosocial distress amongst war-affected children: Cross-cultural construct validity of the CPDS. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 50(4), 514–523.
Kamperman, A.M., Komproe, I. H., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2007). Migrant mental health: A model for indicators of mental health and health care consumption. Health Psychology, 26(1), 96–104.
Kılıç, C., Magruder, K. M., & Koryürek, M. M. (2016). Does trauma type relate to posttraumatic growth after war? A pilot study of young Iraqi war survivors living in Turkey. Transcultural Psychiatry, 53(1), 110–123.
Klaric, M., Franciskovic, T., Klaric, B., Kresic, M., Grkovic, J., Lisica, I., & Stevanovic, A. (2008). Social support and PTSD symptoms in war-traumatized women in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Psychiatria Danubina, 20(4), 466–473.
Kleim, B., & Ehlers, A. (2009). Evidence for a Curvilinear Relationship Between Posttraumatic Growth and Posttrauma Depression and PTSD in Assault Survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(1), 45–52.
Kuwert, P., Glaesmer, H., Eichhorn, S., Grundke, E., Pietrzak, R. H., Freyberger, H. J., & Klauer, T. (2014). Long-term effects of conflict-related sexual violence compared with non-sexual war trauma in female World War II survivors: a matched pairs study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(6), 1059–1064.
Kuwert, P., Klauer, T., Eichhorn, S., Grundke, E., Dudeck, M., Schomerus, G., & Freyberger, H. J. (2010). Trauma and current posttraumatic stress symptoms in elderly German women who experienced wartime rapes in 1945. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(6), 450–451.
Lawrence, J. W., & Fauerbach, J. A. (2003). Personality, coping, chronic stress, social support and PTSD symptoms among adult burn survivors: A path analysis. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, 24(1), 63–72.
Littleton, H. (2003). The coping process of the unacknowledged rape victim. Department of Psychology: Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
London, M. J., Mercer, M. C., & Lilly, M. M. (2017). Considering the Impact of Early Trauma on Coping and Pathology to Predict Posttraumatic Growth Among 9–1–1 Telecommunicators. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–13
Maercker, A., & Zoellner, T. (2004). The Janus Face of Self-Perceived Growth : Toward a Two-Component Model of Posttraumatic Growth. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 41–48.
Medica Zenica, & medica mondiale. (2014). “We are still alive. We have been harmed but we are brave and strong.” A research on the long-term consequences of war rape and coping strategies of survivors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.15498/89451.1
Mittelmark, M. B., & Bauer, G. F. (2017). The Meanings of Salutogenesis. In The Handbook of Salutogenesis (pp. 7–13). Springer: US.
Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., & Truong, T. (1992). The Harvard trauma questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 111–116.
Mukwege, D. M., & Nangini, C. (2009). Rape with extreme violence: The new pathology in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS Medicine, 6(12), 1–5. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000204
NICE. (2018). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Management. Clinical Guideline. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg26/resources/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-management-pdf–975329451205. [Date accessed: 11–09–2018].
Salzman, T. (1998). Rape Camps as a Means of Ethnic Cleansing: Religious, Cultural, and Ethical Responses to Rape Victims in the Former Yugoslavia. Human Rights Quarterly, 20(2), 348–378.
Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Lurie-Beck, J. (2014). A meta-analytic clarification of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and symptoms of posttraumatic distress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(2), 223–229.
Skjelsbæk, I. (2006). Victim and survivor: Narrated social identities of women who experienced rape during the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Feminism and Psychology, 16(4), 373–403.
Solomon, Z., & Dekel, R. (2007). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Growth Among Israeli Ex-POWs. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(3), 303–312.
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The post-traumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455–471.
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18.
Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. & Calhoun, L. G. (1998). Posttraumatic Growth: Future Directions. In Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in the Aftermath of Crisis (pp. 215–238). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ullman, S. (2014). Correlates of posttraumatic growth in adult sexual assault victims. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 20(3), 219–224.
Ulloa, E., Guzman, M. L., Salazar, M., & Cala, C. (2016). Posttraumatic Growth and Sexual Violence: A Literature Review. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 25(3), 286–304.
United Nations. (2017). Report of the Secretary-General on conflict-related sexual violence. United Nations: Geneva (Vol. 1373).
van Elderen, T., Maes, S., Madalinska, J., & Komproe, I. H. (1996). Coping, angst en vitale uitputting na een coronair incident. Een longitundinal onderzoek. In Gedrag & Gezondheid (pp. 207–214).
van Son, M. J. M., Verkerk, G., van der Hart, O., Komproe, I., & Pop, V. (2005). Prenatal depression, mode of delivery and perinatal dissociation as predictors of postpartum posttraumatic stress: An empirical study. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 12(4), 297–312.
Verelst, A., De Schryver, M., Broekaert, E., & Derluyn, I. (2014). Mental health of victims of sexual violence in eastern Congo: associations with daily stressors, stigma, and labeling. BMC Women’s Health, 14(1), 106.
Verelst, A., De Schryver, M., De Haene, L., Broekaert, E., & Derluyn, I. (2014). The mediating role of stigmatization in the mental health of adolescent victims of sexual violence in Eastern Congo. Child Abuse and Neglect, 38(7), 1139–1146.
Wind, T. R., & Komproe, I. H. (2012). The mechanisms that associate community social capital with post-disaster mental health: A multilevel model. Social Science and Medicine, 75(9), 1715–1720.
Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology - A critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 626–653.
Figure Legend
Figure 1
Hypothesised model of relationships between the experience of sexual violence and outcomes PTSD severity and PTG
Figure 2
Tested structural model of relationships between the experience of sexual violence and outcomes PTSD severity and PTG
Figure 2b
Optimised structural model of relationships between the experience of sexual violence and outcomes PTSD severity and PTG
Figure 3
Tested structural model of relationships between PTSD severity and PTG—SSVs (n = 104)
Figure 4
Tested structural model of relationships between PTSD severity and PTG—non-SSVs (n = 81)