Geopolymer binder is one among the rapidly growing choice for researcher working on the sustainable Cementous building materials due to its low CO2 emission and utilization of alumina-silica waste material(Assi et al., 2020; Komnitsas & Zaharaki, 2007). One of the most distinguishing features of geopolymer concrete is its ecologically friendly composition and manufacturing technique(Davidovits & Davidovics, 1991; Wu et al., 2019a). Geopolymer concrete differs from standard Portland cement-based concrete in that it does not employ cement, which contributes significantly to lower down the carbon dioxide emissions during manufacturing(Wu et al., 2019b). Instead, geopolymer concrete employs a geopolymer binder, which is often derived from industrial byproducts such as fly ash, slag, or rice husk ash, in conjunction with alkaline activators(Mabroum et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2019c). This mixture confers numerous significant benefits on geopolymer concrete as shown in Fig. 1 It greatly decreases the carbon footprint associated with concrete production since the manufacturing process emits far less greenhouse gas emissions than regular concrete(Nuaklong et al., 2016; Posi et al., 2013). Furthermore, using industrial byproducts as raw materials aids in waste reduction and recycling of items that would otherwise be disposed of in landfills. Furthermore, geopolymer concrete has outstanding mechanical features, such as high compressive strength, minimal shrinkage, and long durability(Kang et al., 2021a, 2021b; Law et al., 2015; Zheng & Xiao, 2023). It is more resistant to chemical assault, fire, and heat than traditional concrete, making it suited for a broad variety of applications, including high-performance building projects(Bai & Colombo, 2018). Furthermore, geopolymer concrete has the potential to improve the use of local resources. It may lessen dependency on conventional materials like Portland cement, which may need substantial mining and shipping, by using industrial by-products as basic materials. This feature promotes regional resource efficiency and reduces total environmental impact, resulting in a more sustainable building sector(Ahmari & Zhang, 2012a).
Fig. 1 summaries, the ecologically friendly composition of geopolymer concrete minimizes carbon emissions, encourages waste recycling, and improves resource efficiency. Its superior mechanical features make it a potential alternative to ordinary concrete, providing durability and strength while promoting green building practices(Ahmari & Zhang, 2012b; Li et al., 2022). Geopolymer is an inorganic Cementous material made with alumina-Silica industrial waste by-products like Fly-Ash, Rice husk Ash, GGBS, Red mud, Metakaolin etc. in the presence of alkaline environment which is provided with alkaline solution made of NaOH and Na2SiO3. The setting time and compressive strength are some elementary properties for the development of geopolymer concrete. The behavior of geopolymer concrete is quite complex with number of variable factors like molarity of alkaline solution, quality of alumino-Silica materials, alkaline to binder ratio, elevated temperature for the reaction generally varied between (40ºC-80ºC) (Ekaputri et al., 2017; Shi et al., 2020). However, a sufficient literature has been already published about geopolymer but very few study shows the effect and influence of pH on the properties of geopolymer concrete which include setting time and compressive strength for 28-days. Geopolymer are formulated with a repetition of sialate monomers repeating unit –(-Si-O-Al-O-)- which are produced during geopolymerization(Davidovits, 1991b, 1991a; Davidovits & Davidovits, 2020). Geopolymer reaction basically involve six main steps for solidification of geopolymer binder (Nath & Kumar, 2019; X. Wang et al., 2022). The first one involves the alkalination of aluminosilicate materials which helps them to dissolved and depolymerized the aluminosilicate material where free [SiO4]- and [AlO4]- tetrahedral units are segregated and released in the solution. Oxygen atoms get attached to these free [SiO4]- and [AlO4]- tetrahedral units resulting in the development of polymeric precursors in the form of (-Si-O-Al-O-)- sialates linkage. Fig. 2 explains the six major processes involved in geopolymer solidification which included Alkalination, Depolymerization of silicates, Gel formation of Oligo-Sialates, Polycondensation, reticulation and solidification (H. Chen et al., 2023; Geopolymer Institute, 2017; Tian et al., 2022).
Water that gets released during geopolymerization (S. Park & Pour-Ghaz, 2018) helps to make the mix of geopolymer binder more workable and it can be understood in the same way as that of chemical reaction involved in cement hydration reaction of ordinary Portland cement. The water release mechanism can be understood by the equation (1) and (2) as shown below(Lizcano et al., 2012; Rihan Maaze & Shrivastava, 2023)
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)