|
Year
|
Author
|
Country
|
Setting
|
Vaccine of inquiry
|
Method of data collection and analysis
|
Sample Size
|
Age, years
|
Ethnicity of participants
|
Education
level
|
Income level
|
Gestation of participants
|
Quality score
|
1
|
2012
|
Schindler et al.
|
Switzerland
|
Not stated
|
Influenza
|
Collection: Semi-structured interview
Analysis: Coded using ATLAS.ti
Method: Qualitative
|
29
|
Mean: 34 Range: 19-40
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Women were within 3-5 days of giving birth
|
6/10
|
2
|
2012
|
Meharry et al.
|
USA
|
Hospital
|
Influenza
|
Collection: written questionnaire, semi-structured interview.
Analysis: Content analysis.
Method: Qualitative
|
60
|
Mean: 32 Range: 18-45
|
24 American white 6 Black 12 Hispanic 13 European 4 Asian 1 Australian
|
13 school or less
11 some college
16 university degree
20 graduate degree
|
15 ≤ $50,000
9 > $50,000
7 not disclosed
|
Women were either in their 3rd trimester, or new mothers on the postpartum unit.
|
9/10
|
3
|
2013
|
Marsh et al.
|
USA
|
Hospital
|
Influenza
|
Collection: Semi-structured interviews
Analysis: Thematic analysis
Method: Qualitative
|
21
|
Mean: 24.5 Range: 19-39
|
21 African American
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Gestational age 8-36 weeks
|
6/10
|
4
|
2014
|
Collins et al.
|
Australia
|
Hospital (tertiary)
|
Influenza and Pertussis
|
Collection: semi structured interviews
Analysis: iterative thematic analysis techniques
Method: Qualitative
|
17
|
18 and over
|
14 Australian, 2 Indonesian 1 Sri Lankan
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Any woman in their 1st-3rd trimester
|
7/10
|
5
|
2015
|
Donaldson et al.
|
England
|
Antenatal Care Clinic
|
Pertussis
|
Collection: Questionnaire Analysis: thematic content analysis of free text
Method: mixed
|
200
|
Mean: 31.4 Range: 18+
|
40 Asian 37 Black 88 White 9 Mixed 19 Other 7 Did not report
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
At least 27 weeks pregnant. Average gestation 32 weeks.
|
6/10
|
6
|
2015
|
Yuen et al.
|
Hong Kong
|
Hospital
|
Influenza
|
Collection: Semi-structured Interview Analysis: 2-step thematic analysis process, manual data management strategy
Method: Qualitative
|
32
|
25-29 (n=9) 30-34 (n=11) >35 (n=12)
|
Not reported
|
21 no university degree
11 university degree
|
6 < median income
26 median income or greater
|
Women had to have recently given birth to a live new-born
|
8/10
|
7
|
2015
|
Wiley et al.
|
Australia
|
Hospital
Antenatal clinics at 2 tertiary hospitals and 1 rural hospital
|
Pertussis and influenza
|
Collection: a cycle of semi-structured interviews and analysis followed by subsequent interview and analysis cycles
Analysis: line-by-line coding, thematic analysis using NVivo
Method: Qualitative
|
20
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Pregnant woman at any gestational age
|
8/10
|
8
|
2015
|
O'Grady et al.
|
Australia
|
Community
|
Influenza
|
Collection: Yarning circles (focus groups) guided by semi-structured narrative inquiry Analysis: thematic analysis
Method: mixed
|
7
|
Range: 21-34
|
7 Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander
|
18 some school
19 school graduate
13 post school qualification
4 no response
|
Not reported
|
Women were more than 28 weeks’ gestation or less than 16 weeks post birth.
|
9/10
|
9
|
2016
|
Winslade et al.
|
UK
|
Baby clinics run by health visiting services
|
Pertussis
|
Collection: Semi-structured face-to-face interviews.
Analysis: thematic analysis.
Method: Qualitative
|
42
|
Late adolescence to mid-forties'
|
'Majority were White British'
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Mothers who had had a baby since the introduction of the UK maternal vaccination programme in 2012
|
7/10
|
10
|
2016
|
Gauld et al.
|
New Zealand
|
Community pharmacy
|
Pertussis
|
Collection: Structured questionnaire
Method: Qualitative
|
37
|
Range: 18-43
|
22 NZ European
4 Māori
6 Pacific Island
3 Indian
3 Other
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Women with a child aged 1 year or younger
|
7/10
|
11
|
2016
|
Bettinger et al.
|
Canada
|
Hospital
|
Influenza
|
Collection: Focus groups.
Analysis: Qualitative - Direct content analysis, using the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour as theoretical bases.
Method: mixed
|
34
|
20-29 (n=7) 30-39 (n=24) 40+ (n=3)
|
Not reported
|
3 trade college
9 high school
22 university
|
7 < $35,000
6 $35,000-75,000
15 > $75 000
6 not disclosed
|
Median gestational age of participants was 31 weeks, with a range of 10 to 40 weeks.
|
8/10
|
12
|
2018
|
O'Shea et al.
|
Ireland
|
Hospital (maternity)
|
Influenza and pertussis
|
Collection: Semi-structured interviews
Analysis: thematic analysis using MAXQDA software
Method: Qualitative
|
17
|
Mena: 33 Range: 23-44
|
12 Irish 1 Polish 1 Nigerian 1 Spanish 1 Maltese 1 Pakistani
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Women were within 1 month of delivery.
|
8/10
|
13
|
2018
|
Maisa et al.
|
UK (Northern Ireland)
|
Community
|
Influenza and pertussis
|
Collection: 3 focus groups, 1 in-depth interview.
Analysis: thematic analysis using NVivo 10 software; Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) were applied.
Method: Qualitative
|
16
|
Range: 18-44
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Women were at least 16 weeks pregnant
|
7/10
|
14
|
2019
|
Wilson et al.
|
UK
|
Community
|
Influenza and Pertussis
|
Collection: Interviews for patients with topic guide exploring experiences of maternity care within the NHS, and video recording of a consultation between pregnant woman and HCP at 16-week check.
Analysis: Thematic analysis of vaccination discussions, coding framework formulated both deductively and inductively.
Method: Qualitative
|
40
|
Range: 18 to 41
|
White British, Black British, Japanese, Nigerian, German, Australian, Chinese, South African, Somalian, Orthodox Jewish, Pakistani British, Brazilian, Turkish, Norwegian, Italian, Lithuanian
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Pregnant at time of interview or recently pregnant
|
7/10
|
15
|
2020
|
de Munter et al.
|
Netherlands
|
Community
|
Pertussis
|
Collection: structured interview questionnaire; focus groups
Analysis: program ATLAS.ti 8 for interviews; thematic analysis for focus groups
Method: Qualitative
|
25
|
Range: 18-40
|
25 Orthodox protestant women in the Netherlands
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
10 participants were pregnant at time of interview, 15 were not pregnant.
|
7/10
|
16
|
2020
|
Skirrow et al.
|
England
|
Mid-wife led antenatal clinic
|
Influenza and Pertussis
|
Collection: telephone or in-person interview
Analysis: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)
Method: mixed
|
10
|
Range: 29-44
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
8 pregnant women at 27-38 weeks’ gestation. 2 postnatal.
|
7/10
|
17
|
2020
|
Gauld et al.
|
New Zealand
|
Community
|
Maternal vaccinations (non-specific)
|
Collection: Semi-structured interviews
Analysis: NVIVO Pro.
Method: Qualitative
|
53
|
Range: 18-37
|
9 Māori
4 NZ European
3 South African European
1 Chinese
1 Cook Island
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Women participants were pregnant or had an infant.
|
8/10
|
18
|
2021
|
Maranon et al.
|
Spain
|
Sexual and reproductive health clinic
|
Influenza and Pertussis
|
Collection: face-to-face interviews
Analysis: thematic analysis with ATLAS-ti (version 8)
Method: Qualitative
|
18
|
Mean: 33.2 Range: 20-39
|
Not reported
|
9 no university degree
9 university degree
|
Socioeconomic status reported:
9 average
7 below average
2 above average
|
Women with gestational age range 29-39 weeks
|
8/10
|
19
|
2021
|
Karafillakis et al.
|
France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK
|
Community
|
Maternal vaccines (e.g., Influenza, pertussis)
|
Collection: 20 focus groups + 100 semi-structured interviews
Analysis: NVivo thematic analysis
Method: Qualitative
|
258
|
Range: 18-46
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Pregnant woman at any gestational age
|
8/10
|
20
|
2021
|
Anderson et al.
|
UK
|
Community
|
COVID-19
|
Collection: Semi-structured telephone and videoconference interviews
Analysis: Thematic analysis facilitated by NVivo 11 software
Method: Qualitative
|
31
|
Mean: 33 Range: 24-48
|
24 White British 1 White European 2 Asian 1 Black 3 Mixed ethnic groups
|
Not reported
|
Index of multiple deprivation (IMD):
Most frequent 2 or 4
|
Gestational age ranged 10-39 weeks (mean 24 weeks).
|
8/10
|
21
|
2021
|
Simas et al.
|
Panama
|
Community
|
Maternal vaccines
|
Collection: focus groups and interviews with separate topic guides
Analysis: deductive and inductive thematic analysis, facilitated by NVivo V.11
Method: Qualitative
|
56
|
Mean: 26 Range: 18-39
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Pregnant woman at any gestational age
|
7/10
|
22
|
2022
|
Skirrow et al.
|
UK
|
Midwife Clinic
|
COVID-19
|
Collection: Telephone and face to face interviews
Analysis: thematic analysis
Method: mixed
|
10
|
Range: 25-40
|
5 White British 1 Black African 1 British Arab 1 British Pakistani 1 White Asian 1 Chinese
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Pregnant women were between 5 to 41weeks’ gestation
|
7/10
|
23
|
2022
|
Ralph et al.
|
UK
|
Hospital (tertiary)
|
Pertussis, influenza and COVID-19
|
Collection: semi-structured interviews with follow-up questions.
Analysis: Thematic analysis using NVivo
Method: mixed
|
20
|
Mean: 30.8
|
13 White 2 Mixed ethnic groups 4 Asian or Asian British 0 Black African Caribbean or Black British 1 Other ethnic group
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Pregnant women at any gestational age; Median gestational age of participants was 26.5 weeks
|
8/10
|
24
|
2022
|
Cooper et al.
|
USA
|
Community
|
Influenza and pertussis
|
Collection: focus groups and semi-structured interview
Analysis: thematic categorization and visualisation using NVivo 12 software. Coding of data by consensus and direct content analysis
Method: Qualitative
|
18
|
18 and over
|
Unknown number of Black women
|
4 some school
15 school graduate
11 some college
12 university
|
Not reported
|
Women who were pregnant at time of interview or pregnant within the past 3 years
|
7/10
|
25
|
2022
|
Gauld et al.
|
New Zealand
|
Community
|
Influenza and pertussis
|
Collection: Semi-structured interviews.
Analysis: Thematic analysis via NVivo Pro
Method: Qualitative
|
18
|
Māori, range: 18-31 Others, range: 23-37
|
9 Māori 1 Cook Island Māori 4 NZ European 3 South African European 1 Chinese
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Women who were pregnant at time of interview or had a child in the past year
|
8/10
|
26
|
2022
|
Fuss et al.
|
USA
|
Hospital
Prenatal clinic at a safety-net hospital
|
Influenza and pertussis (Tdap)
|
Collection: Individual interviews and brief demographic questionnaire.
Analysis: modified grounded theory and content analysis
Method: Qualitative
|
28
|
Mean: 25.3 Range: 18-40
|
1 Caucasian 15 Black or African American 10 Hispanic/Latinx 1 Haitian 1 Asian
|
5 some school
9 school graduate
6 some college
5 college graduate
3 graduate school
|
11 < $20,000
6 $21,000- 60,000
3 $61,000–80,000
2 $81,000–100,000
2 >$100,000
|
Pregnant women at any gestational age
|
8/10
|
27
|
2022
|
Young et al.
|
New Zealand
|
Community
|
Influenza and pertussis
|
Collection: Semi structured interview
Analysis: TACT framework used following deductive qualitative content analysis
Method: Qualitative
|
15
|
Range: 20-37
|
9 Māori 1 New Zealander/Māori 3 Samoan 2 Cook Island Māori
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Women who were pregnant at time of interview or had a child in the past year
|
8/10
|
28
|
2022
|
Husain et al.
|
UK
|
Hospital
|
COVID-19
|
Collection: structured survey questionnaire
Analysis: Descriptive
Method: Mixed method
|
441
|
Mean: 32
Range: 17-44
|
315 White
77 Asian
9 Black
9 Mixed
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Women who were pregnant at time of survey
|
7/10
|