Palmeira et al. 2023. [58] | 188 CKD patients. | Comparison of periodontitis prevalence among CKD patients (Stages 1–3 vs. 4–5). | Periodontitis prevalence was higher in the CKD patients of Stages 4 and 5 (OR = 6.26; CI 95% = 3.13–12.52; p < 0.01). |
Abou-Bakr et al. 2022. [59] | 263 KF patients. | Evaluation of the periodontitis prevalence and severity among participants. | Duration of haemodialysis was significantly associated with worse periodontal disease parameters (increased CAL and disease severity). |
Dannewitz et al. 2020. [60] | 270 randomly selected CKD (stage 1 to 3) patients from larger study. | Periodontitis prevalence and its severity were assessed among participants. | Increased prevalence of periodontitis in CKD patients compared to general population prevalence. More than 60% of severe periodontitis patients among studied cohort were not aware of their condition. |
Oliveira et al. 2020. [61] | 180 KF patients. | Periodontal parameters and oral-health related quality of life was assessed among participants with regression analysis. | Periodontitis was significantly associated with psychological and physical domains and physical pain and psychological disability in its severe conditions. |
Schütz et al. 2020. [62] | 139 CKD patients (stage 3 to 5). | Association between periodontitis and different stages of chronic kidney disease. | Severe periodontitis was significantly associated with poorer kidney function in CKD (stage 3 to 5) patients. |
Kopic et al. 2019. [63] | 80 participants (40 CKD (stage 3 to 5) and 40 haemodialysis patients). | Comparison of periodontal status and inflammatory cytokines between groups. | Haemodialysis group showed increased levels of IL-6 and poorer periodontal status. |
Lertpimonchai et al. 2019. [64] | 2,635 participants without chronic kidney disease at baseline. | Comparison of CKD incidence in periodontitis and/or diabetes patients by mediation analysis with 1,000-replication bootstrapping. | Increased severity of periodontitis affected risk of developing CKD directly and indirectly (in co-diabetics). |
Cholewa et al 2018. [65] | 128 haemodialysis patients 103 dentate and 25 edentulous participants). | 103 dentate and 25 edentulous participants were compared for C-reactive protein (CRP), serum albumin, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and parathormone including periodontal parameters. | Haemodialysis patients indicated a high prevalence and severity of periodontitis compared to global prevalence. Serum CRP were negatively correlated with number of teeth. Periodontal pocket depth was negatively correlated with serum albumin. |
Ausavarungnirun et al. 2016. [66] | 129 CKD (stage 2 to 5) patients. | Comparison of periodontitis severity in different stages of CKD (based on eGFR values). | Severity of periodontitis increased with the increasing severity of CKD. |
Chen et al. 2015. [67] | 100,263 participants from Annual Elderly Health Examination Program in Taiwan. | Mortality and renal function were assessed among participants with and without periodontitis with a follow-up period of 3.8 years. | eGFR decline and all-cause mortality was significantly more pronounced in participants with periodontitis. |
Grubbs et al. 2015. [68] | 699 participants with preserved kidney function. | Assessment of CKD incidence defined as stage 1 or higher among participants with or without periodontitis over 4-year observation period. Kidney function was assessed using eGFR. | Participants with severe periodontitis had four-fold higher CKD incident rate compared to participants without periodontitis. |
Ricardo et al. 2015. [69] | 10,755 participants from NHANES III. | Cohort study including periodontitis and CKD (all stages) patients. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazards model with a median follow-up of 14 years considering chronic kidney disease and periodontitis. | Participants with only periodontitis or CKD had 39% higher risk of all-cause mortality and 55% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality. Participants with periodontitis and CKD had more than two-fold increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. |
Lee et al. 2014. [70] | 35,496 participants in treatment and 141,824 participants in control group from insurance claims in Taiwan. | Effect of surgical periodontal therapy on risk of developing end-stage renal disease was assessed with a follow-up period of 12 years. | Risk of end-stage renal disease was lower in the treatment group than control group with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.59 (95% CI = 0.46–0.75). |
Salimi et al. 2014. [71] | 13,270 participants from NHANES III. | Association between periodontal parameters, eGFR, albuminuria and leucocytosis. | Severe periodontitis was significantly associated with albuminuria but not with eGFR. Worse periodontal parameters synergistically increased leucocytosis in CKD patients. |
Han et al. 2013. [72] | 15,729 adults from Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys IV and V. | Association between periodontitis and CKD markers such as eGFR, proteinuria and haematuria were assessed. | Periodontitis was significantly associated with decreased eGFR, proteinuria and haematuria in the study population. |
Ioannidou et al. 2013. [73] | 3686 participants from NHANES III. | Prevalence of periodontitis was compared between participants with and without CKD. | Periodontitis was significantly more prevalent among severely and moderately reduced eGFR participants compared to mildly to not reduced eGFR participants. |
CAL: clinical attachment loss, CRP: C-reactive protein, CKD: chronic kidney disease, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, KF: kidney failure, NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. |