Diversity and Distributional Pattern of Grasshoppers Fauna in Agroforest and Vegetative Lands of Tehsil Havelian, Pakistan

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3556503/v1

Grasshoppers are one of the most varied group of insects. They belong to phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta and order Orthoptera. Ensifera and Caelifera are two common suborders of the order Orthoptera. The current study was carried out to explore the diversity and distribution of grasshoppers in Tehsil Havelian, District Abbottabad, KPK. Field survey was conducted in 19 localities of Tehsil Havelian from August 2022 to October 2022. Environmental parameters like Temperature and Humidity were also measured. Total 400 specimens were collected from Tehsil Havelian by using Sweep Netting method and Handpicking method and were preserved in the Zoological Museum of Hazara University Mansehra. This study revealed 18 species, 14 genera and 3 families belonging to 2 sub-orders of Orthoptera. Species identified during present research includes: Acrida cinerea, Acrida exaltata, Aiolopus thalassinus, Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus, Oedaleus decorus, Oedaleus senegalensis, Oxya hyla, Oxya japonica, Oxya velox, Patanga succincta, Spathosternum prasiniferum, Trilophidiini annulate, Atractomorpha crenulate, Chrotogonus trachypterus, Conocephalus maculatus, Himertula kinneari, Mecopoda elongate and Phaneroptera gracilis. The most common species recorded in Tehsil Havelian was Spathosternum prasiniferum. Moreover, Acrididae was the most common family and Pyrogomorphidae was recorded as least common family in Tehsil Havelian.

Grasshoppers

Orthopterans

Diversity

Distribution

Havelian

KPK

Diversity is a valuable natural resource that provides information on the current state of animal evolution as well as species richness and other ecological data (Bhusnar, 2015). All levels of ecosystem are supported by diversity of invertebrates (Maqsood et al. 2020). Grasshoppers are one of the most varied group of insects (Bhusnar, 2015) majorly found in terrestrial habitats around the world (Usman et al. 2017). They belong to phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta and order Orthoptera of kingdom Animalia (Prince et al. 2022). The distribution and diversity of grasshopper species around the world have been greatly affected by cultivation system, topography and changes in environmental circumstances (Hussain et al. 2017). They play a significant function in the grassland ecology due to the fact that they make up a significant amount of the arthropod biomass (Thakkar et al. 2015). There are just 161 recognized Orthopteran species in Pakistan (Sultana, 2019). Diversity and distribution of grasshoppers is affected by both abiotic and biotic components. Abiotic element includes temperature, high temperature results increased metabolism and low temperature resulting in decreased metabolism thus cause mortality. Heavy rainfall causes physical damage of both mature and immature ones and it also increases humidity which promotes fungal growth. Similarly, low rainfall leads to low vegetation. On the other hand, other organisms like insects, mammals, birds and reptiles (predators); Coleopteran, Hymenopteran and Dipteran (parasitoids); viruses, fungi and nematodes (pathogens) are included in biotic component (Kariuki et al. 2019). Moreover, ecological elements such vegetation structure, relative humidity, soil type, and protection from outside threats are among the factors that affect the variety of grasshoppers (Abrori et al. 2021).

Grasshoppers provide a valuable purpose as vital consumers, supplement recyclers, and prey for a wide range of taxa, including flying species (Usman et al. 2017) thus supporting other biological elements of ecosystem (Song et al. 2018). Some grasshopper species are advantageous, including Sphenarium purpurascens, Oxya hyla hyla, and Acanthacris ruficornis, are eaten by humans. According to literature, they are good providers of fatty acids, crude carbs, fibre, ash and amino acids (Kariuki et al. 2019). Hesperotettix viridis (Melanoplinae) prefers to feed on poisonous snakeweeds that can hurt cattle and other livestock, and Cornops aquaticum (Leptysiminae) has been employed as a successful biocontrol agent of water hyacinth (Song et al. 2018). Conservation of grasshoppers is essential (Bhusnar, 2015). But grasshoppers are among the list of most damaging crop pests, with more than 100 species of the family Acrididae alone being pests of pastures and agricultural crops (Usman et al. 2017). Ragged round holes in the leaves of plants indicate grasshopper damage. Veins and the leaf margins also experience this damage (Mahdi et al. 2018). Their defoliation mode decreases the leaves' photosynthetic area, and their propensity to aggregate makes bulk feeding easier, which leads to increased crop loss (Kariuki et al. 2019). Adult grasshoppers, as well as their fourth and fifth instars, are crucial for the seasonal growth of grasses because they consume and destroy more vegetation at these times (Khan et al. 2022). Because of this, nobody consider protecting grasshoppers (Bhusnar, 2015).

This research study was carried out in Tehsil Havelian from June to October 2022. During this period 400 specimens were collected from the 19 localities of Tehsil Havelian, Abbottabad (Fig. 1). The specimens were collected with help of Sweep Netting and Hand-picking methods (Usman et al. 2017). A piece of net with a diameter of 17 cm at mouth and beg length of 50 cm was used for systematic sweeping (Usman et al. 2017). A digital thermometer, Hygrometer and GPS (Global Positioning System) meter was used to note down ecological factors as well as geographical parameters such as temperature, humidity, altitude, latitude and longitude, respectively at various sampling sites (Hussain et al. 2017; Khan et al. 2021) in the field book along with basic information like date of visit, name of location and type of land (Betina et al. 2017). After collection, the grasshoppers were killed by spraying insecticide (Mortein).Dead specimens were mounted and then preserved (Khan et al. 2022)as a conventional method for lab work and were carried to Zoological Museum, Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, for the further observation. Naphthalene balls were placed in boxes to prevent attack of other arthropods on samples (Prince et al. 2022). During the laboratory work all preserved specimens were subsequently identified one by one with the help of taxonomic keys of Sultana and Wagan (2015) and Talbot (1939) at Hazara University, Mansehra; under the stereoscopic microscope. After identification, species of grasshoppers were permanently labeled and preserved in entomological boxes.

The diversity of grasshoppers of Tehsil Havelian were identified into 18 species, 14 genera and 3 families belonging to 2 sub-orders of order orthoptera as mentioned in Table 1. Total 19 localities of Tehsil Havelian were visited for sample collection. All the geographical information along with ecological parameters of localities are mentioned in Table 2. During this research Spathosternum prasiniferum (Acrididae) was recorded as the most common species (135 specimens) and Aiolopus thalassinus, Oedaleus senegalensis and Patanga succincta, (Acrididae); Atractomorpha crenulate (Pyrogomorphidae) and Phaneroptera gracilis (Tettigoniidae) were recorded as least common species with only 1 number of specimens each. This study also revealed that Acrididae was the most common family and Pyrogomorphidae was least common family in Tehsil Havelian. Distribution of grasshopper’s species collected from Tehsil Havelian is mentioned in Table 3. All the pictures of identified species explored from tehsil Havelian are mentioned in (Fig. 2)

Table 1 Diversity of grasshoppers collected from Tehsil Havelian, District Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan
S. N.	Sub- orders	Families	Genera	No. of Species	Names of Species
1	Caelifera	Acrididae	Acrida	02	A. exaltata
2			Acrida	02	A. cinerea
3			Aiolopus	01	A. thalassinus
4			Hieroglyphus	01	H. nigrorepletus
5			Oedaleus	02	O. decorus
6			Oedaleus	02	O. senegalensis
7			Oxya	03	O. velox
8					O. japonica
9					O. hyla
10			Patanga	01	P. succincta
11			Spathosternum	01	S. prasiniferum
12			Trilophidiini	01	T. annulate
13		Pyrogomorphidae	Chrotogonus	01	C. trachypterus
14		Pyrogomorphidae	Atractomorpha	01	A. crenulate
15	Ensifera	Tettigoniidae	Phaneroptera	01	P. gracilis
16			Himertula	01	H. kinneari
17			Mecopoda	01	M. elongate
18			Conocephalus	01	C. maculatus

Acrida cinerea (Thunberg, 1815)

The average length of a male is 40-50 mm whereas a female is 70-80 mm. Body colour is either green or brown with colourless hindwings. The head is long, triangular in appearance with two long antennae. Acrida cinerea, like the other species of Acrida, lacks stridulatory organs on its legs, which prevents it from making noise while it moves (Kuga and Kasuya, 2021).

Distribution

It is reported from Sindh, Pakistan by (Babar et al. 2022).

Acrida exaltata (Walker, 1859)

Possess green body colour. Head and pronotum are same in length. Tegmina is obtusely pointed and barely longer than the hind femora, and wings that are yellowish hyaline with cloudy cells in the center. Body size is 53 mm (Talbot, 1939).

Distribution

Acrida exaltata was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al. 2014). Bhusnar, (2015) reported this species from Solapur, India and (Thakkar et al. 2015) also explored it from South Gujarat, India. Mahdi et al. (2018) reported it from Rajshahi city, Bangladesh. In our country, (Sultana et al. 2013) carried research and reported it from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. It was collected by (Usman et al. 2017) from Ahmad abad, District Karak, KPK, Pakistan. In same year, it was also explored from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan by (Panhwar and Ali, 2017) and (Usman et al. 2017) reported it from Khada District Karak, KPK, Pakistan. It was reported from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain et al. 2017). This species was also collected from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan by (Kalhoro et al. 2019). Khan et al. (2022) also reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. Prince et al. (2022) carried research and explored it from Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan.

Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius, 1781)

General body colouration is variable, brown or green with ochraceous and black markings. Males range in size from 9.5 to 12.2, while females range from 10.9 to 16.5. Antennae are 22 to 24 segments long and roughly the length of the head and pronotum combined. The fastigium of the vertex is pentagonal (Usmani, 2008).

It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al. 2014). Thakkar et al. (2015) explored it from South Gujarat, India. Sultana et al. (2013) carried research and reported it from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. It was collected from South Cairo, Egypt by (Soliman et al. 2017). In the same year (Usman et al. 2017; Panhwar and Ali, 2017) explored this species from Ahmad Abad, District Karak, KPK, Pakistan and from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan respectively. Moreover, it was also reported by (Usman et al. 2017) from Khada District Karak, KPK, Pakistan. Kalhoro et al. (2019) reported Aiolopus thalassinus from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan and (Kariuki et al. 2019) explored it from Nakuru County, Kenya, in the same year. Prince et al. (2022) also explored it from Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan.

Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus (Bolivar, 1912)

Robust and cylindrical. The antennae are 26 segmented. Tegmina and wings surpassing the apex of hind femur with rounded apex. Hind tibia shorter than the hind femora with 9 outer and 10 inner spines. Body of male is 34mm while female 43mm of body length (Kumar and Usmani, 2015).

Distribution

It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al. 2014). Sultana et al. (2013) collected from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. Khan et al. (2022) also reported this species in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. It was explored from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan by Panhwar and Ali, (2017).

Oedaleus decorus (Germar, 1825)

Body colour is green or grey with black and pale dots. The pronotum has two white stripes that are interrupted medially. Possess large black band on hind wings (Kuravova, 2015).

Distribution

It was reported by (Betina et al. 2017) from arid mountains of Batna, Algeria. (Tamkeen et al. 2015) reported Oedaleus decorus from Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.

Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss, 1877)

Yellowish head with longitudinal bands behind each eye with few brown punctations. Frons is rounded and straight. Frontal ridge is somewhat impressed at the ocellus and is shallowly sulcate. They have broad, flat, and rough-punctuated vertex. Body size of male 20-26 is while female possess 28-37mm (HAGGAG et al. 2008).

Distribution

It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al. 2014). It was reported by (Usman et al. 2017) from Ahmad Abad, District Karak, KPK, Pakistan. This species was also reported from Buner, KPK, Pakistan by (Khan et al. 2022). Panhwar and Ali, (2017) explored it from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan.

Oxya hyla (Serville, 1831)

Head is large, as broad as or broader than the pronotum. The fastigium is obtuse. They have filiform antennae. The pronotum is flattened and smooth. Tegmina is narrow and obtusely rounded at the extremity. Legs are long and slender, with broad wings that are rounded at the tips. The tips of the hind tibiae were extended, and each carina had around 10 spines, including an outer apical spine (Talbot, 1939).

Distribution

It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al. 2014). Oxya hyla was explored by (Bhusnar, 2015) from Solapur, India and (Thakkar et al. 2015) also reported it from South Gujarat, India. Leksono et al. (2022) explored it from Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. It was collected from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan by (Sultana et al. 2013). and also from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain et al. 2017). It was also collected from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan by (Kalhoro et al. 2019). Khan et al. (2022) reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. In the same year (Prince et al. 2022) also explored it from Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan. It was reported from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan by (Panhwar and Ali, 2017)

Oxya japonica (Thunberg, 1824)

Antennae equal to or a little longer than the combined length of the head and pronotum. Female sub vaginal plate has lateral longitudinal ridges on the ventral side that are lacking spines except at apex. It seriously harms paddy crops. Male is 12mm while female is 15mm in length (Kevan et al. 1997).

Distribution

It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al. 2014). It was explored by (Bhusnar, 2015) from Solapur, India. Oxya japonica was also collected by (Abrori et al. 2021) from Batu city, East Java. From Malang, Indonesia, it was reported by (Leksono et al. 2020). In our country, this species was reported from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain et al. 2017). Kalhoro et al. (2019) collected this species from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan. It was also explored in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan by (Khan et al. 2022).

Oxya velox (Fabricius, 1787)

Green body colour, with a broad black band extending from the upper half of the eye to the base of the tegmina. The hind femora are shorter than the tegmina. Legs are green while hind tibiae are blue with about 10 white black-tipped spines. Last ventral segment in female longitudinally bicarinate. Body length is 16-32 mm (Talbot, 1939).

Distribution

It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al. 2014). This was reported by (Kalhoro et al. 2019) from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan. Khan et al. (2022) also reported Oxya velox in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. It was explored from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan by (Panhwar and Ali, 2017).

Patanga succincta (Johannson, 1763)

Have dull yellow body colour. Antenna gets darker towards the apex. A pale-yellow line extends from the vertex's fastigium down the median carina of the pronotum to the suture of the closed tegmina. Have a black and pale blue stripe below each eye. Seven external spines are on the hind tibia. Body length is 42-62 inches (Kevan et al. 1997).

Distribution

It is reported from Bombay, India by (Antoniou, 1970). This species was also collected by (Suhail et al. 2001) from Cholistan, Punjab, Pakistan.

Spathosternum prasiniferum (Walker,1871)

Green body colour. Below the lateral carinae of the pronotum, blackish or dark green band behind the lower of the eyes. It is outlined above by a thin pale-yellow line, and below by a wider one, which is followed by another dusky band that is bordered by yellow. Base of tegmina is light brown in colour. Particularly in females, the hind femora are frequently more or less green and have 10 or 11 spines. Size 13–20 mm (Talbot, 1939).

Distribution

It was collected from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al. 2014). Arya et al. (2015) reported Spathosternum prasiniferum from Western Himalayas, India and Bhusnar, (2015) reported it from Solapur, India in the same year. It was collected from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan by (Sultana et al. 2013). This species was also collected from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan by (Kalhoro et al. 2019). Khan et al. (2022) reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. Panhwar and Ali, (2017) explored it from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan.

Trilophidiini annulate (Thunberg, 1815)

Body is brown or grey, with black markings. Antennae are slightly thickened, and pale at the base. Pronotum rugose, with lateral carinae. Wings are yellow at the base and brown or black beyond; the tegmina is grey, occasionally with two brown bands, and the extremity is brownish hyaline. It has thicker femora. Size 18–16 mm (Talbot, 1939).

Distribution

It was reported from Uttar Pradesh, India by (Rafi et al. 2014). Bhusnar, (2015) collected Trilophidiini annulate from Solapur, India and Thakkar et al. (2015) also explored it from South Gujarat, India in same year. It was collected by (Song et al. 2018) from America. Leksono et al. (2022) explored it from Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. In our country, (Sultana et al. 2013) carried research and reported it from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. It was reported from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain et al. 2017). This species was reported from District Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan by (Kalhoro et al. 2019). Khan et al. (2022) reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan. Panhwar and Ali, (2017) explored it from Hazara division, KPK, Pakistan.

Atractomorpha crenulate (Fabricius, 1793)

Greenish in colour. Body length is 16-26mm. Fastigium of the vertex nearly as long as the oval eyes, obtusely pointed, and narrowly carinated in front. Antennae very short and thick. The sides of the head and pronotum are somewhat slanted, behind the eyes are crenulated. The crenulation is frequently pale or pink and prosternum has an obtusely rounded tubercle. Tegmina is pointed and its length is 15-20mm. Base and tips of the wings are hyaline. Legs are slender and long. Abdomen rosy and smooth (Talbot, 1939).

Distribution

From Malang, Indonesia, it was reported by (Leksono et al. 2020). Abrori et al. (2021) collected this species from Batu city, East Java. Leksono et al. (2022) explored it from Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. In our country, Atractomorpha crenulate was reported from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan by (Hussain et al. 2017). It was also collected from mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan by (Khan et al. 2022).

Chrotogonus trachypterus (Blanchard, 1836)

Tuberculate, rugose, and brown in colour. Short, broad, rugose heads with large, black-ringed antennae and prominent eyes. Pronotum is short and broad with many tiny, densely packed tubercles. Sternum with blackish colour. Tegmina is not as long as the abdomen. Short, whitish spines are present on the tibiae. Size 17 to 19 mm (Talbot, 1939).

Distribution

Sultana et al. (2013) carried research and reported it from Thar dessert, Sindh, Pakistan. Panhwar, (2018) reported it from Gorakh hill station, Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan. It was collected by (Khan et al. 2022) in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan.

Conocephalus maculatus (Le Guillou, 1841)

Head is brownish yellow in colour. Round eyes with an outward protuberance and a basal yellowish ring. Antenna is dull brownish. There are darker, crooked patches on the tibia and femur of the legs. These spots are darker in mid of tibia. On both the ventral and dorsal sides, the femur lacks spines. Male is 14mm long while female is 15mm long (Dharini and Chitra, 2023).

Distribution

Arya et al. (2015) reported Conocephalus maculatus from Western Himalayas, India. Abrori et al. (2021) collected this species from Batu city, East Java. Leksono et al. (2022) explored it from Dompu, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. Khan et al. (2022) reported it in piedmont of mount Elum, Buner, KPK, Pakistan.

Himertula kinneari (Uvarov, 1923)

Small body with brownish colouring that extends from the fastigium's apex to the anterior part of the tegmina. The pronotum is short, narrow, and has a disc that is compressed at the back and circular in the front. Well-developed wings and tegmina. male cerci are significantly modified. 10.5–11mm body length of male (Panhwar et al. 2018).

Distribution

This species was explored from Western Himalayas, India by (Arya et al. 2015). It was also collected by (Meena et al. 2021)from southern-western Rajasthan, India. Akram et al. (2018) reported this species from Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan.

Mecopoda elongate (Linnaeus, 1758)

Large body size, male 64mm and female 54mm. From above, the head is squarish, and the fastigium is shortened. Internal and exterior tympanic membranes are open. Pronotum with an apparent lateral keel. Tegmen is lengthy, exceeding abdominal apex but not the wings at the back. Long hind femur, almost as long as the tegmen. The ovipositor is elongated (Liu et al. 2019).

Distribution

Farooqi and Usmani, (2017) reported it from Bihar, India.

Phaneroptera gracilis (Burmeister, 1838)

Body is slender. Fastigium is sharp and narrow, upper portion has thin groove. Small V-shaped sulcus on the pronotum. 3 external and 4 internal spurs on the hind tibiae. Tegmen has a slender, rounded tip. Shorter tegmina than the back wings. Tenth abdominal tergite in males is often unaltered. Male cerci are lengthy and have a pointed apex while female cerci are thin, clearly curved, and undulate. A well-developed ovipositor with little teeth or serrations (Farooqi and Usmani, 2018).

Distribution

Arya et al. (2015) reported it from Western Himalayas, India. This species was also explored from Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan by (Akram et al. 2018).

Neighbor joining clustering of localities and environmental variables

According to results of neighbor joining clusters, in first cluster nine localities have close association in their environment. In the second cluster, four localities and in cluster three, six localities revealed similarities with each other (Fig. 3).

Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA)

PCoA plot was constructed between diversity and abundance of grasshoppers of tehsil Havelian. On basis of environmental factors of selected localities, all the nineteen localities had similarity in environmental parameters i.e., Humidity and Temperature but only one locality, Satora, had different environmental condition from rest of all (Fig. Table 2).

Table 2 Geographical Information and Ecological Parameters of Tehsil Havelian, District Abbottabad
LOCALITIES	LATITUDE (N)	LONGITUDE (E)	TEMPERATURE °C	HUMIDITY %
Havelian Urban	34.05533	73.15762	29	52
Satora	33.95862	73.25009	21	72
Rajoya	34.07794	73.22667	31	47
Bodla	33.96464	73.17844	25	75
Jhangra	34.02076	73.13922	24	71
Sultanpur	34.04313	73.12673	28	61
Chamba	34.03075	73.13042	27	65
Chando Maira	34.0058	73.21329	25	74
Karhaki	33.94135	73.1524	28	58
Danna Nooral	33.94284	73.18293	29	56
Bandi Attai Khan	34.04601	73.21875	29	38
Dewanl Manal	34.00067	73.26011	23	51
Lower Langra	34.06127	73.15738	26	40
Kiala Payaan	33.95416	73.16755	27	43
Noja Bandi	33.97052	73.18228	24	43
Banda Sahib Khan	34.07124	73.14969	26	36
Malkan	34.08422	73.2114	26	33
Phullan Wali	34.03657	73.18599	24	33
Punjgran	34.02156	73.15079	23	40

According to the findings of the current research, it is concluded that Spathosternum prasiniferum was most common species while Aiolopus thalassinus, Oedaleus senegalensis and Patanga succincta (Acrididae), Atractomorpha crenulate (Pyrogomorphidae) and Phaneroptera gracilis (Tettigoniidae) were recorded as least common species, with only 1 number of specimens each in Tehsil Havelian. Moreover, Acrididae was the most common family followed by Pyrogomorphidae that was least common family in Tehsil Havelian.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical statement. The research conducted Compliance with Ethical Standards

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Diversity and Distributional Pattern of Grasshoppers Fauna in Agroforest and Vegetative Lands of Tehsil Havelian, Pakistan

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials and methods

Results and Discussion

Acrida exaltata (Walker, 1859)

Discussion

Neighbor joining clustering of localities and environmental variables

Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA)

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Status:

Version 1