Electronic devices are now widely used all over the world. The main material used in fabricating them is the semiconductor. The most important application for semiconductors is solar cells, it is used to convert solar energy into electrical energy [1]. Solar cells fabricated using Silicon are nowadays widely used. But unfortunately, it suffers from noticeable setbacks. One of the most important setbacks is its complex fabrication, high cost, and low efficiency. The development of renewable energy raises the hope of solving the energy problem. Solar energy is pollution-free and is sustainable and available everywhere [2].
Over the years crystalline silicon cells have been used for solar energy. Solar cells used for practical are packaged into modules that contain either a number of crystalline Si cells connected in series or layers of thin-film material connected in series. This module has two main goals, first of all, it protects the solar cells from environmental hazards and second, it generates a higher voltage than a single cell [3]. Using thin films instead of silicon wafers greatly reduces the amount of semiconductor material required for each cell. Solar cells can be made from very thin films of silicon in a form known as amorphous silicon (a-Si), in which the silicon atoms are much less ordered than in the crystalline forms [4].
Amorphous silicon is the most popular thin-film technology, because, it provides an efficiency about of 5–7% for cells. The extra layers capture different wavelengths of light. The top cell captures blue light, the middle cell captures green light, and the bottom cell captures red light. The most efficient PV modules usually employ single-crystal silicon cells, with efficiencies of up to 15%. Polycrystalline cells are less expensive to manufacture but yield module efficiencies of about 11%. Thin film cells are less expensive still, but give efficiencies to about 8% [5]. Today, the industry’s production of PV modules is growing at approximately 25 percent annually [6]. The primary limiting factor to constructing a PV system is the high cost of PV modules and equipment when compared to other alternative energy sources [7].
Third-generation also known as multi-junction solar cells enhance poor electrical performance while maintaining very low production costs. Current research is targeting conversion efficiencies of 30% − 60% while retaining low-cost materials and manufacturing techniques. However, this research is still ongoing for this technology and there are no solid conclusions so far.
The limitations of the silicon solar cells' efficiency encourage many scientists to search for an alternative approach based on nanoscience and technology [8]. Nanoscience is the branch of Physics that is concerned with the behavior of nanomaterials that are in the form of isolated non-interacting particles having dimensions ranging from 1 nm to 300 nm.
The so-called nano solar cells using polymers and chemicals beside natural dyes in addition to zinc and copper oxide materials beside the so-called perovskites are now widely studied by scientists [9, 10, 11]. The aim of all studies is to fabricate nano solar cells that have high efficiency and low cost. One of the most promising ones is Polymer solar cells. Polymer solar cells are fabricated from n and p-type polymers. They are stable and cheap. It was found that the addition of carbon to them increases their performance [12, 13].
These nano solar cell types are now widely studied by fabricating different thin films formed from different materials. The researchers study their optical and electrical properties. These include absorption coefficient, electric permittivity, magnetic permeability, and electric conductivity. Many papers have been published concerning these properties. Specifically the absorption coefficient which is very important for determining the performance of the solar cells. The work of HassabAlla [14] used the Schrodinger equation that two nano fused nano rectangular plates can act as an absorber an electronic amplifier with frequency-dependent absorption and amplification coefficient by controlling the medium potential treating them as a rectangular wave guide. Elharam A. E [15] utilizes Maxwell's equations to relate the wave number to the conductivity. She then utilized the electrons equation of motion to find the conductivity and the wave number in a complex form.
This gives a frequency-dependent absorption coefficient and amplification factor. The model shows that amplification is possible for conductors that have zero friction coefficient and a strong internal magnetic field. However, absorption is possible for high friction and very low internal and external magnetic field strength. The two papers published by Salma [16, 17]indicated that one can fabricate tiny small electronic components that store charges. Thus they can act as an electronic capacitor. Mashair [18] used Maxwell's equations to prove theoretically the possibility of fabricating micro-capacitors.
Ahmed and Eisa [19, 20, 21] fabricated thin films in which the absorption coefficient is frequency dependent. This means that they can act as nano-inductors or nanoelectronics capacitors. The study of Gregory and Louise [22, 23] on some materials showed that the absorption coefficient decreased upon increasing the frequency. The wide variety of applications of the optical and electrical properties of matter encourages constructing a useful model in section 2 to see how one can control the material absorption and cause lasing, besides designing some electronic chips. Section 3&3&4 is devoted to the discussion.