This study proposes a water irrigation-based solar-powered system to enhance the convenience and savings of electricity consumption from electricity generation facilities. In addition to saving the electricity to be used in the system, the aim of consuming the required amount of water depleted in the world is kept in the foreground. The study's usage areas are homegrown plants, greenhouse gardens, and in general used in many parts. The work is primarily dependent on water and solar energy. The electricity produced by solar energy enables the design elements to work. The desired electricity will be obtained from solar energy for the operation of elements such as sensors and water motors. With various programming, in which positions the sensor will work, the operating time of the engine, and the conditions necessary for its operation are prepared from the Arduino platform. The water tank provides the water needed by the plant. When the plant needs water with the response of the sensor, the water motor transfers the water to the plant as much as necessary through the pipes. The water in the tank is filled with the solenoid valve connected to the water mains. This system uses an Arduino UNO board, which contains an ATmega328 microprocessor. It is set up in such a way that it detects the moisture level of the plants and supplies water as needed. This type of system is frequently used for general plant maintenance in small and big gardens.
Research Article
Development of an Automatic PV-Battery-Powered Water Irrigation System Incorporated with Arduino Software for Agricultural Activities
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3728456/v1
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License
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Irrigation system
Energy
DC-DC boost converter
Solar panel
MATLAB/Simulink
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil using various technologies such as pumps, tubes, and sprays. Irrigation is usually necessary in locations with irregular rainfall, during dry spells, or where dehydration is widespread [1]. Water for irrigation comes from a variety of sources, including underground water from wells or springs, surface water from lakes and rivers, and water from other sources, such as treated wastewater or desalinated seawater [2]. There are two sorts of current irrigation techniques: traditional irrigation methodologies and intelligent irrigation methodologies. Traditional irrigation systems include surface, drip, and sprinkler irrigation [3]. Irrigation planning takes into account when and how much water should be applied to plants [4]. The management practices with the greatest impact are determined by the kind and design of the irrigation system. Several well-known challenges impact how far the irrigation system succeeds, such as determining when to irrigate the land, the appropriate amount of water, and the ability to improve efficiency [5].
The need for energy in the community today is growing every day. The energy factor is a critical component in the growth of any society [6]. Photovoltaic generating, among renewable energies, is a particularly promising technology for electrical energy production because of its environmentally favorable and flexible operation [7]. Many architects, designers, and manufacturers throughout the world are looking into photovoltaics (PV) as a long-term energy source [8]. The smart irrigation system is made up of several technologies, including battery and sensor, automatic control, and computer technology. Battery technology has advanced significantly in recent decades, particularly in Lithium-ion batteries [9]. In PV systems, batteries catch excess energy generated by your PV system and store it for later use. The constant rise in energy consumption has contributed to greater research efforts in the field of renewable energy [10]. With the development of automation and control systems, it has become an important tool in terms of facilitating people’s lives. The water needed by the plant is increased by various irrigation methods. Rain, temperature, and wind significantly affect the amount of water needed by the plant. As a result, more effective and efficient use of agricultural water is becoming increasingly crucial [11].
Turkey is not a water-rich country, according to 2018 data, due to declining water resources. This is because even if it is surrounded by water on three sides, it is in terms of sweet hosting. It has an average annual precipitation of 643mm throughout Turkey and is at the lower limit of the world average. This amount corresponds to an average of 500 km3 of water. 273 km3 of water evaporates from the soil, water surface, and plant and returns to the atmosphere. While 69 km3 goes to groundwater, 158 km3 is sent to the seas and lakes in the basins via rivers. In addition, an average of 6 km3 of water annually comes to Turkey from nearby countries. Thus, Turkey's surface water potential reaches 193 km3 [12].
In the water-rich classification, countries with a usable water amount of 7,000–9,000 m3 per person per year are considered to be water-rich, countries with a water requirement of 2,000 m3 and below, and countries with less than a thousand cubic meters of water are considered to be among the poor countries. Considering all statistical calculations, Turkey's total consumable water potential is found to be 112,000,000,000 m3 per year, while consumption per person is around 1,500 m3 According to the ratios, it puts Turkey in the category of a country where water is scarce [13]. Table 1 shows the statistics for wastewater and water in the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK).
|
Business locations |
Water is withdrawn (thousand m3) |
Discharged water (thousand m3) |
Wastewater (thousand m3) |
Discharged water waste (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Council |
6,191,224 |
4,538,657 |
4,538,657 |
87.4 |
|
Village |
384,824 |
133,117 |
143,117 |
19.7 |
|
Manufacturing industry workplace |
2,665,606 |
2,175,373 |
208,771 |
86.8 |
|
Thermal reactor |
7,767,738 |
7,537,047 |
258,477 |
3.6 |
|
OSB |
158,469 |
245,651 |
236,651 |
97.7 |
|
Mining operation |
241,928 |
158,613 |
158,613 |
5.1 |
|
Total |
17,548,789 |
14,769,458 |
5,564,286 |
81.9 |
Table 1 above shows the wastewater amount statistics of the Turkish Statistical Institution for 2018 [13]. The increase in water loss means a decrease in the amount of water needed by the industrial zones, the agriculture sector, and the people. In the case of saving water, it is foreseen to reduce the rate of water consumption. The system that will be developed aims to reduce excessive water consumption and wasteful water loss in the agriculture sector. Institutional statistics on renewable energy sources in solar, biomass, geothermal, and wind energy in terms of storage, production price, and agricultural application area. There are energy resources that can be used in agriculture in Turkey. Turkey's agriculture is based on stock farming, and many farmers are interested since meat, milk, and wool are valuable commodities. [14]. As a result, in Turkey, new strategies for the management of usable water in the agricultural sector, the design of new irrigation systems, and irrigation planning are required [15, 16].
The economy of developing countries is primarily dependent on agriculture, but it is not making the best use of the available resources. This is mostly due to erratic agricultural water use. Despite the availability of modern irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, farmers must visit their farms regularly to water their crops. Consequently, an automatic irrigation system is necessary. Many strategies used in autonomous irrigation systems are detailed in the literature [17–19].
Proper irrigation scheduling is critical for effective water management in agricultural productivity, particularly when water is scarce. The effects of irrigation water usage, frequency of irrigation, and volume of water used are very important. A good irrigation scheduling plan is necessary to improve water efficiency. The creation of a rudimentary system that employs a microcontroller to automate the irrigation and watering of small potted plants or crops with minimal manual intervention is necessary. A system was developed that detects temperature and humidity changes in the environment using sensors and controls the pump via a signal sent by the microcontroller [20]. It was reported that the planned system was less expensive than other systems. It was reported that by employing the devised technology, farmers could irrigate overnight and there was no need for them to be physically present while irrigating. Taneja and Bhatia created a new autonomous watering system to save water by combining sensor technology with Arduino [21].
The automatic irrigation system demonstrates a well-known combination of Arduino Uno, soil moisture sensor, and water pump, and their linkage. This system was created with the following goals in mind: To improve output by upgrading the irrigation system, controlling the water supply for appropriate plant cultivation, reducing the number of employees, and taking appropriate action on the soil's condition using the proposed system.
The irrigation network was designed using a dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) management system. This design enables irrigation, spraying, and parameters such as air temperature and soil moisture of the area where the design is installed to be performed at times defined by DTMF commands sent from the user's phone. One of the most significant advantages of the system is that as a result of irrigation, the moisture of the soil is continuously assessed and it stops automatically, eliminating the need to cease irrigation at the user's request. A DTMF decoder and controlling circuit decodes and controls the on-off mode of the associated electrical motor pump [22]. The water anticipated to be moved by using photovoltaic-assisted pumping elements for different agricultural regions was examined in the enol system based on regions and overall dynamic heights. The water values that can be moved based on their variable values have been studied for the most suitable place they have decided. As a result of the design, a lifetime cost analysis for the required height and water amount is performed [23]. One other research includes an embedded technology that allows inspection of greenhouses located far from residential areas. A greenhouse automation design is available at a minimal cost online. The temperature and soil moisture levels in a greenhouse region are measured using a real-time greenhouse automation system, the design variables are checked against the recorded values, and the collected data is transferred to an embedded web interface for users to view [24].
The greenhouses provide the best growing conditions for plants. They are buildings made of materials like glass, batteries, and fibreglass that can transmit light and thereby alter the natural conditions of the surroundings. Root heating increases plant yield significantly. As a result, piped underfloor heating and electric or charged root heating systems are used. However, in these systems, a greenhouse design is generally present. Hot water, heated in various ways, is delivered through the pipes. Due to large heating loads in winter, the need to regulate infiltration for plant health, and the requirement of excellent management of the indoor agricultural climatic control of greenhouses, most modern high-crop yield greenhouse designs are closed systems [25].
The automation systems used in greenhouses can be analyzed in two sections; namely, climate control and the automation of irrigation-fertilization. These systems cover expert systems that generally involve backwards-feeding or forward-feeding methods [26]. In backward-feeding systems, after the variable is perceived, the control system is activated while in forward-feeding systems the tendency of change of the variable is predicted initially and after that, the control system reacts to the relevant tendency [27–29]. All these processes are conducted by a computer unit which is the brain of the automation where the relevant programs are loaded.
Barkunan et al. turned the drip irrigation system, which is widely used in agriculture today, into a smart irrigation system by using a microcontroller, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), sensors, a motor, and a telephone module. Sensors and captured images on a microcontroller. The moisture level in the soil has been determined using the current design implemented on a one-acre paddy field. When the results obtained are compared with the smart sensor-based irrigation system and the values obtained with the flood irrigation system, it is found that it provides approximately 41.43% savings compared to the drip irrigation system's 13.03% savings [30].
In the system made by Küçüksayan, the form, and level of change in irrigation applications according to different landscape regions in the Ankara district, which was determined as the study area, were determined by analyzing the comparison results and selection criteria, and the design, construction, scheme and maintenance methods have been determined. Therefore; It is seen that the irrigation method varies for each landscape installation, system, and planning, and also the existing elements and geographical features in the landscape areas affect the selection of the irrigation system at different rates. It is observed that the use of the necessary irrigation design for landscaping operations will bring about factors such as increasing the continuation of the water used and prolonging the useful life of the green parts [31].
A smart irrigation system in plant irrigation for remote agricultural areas by Taşkesen highlights. Design irrigation is carried out autonomously for agricultural fields away from the field by using WI-FI technology with the NodeMCU kit [32]. It is vital to use agricultural resources because most countries rely on agriculture [33]. The smart irrigation system improves performance and is a new technology for automating irrigation systems and conserving water. This technology regulates irrigation based on actual soil and weather conditions, allowing farmers to meet their demands while conserving water for irrigation [34]. The smart irrigation system, seen in Fig. 1, incorporates data acquisition (sensor), irrigation control, wireless communication, data processing, and problem detection. Each of these components can be utilized in Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
This technology can be adopted on a wide scale for farming reasons, making it much more beneficial. Due to current conditions and water scarcity, optimal irrigation schedules should be devised, particularly in farms, to conserve water.
For plants to continue their normal development, they constantly take water from the soil with their roots during the growing season. A part of the amount of water that enters the plant's body remains as water in the plant cells, and some of it is used in the production of various elements in the plant's regions. The remaining part is given to the atmosphere by transpiration from plant leaves. Too little or too much soil moisture generally hurts plant growth and output. The water-yield relationship graph in Fig. 2 shows that as water enters the soil, so does its availability, and the yield reaches high levels at a given soil moisture level [35].
During the growth period, plant development needs to have enough water in the soil, in the plant's root zone, to meet the plant's water requirement. The size and distribution of the root system determine access to water. Dryness in rain-fed agricultural systems can be transient or persistent, potentially leading to terminal dryness after flowering [37]. The irrigation system ensures that the water needed by the plant is stored in its roots. It provides the removal of excess salt in the soil and softness in the soil. Irrigation provides multiple benefits by efficiently supplying water to land and crops, resulting in increased agricultural output, landscaping, and overall water resource management [35]. Despite many advancements, the fundamentals of irrigation remain the same as in earlier years. Many of the world's irrigation technologies are identical to those used in ancient times. As a result, the success of the old constructions demonstrates that they are relatively high. Various parameters including the water source, the position of the soil, the climate, and the social or economic status, all affect these systems. It is important to choose the proper site and watering strategy [31, 36].
It is very important for the sustainability of production to use freshwater resources in agricultural irrigation with the right methods and to interlock with technology in terms of less water, labour, and energy. For the growth and productivity of the plant; the soil must be moist for the significance of seed quality, soil quality, and soil temperature. After sufficient moisture, the plant will grow. Afterwards, the plant still needs water to survive. Therefore, irrigation is an important issue for the plant. In surface irrigation methods, the technique of ponding the amount of water needed by the plant into the field with time, it is left to infiltrate in the root region or it is allowed to flow from the surface of the region until it infiltrates the root part [31, 36]. The different methods of irrigation have been explained and illustrated in Fig. 3.
The main task of this irrigation technique is based on the principle that the plant is given by dripping from the top of the soil with small pressure, so that the plant's root development will be more efficient by applying a small amount of irrigation at a time, without creating tension that may occur in case of decreased humidity, which can damage the plant.
4.1 Set up of the Irrigation System
The setup of the automatic irrigation system was designed as shown in Fig. 4 and the elements are explained in the following sections. Solar panels supply the necessary electrical energy for the self-contained irrigation system. The drip irrigation method is designed to be used to implement the irrigation process by pumping the water in the tank through the pipes using a DC motor. The system detects soil moisture and processes the data acquired by the sensor using a microcontroller, and the process is carried out by turning the DC motor on and off for a certain amount of time. The irrigation operation is started automatically by starting the motor based on data from the soil moisture sensor. When the volume of water reaches a set level, the engine is turned off, and the watering cycle is repeated at certain humidity intervals. The water level sensor controls the amount of water in the tank. When the tank's water level reaches a predetermined level, a network-connected solenoid valve opens, allowing the filling process to commence. When the tank's water level reaches a preset level, the valve is closed by sensing the water level sensor. The automatic irrigation system consists of a soil moisture sensor, an Arduino Uno, a solar panel, a charge management circuit, a DC motor, a solenoid valve, and a water level sensor. Figure 4 (a) depicts a functional block diagram of the system and a schematic diagram is shown in Fig. 4 (b).
4.2 Arduino IDE Software
The Arduino Uno driver must be manually loaded on your PC via the device manager first. The virtual serial port number to which the Arduino is connected will be displayed after installing the driver. The program was designed in C language using the Arduino IDE software. The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller based on the datasheet for the ATmega328. It has 14 digital inputs and output pins, including 6 pins PWM output and 6 pins clock speed of 16 MHz, a ceramic resonator USB connector, a power jack, an analog input such as a spreader, and a reset button [38]. It is an open-source microcontroller that is used to control the relay; to begin, simply connect it to a computer via USB or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery. It includes a huge number of libraries for interacting with a wide range of devices. The FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip is absent from the Uno, as is the case with all previous boards. The Arduino program was started, and the sensor and motor codes were written as below;
4. 3 Arduino, Motor, and Sensor Connection Stages
The water engine is responsible for pumping water through pipes at a specific rate. The water motor in the design works for a set length of time as the soil moisture sensor value and signal it delivers diminish. Figure 5 depicts the operation of the DC water motor with Arduino Uno.
Figure 5 displays the Arduino pins and their hardware connections. The automated function is comprised of two primary pieces of controlling hardware: the relay module and the DC watering pump. The relay is an autonomous electric switch that uses an electromagnet to change the switch from OFF to ON or vice versa. The switch regulates the electric signal sent to the water pump. When the moisture level falls below the threshold, Arduino sends a signal to the relay module, which immediately opens the way for electricity to run through the water pump and water the plant. When the system detects a suitable level of water in the soil, the relay closes the path for power, and the water pump immediately stops pumping water. All of the hardware will be assembled into Arduino, a microcontroller that will control all of the hardware attached to it and allow it to function. This project is regarded as a finished prototype that can be utilized and function in everyday life. The Arduino serves as the system's nerve centre, connecting all of the necessary components. The soil moisture sensor, which is attached to the Arduino pins (A0, Vin, GND), measures the moisture level in the soil and delivers it to the Arduino board for processing and decision-making. The Arduino LCD panel (A4, A5, AREF, GND) displays the value obtained from the moisture sensor. Simultaneously, the acquired data is delivered to the relay module, which determines whether to turn on or off the water pump. Simultaneously, the acquired data is transferred to the relay module coupled with Arduino (5V, GND, 2) to determine whether to turn on or off the water pump.
The water motor is powered by a 3 V DC voltage. The system employs one relay. With the soil moisture sensor signal, 3V DC is sent to the motor, current flows via the relay connections, and water begins to be pumped. After the given time, the contacts' positions become open, and the motor's energy is cut off. 5 V input voltage was applied to the Arduino input. The humidity sensor was connected to the Arduino for testing. Pin 9 on the Arduino was connected to the sensor. The trigger pin of the Arduino was set to the 8th pin of the Arduino and the output was received. When the soil moisture value decreases, the Arduino is triggered and signaled by the sensor. When the humidity sensor is logic 0, the Arduino starts the motor. The running time of the motor is set to 2 seconds. Since the operating values on the motor label are 5–12 V and 150–300 mA, the input voltage was set to 6 V. To keep the current coming to the motor under control, the SVR-5 relay was connected between the power supply and the motor. The Arduino program was opened and codes were written for the sensor and motor to work in coordination.
After finishing all of the settings, a soil moisture sensor was inserted into the pot. Water pump motors were placed in the water supply. Soil with a low moisture value was preferred for observational purposes. Due to the low humidity value, it was seen that the motor pumped water for a given period with the signal supplied by the humidity sensor to Arduino Uno, and the plant was irrigated in the pot using the drip irrigation method so that the plant would not be damaged.
5.1 DC-DC Boost Converter MATLAB Simulation
The boost converter simulation circuit of the DC-DC response is shown in Fig. 6. A boost converter is a DC/DC power converter that increases the voltage from the source to the load. The duty cycle formula needed to increase the voltage value at the system's output to the target voltage is shown below. The theoretical transfer function of the boost converter is given by Eq. (1) where D is the duty cycle:
$$\frac{{V}_{out}}{{V}_{in}}=\frac{1}{(1-D)} \left(1\right)$$
In this case, the converter is supplying an RC load from a 20 V supply, and the PWM frequency is set to 20 kHz. Run the simulation and look at the waveforms with Scope. Ascertain that the mean value of the load voltage (\({V}_{out}\)) is extremely near to the theoretical value of:
$${V}_{out}=\frac{10}{(1-0.5)}=20V$$
2
When a voltage of 10 V is applied to the input, the voltage at the output becomes 20 V. A voltage of 20 V is utilized as a reference as shown in Fig. 7.
The step signal is referenced as a minimum of 12 V and a maximum of 24 V of the system. A constant voltage of 5 V is supplied to its input. After a certain period of fluctuations when the system is started caught the tension. It is seen as 12 V and 24 V as output as shown in Fig. 8.
When the inductance value is 47 µH, the current passes over the coil on the system and it has been observed that the coil works intermittently as shown in Fig. 9. A minimum voltage of 12 V and a maximum voltage of 24 V were used as references. The Inductance voltage demonstrates a discontinuity mode over time.
When the coil value in the system is 4700 µH, the fluctuation on the coil is shown in Fig. 10. The parameter values of the designed system are given in Table 2.
Table II. Simulation parameters of the designed system.
| Parameters | Values |
|---|---|
| Input Voltage (Vg) | Vg = 5 V, 10 V |
| Output Voltage (Vout) | Vout = 12 V, 20 V, 24 V |
| Load | R = 24Ω, 47 Ω |
| Output Reference Voltage | Vr = 12 V, 24 V |
| Coil Value (L) | L = 470 µH |
| Capacitor Rating (C) | C = 100uF |
| Switching Element | MOSFET |
| Rectifier Element | Power Diode |
| Controller Parameters (PI) | Kp = 0.01, Ki = 5 |
5.2 Driver Circuit Design and Simulation in Multisim Software
The Multisim software is used for circuit design construction and analysis as displayed in Fig. 11. Multisim is used for simulation analysis in a virtual environment to simplify the solution of many problems such as debugging in the laboratory in electronic schematic design. Studies were carried out on the Multisim software for the analysis of the DC-DC amplifier circuit operation with the LM555 integration.
In the simulation, the source voltage is set at 12 V, and the output voltage ranges between 24 and 32 V. The minimum output voltage of the feedback system is modified by altering the resistor value of R1 and R2 is a variable resistor. The output voltages are set to the desired value using the R1 resistor and the R2 adjustable resistor. The voltage on the coil rises with each MOSFET triggering, depending on the occupancy rate. When the MOSFET is turned on, the voltage is loaded on the coil.
The DC-DC boost converter circuit was designed and tested. The DC-DC converter circuit was manufactured to be transparent in order not to be affected by any external factors. On the front side of the box, the voltage adjustment pot, the input and output terminals of the solar panel, and the input and output locations of the loads to be supplied were made. Several simulations and circuit analysis programs were used to construct and test the boost converter circuit on the board. The power supply's input voltage was 6 V. This voltage was changed using a potentiometer and was raised to a voltage of 10 Volts. To measure the PWM signal, coil current, and output voltage signals, a USB connection was built to the computer. The signals were measured using a computer oscilloscope.
A digital voltmeter was mounted on the front side to measure the current flowing through the circuit and the load voltage. To increase the robustness of the box, the perimeter of the box was supported with silicone. The calibrated DC-DC converter solar panel was then tested in a suitable environment and the completed circuit was designed. A load connection was made to the circuit. The current passing through the circuit was calibrated from the digital voltmeter. When there was no load in the circuit, the circuit current was set to 0 A, and when the load was connected to the circuit, the settings were made to show the circuit current correctly. For the system to work, the input of the system was supplied with electricity generated from the solar panel instead of a voltage source as illustrated below. It was observed that the electricity generated from the solar panel increased above 24 V with the boost converter when there was no load in the circuit. The test of the motor for pumping water to the flower pot was connected to the voltage source.
Test procedures and measurements were taken and recorded. Finally, the setup after being mounted on a flat plate, the final stage of the design project was completed as shown in Fig. 12.
Using the measurement setup in Fig. 12, The I-V and P-V curves of the solar cells connected serially are obtained as shown in Fig. 13. The I-V curve of the solar cell shows that the open circuit voltage of the PV cells is 27 V and the short circuit of the PV cells is 190 mA as shown in Fig. 13 (a). The P-V curve of the solar cell shows 3Watt maximum power for 20 V as shown in Fig. 13(b). This nonlinear voltage is converted to a suitable voltage to charge the 6V nominal voltage battery. Also, these curves show that the PV cells with converter charge the battery during the 4 hours and can charge the 6V, 2 Ah current battery safely. If the battery is fully charged it can supply the system for a long time without solar energy.
This study was conducted on electricity saving, water saving of the plant, and the efficiency of healthy irrigation methods. The values and signals obtained from the programs and simulations used in the design process were compared with the findings obtained in the implementation phase. An inverter is used to convert solar energy into constant DC voltage. The water requirement of the plant was controlled with a humidity sensor. The water requirement of the plant was met with a motor from the water source with the humidity sensor. The aim of the design, which is to save electricity, save water, and increase the yield of the plant automatically by irrigation, has been achieved with this system. The Arduino-based autonomous irrigation system is a simple and accurate method of irrigation. As a result, this technique is extremely beneficial because it reduces farmers' manual labor while also assisting in the proper usage of resources. It replaces the manual switching mechanism used by farmers to turn on and off the irrigation system. This work can be developed to include greenhouses that require less manual supervision. On a large scale, this approach can be utilized to create fully automated gardens and farmlands.
Competing Interests
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Author contribution
Azemtsop Manfo T: Writing - original draft, Investigation, Formal analysis, Validation, Software. Azemtsop Manfo T: Data curation. Mustafa Ergin Şahin: Resources. Azemtsop Manfo T: Resources. Azemtsop Manfo T: Conceptualization, Project administration, Visualization, Formal analysis, Validation, Methodology. Mustafa Ergin Şahin: Project administration, Supervision, Writing - review & editing, Formal analysis, Validation, Methodology.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering of RTEU for its support.
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