Monochromatic green light stimulation during incubation shortened the hatching time via pineal function in White Leghorn eggs

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-37386/v2

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Monochromatic green light stimulation during incubation shortened the hatching time via pineal function in White Leghorn eggs

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37386/v2

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published 02 Feb, 2021

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Background:

Effect of monochromatic green light illumination on embryo development has been reported in chickens. The avian pineal is an important photo-endocrine organ formed by a mediodorsal protrusion during embryonic development. However, the involvement of pineal gland in the lighting transducing process remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the influence of monochromatic green light on hatching time and explored the possible mechanism via pineal function.

Results:

A total of 600 eggs of White Leghorn (Shaver strain) were incubated under photoperiods of either 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness using monochromatic green light (12L:12D group) or 24 h of darkness (0L:24D group) for 18 d. As compared to 0L:24D group, the green light stimulation shortened the hatching time without extending the hatch window or impairing hatchability. The liver of embryos incubated in the 12L:12D light condition was heavier than those of the 0L:24D group on d 21 post incubation. Meanwhile, the green light increased the serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which is primarily secreted by the liver. Histological structure analysis of pineal gland demonstrated that the light stimulation increased follicle area, wall thickness and lumen area on d 10 and d 12 post incubation. Rhythmic function analysis demonstrated that three clock related genes (brain and muscle ARNT-like-1, BMAL1; circadian locomotor output cycles kaput, CLOCK; and cryptochrome-1, CRY1) and a melatonin rate-limiting enzyme related gene (Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, AANAT) were rhythmically expressed in the pineal gland of the 12L:12D group, but not in that of the 0L:24D group. Simultaneously, the light stimulation also increased the concentration of melatonin (MT), which was linked to hepatocyte proliferation and IGF-1 secretion in previous studies.

Conclusions:

The 12L:12D monochromatic green light stimulation during incubation shortened hatching time without impairing hatching performance. Pineal gland’s early histological development and maturation of its rhythmic function were accelerated by the light stimulation. It may be the key organ in the photo-endocrine axis that regulates embryo development, and the potential mechanism could be that its higher secretion product of MT in the 12L:12D group promotes the secretion of IGF-1.

Animal Science

Circadian rhythm

Hatching time

Insulin-like growth factor 1

Melatonin

Monochromatic green light

Pineal gland

Avian species have a broader visible light spectrum [1, 2] and special extra-retinal photoreceptor in pineal gland [2, 3]. They are more sensitive to environmental lighting than mammals. In commercial poultry hatcheries, fertile eggs are incubated in complete darkness, which is different from the settings in natural incubation. There are evidences that light can increase both body weight and breast muscle weight at the embryonic stage and post-hatching [4, 5]. Furthermore, providing monochromatic green light was shown to promote the growth of spleen [6] and skeletal muscle [7] in broilers. Additionally, some studies have reported that light emitting diode lights (LED) stimulation during embryogenesis shortened the hatching time [8, 9]. The stimulating effect of monochromatic green light on skeletal muscle was linked to enhanced circulation levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in blood [7, 10-12]. Classically, IGF-1 is a ubiquitous peptide secreted mainly in the liver and has been tied to growth hormones, and considered as a surrogate marker of overall growth hormone status [13]. IGF-1 may play an important role in the light-mediated advanced development of chick embryo.

The avian pineal gland is a derivative of the posterior roof of the diencephalon, and a photo-endocrine organ which plays key role in transducing light information to whole body physiology. It was reported that environmental factors could alter the morphology of the pineal gland. For example, great variations in pinealocyte architecture were observed between nocturnal and diurnal birds [14]. Largest pineal gland was recorded in new born South Pole seals [15], and it contributes to survival in the harsh environment [16]. Pineal gland reflects a high degree of environmental adaptive plasticity not only in histology but also in rhythmic function [14]. Clock-related genes, including brain and muscle ARNT-like-1 (BMAL1), circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK), and cryptochrome-1 (CRY1), and the melatonin rate-limiting enzyme related gene of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) played crucial roles in establishing circadian rhythm within pineal cells and showed rhythmic oscillations under light-dark cycles in adult chickens [17]. Thus far, our knowledge about the histology and rhythmic function of pineal gland during embryogenesis in chickens is still insufficient, especially the comparison effects under light treatments. Above all, whether the pineal gland is involved in lighting transducing process during embryogenesis and its potential link with IGF-1 is still unknown.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 12L:12D monochromatic green light stimulation during embryogenesis on hatching time and hatching performance in White Leghorn (Shaver strain), and explore the possible mechanism with the involvement of pineal gland.

Experimental design

A total of four incubators (NK-hatching; Beili Incubation Equipment Co. Ltd., Sichuan, China) used in the experiment were blacked out with shade cloth. Two were outfitted with monochromatic green LED strips (ND-BIS-2D-D10W, Nodark Biolight Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, China) (λ = 520 to 525 nm) while the other two were left with no light source. Fertile eggs were obtained from White Leghorn layers (Shaver strain) of 50 week of age. The pure lines chickens were sourced from the University of Guelph and housed in the experimental farm of Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. A total of 600 eggs of normal size with an average weight of 62.5±3.0 g were selected and stored for no longer than seven days at 15℃ and 70%-75% relative humidity. Eggs were randomly allocated to two groups, with two incubators (replicates) per group, and 150 eggs per incubator. Eggs of one group were incubated in monochromatic green light-fitted incubators with a light:dark schedule of 12L:12D and light intensity of 200 lx during the first 18 days of incubation, namely 12L:12D group. Eggs in the control group were incubated in complete darkness and named 0L:24D group. The temperature and humidity were calibrated by a standard thermometer and hygrometer for the four incubators before incubation and monitored every 2 h during the whole incubation period. The incubation was maintained at a temperature of 37.8 ± 0.10℃, and a relative humidity around 60% until day 18. From day 19, eggs were transferred to hatching baskets and a temperature of 37.2 ± 0.10℃ and relative humidity of 70% was set for the hatcher. At the end of embryonic days 17 (ED17), ED18, ED19, ED20, and ED21, three embryos or chicks were randomly selected and weighted from each replicate (incubator). The hearts, livers, and pectoral muscles were isolated and weighed to track the embryo and organ development. The weight was calculated using the average weight of each replicate for the statistical analysis.

Hatching time and hatching performance

From d 19 post incubation, all eggs were transferred to the same hatcher (Haijiang Hatching Equipment Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) in constant darkness until hatching. The number of hatched chicks was counted every 2 h from 468 h to 512 h post incubation to monitor the hatching time for each egg and assigned to the nearest time of hatch. Average hatching time, time to 90% hatch, peak hatching period, and hatch window were recorded in each replicate. Average hatching time was calculated as the mean duration from egg setting to the emergence of chicks for all hatched chicks in a given batch. Time to 90% hatch was the hatching time that 90% of the chicks hatched. Peak hatching period was defined as the duration that 30% to 70% chicks hatched [18]. Hatch window was defined as the time interval from the emergence of the first chick to the last chick [18, 19]. Hatchability was calculated as a percentage of fertile egg number. Every hatched chick was assessed for chick quality within 4-6 h after hatching according to a standardized method of scoring in a scale of 100 [20].

Histology of pineal gland

To explore the possible mechanism that monochromatic green light affects hatching time, another hatching trial was performed using the same incubation conditions and light treatments. Pineal glands were extracted from six birds from both 12L:12D and 0L:24D groups on d 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 post incubation, and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. On the 7^th day after fixation, all samples were dehydrated in a graded series of alcohols, embedded in paraffin, and dissected in 4 μm thick. These sections were stained with Harris haematoxylin and eosin for histomorphology observation using a Zeiss Axioskop (Carl Zeiss, Thornwood, NY) equipped with a QICam digital camera and NIS Elements software (Nikon Instruments, Melville, NY) was used for light microscopy. The pineal follicle related indicators, including wall thickness (WT), follicle (FL) area, and lumen (LM) area were measured using Digimizer Image Analysis software (Ostend, Belgium).

Expression of clock-related and AANAT genes in the pineal gland

The expression of clock-related genes (BMAL1, CRY1 and CLOCK) and the melatonin rate-limiting enzyme related gene (AANAT) in the pineal gland was determined using real-time quantitative RT-PCR and cosinor analysis. Pineal glands were collected every 4 h over a 28 h period from d 17 to d 18 after incubation (zeitgeber time (ZT) 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26, where ZT0 is the time when the light is turned on, ZT12 is the time when the light is turned off). Pineal glands removed during dark period were obtained from birds euthanized and decapitated under dim red light. Six pineal glands were collected at each time point each group, and the sampling time of 0L:24D group was synchronized with those of 12L:12D group. Two pineal glands were pooled and the total RNA of three pooled samples each group were extracted with TRIzol reagents following the manufacturer’s protocol (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing, China). cDNA was generated by reverse transcription using 1 μg total RNA in a total of 20 μL reaction volume following the instruction of the manufacturer (TaKaRa, Shiga, Japan). Primer 6.0 was used to design primer sequences for the target genes (Additional file 1: Table S1). Real-time PCR amplification was performed using 1.5 μL cDNA solution per 10 μL reaction volume with SYBR® FAST qPCR Kit Master Mix (Kapa Biosystems, Wilmington, USA). The relative expression of target genes was calculated using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as an endogenous control by the 2^-ΔΔC(T) method [21]. Samples were run in triplicate.

Serum concentrations of melatonin (MT) and IGF-1

Serum concentrations of MT and IGF-1 on d 19 post incubation were analyzed. Circadian time (CT) is a standard marker of time that is based upon the oscillation or rhythm in constant darkness. CT0 and CT12 correspond to the beginning time of the subjective day and night respectively; CT26/2 is the time point of CT2 on the second day. The blood samples of twelve embryos were collected from allantois vein after the birds were euthanized by cervical dislocation every 4 h from CT2 to CT26/2. The sampling time of embryos was synchronized in the treatment groups. Serum was decanted after 2 h of collection at room temperature. Serum of four embryos were pooled and three pools each group were sent for detection of MT and IGF-1 concentration using a commercial ELISA kits (Horabio Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China).

Statistical analysis

The data of related characteristics of hatching time, hatching performance, pineal follicle, serum hormones, and embryo growth were analyzed using T-test (SAS 9.2, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The percentage was arcsine-transformed before analysis. Significance of difference was set at P < 0.05. The rhythm of genes was analysed by GraphPad Prism software using the cosinor formula y=c +a cos [2 (t- ø)/24], where c, a and ø denote the mesor, amplitude and phase of the cosine wave, t is time in hours, and R² is the fitting degree. Statistically significant differences in gene rhythms were indicated by P < 0.05 and calculated using the website https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc/calculator.aspx?id=15 [22].

Hatching time and hatching performance

The distributions of hatching time were shown in Fig. 1. The 12L:12D group was found to give the first hatching. As shown in Table 1, average hatching time and time to 90% hatch were shorter in 12L:12D group as compared with 0L:24D group (P = 0.04; P = 0.04 respectively). However, hatch window and peak hatching period were not affected by the light stimulation (P = 0.29; P = 0.70, respectively). Similarly, hatchability and chick quality score were not affected by light treatment (P = 0.72; P = 0.61, respectively).

Embryo and organs development

The weight of embryo, liver, heart and pectoral muscle at different incubation stages were shown in Fig. 2. The results showed that the light treatment had no effect on the weight of embryo (Fig. 2a), heart (Fig. 2c) or pectoral muscle (Fig. 2d) from day 17 to 21 post incubartion (P > 0.05). However, increase in liver weight was observed on d 21 post incubation of the 12L:12D group (P = 0.01) (Fig. 2b). Liver, heart, and pectoral muscle weight increased as embryo aged, while embryo weight dropped on d 21.

Histology of pineal gland

To investigate the effects of monochromatic green light on the structure of pineal gland during embryogenesis, histological observations were performed every two days from d 10 to 18 post incubation. The morphological structure on d 10, 14, and 18 post incubation were showed in Fig. 3. Follicle area and wall thickness increased with advancing embryogenesis, while lumen area increased from d 10 to 14 post incubation, but decreased thereafter in both groups (Fig. 4). The 12L:12D monochromatic green light stimulation increased follicle area, wall thickness, and lumen area on d 10 and 12 post incubation (P < 0.01). Moreover, d 18 post incubation also witnessed thicker walls in the 12L:12D group (P = 0.04).

Expression of clock-related and AANAT genes in the pineal gland

Transcripts of the melatonin rate-limiting enzyme related gene (AANAT) and three clock-related genes (BMAL1, CLOCK, and CRY1) displayed day–night variations from d 17 to 18 post incubation in both groups (Fig. 5). The cosinor analysis showed that AANAT, BMAL1, CLOCK, and CRY1 exhibited significant circadian rhythm in the 12L:12D group (P = 0.00; P = 0.01; P = 0.00; P = 0.01, respectively), but not in the 0L:24D group (P > 0.05).

MT and IGF-1 hormones

Compared with the 0L:24D group, a sharp change of MT levels was observed in the 12L:12D group over the 28 h period of the hormonal monitoring (Fig. 6a). MT levels at subjective night were higher than those at subjective day in the 12L:12D group (P = 0.00), but there was no significant diurnal difference in the 0L:24D group (P = 0.24) (Fig. 6c). At subjective night, MT levels were higher in the 12L:12D group than those in the 0L:24D group (P = 0.02), but there was no significant difference at subjective day between two groups (P = 0.22). Additionally, relatively higher levels of IGF-1 over the 28 h period were observed in 12L:12D group (Fig. 6b). Furthermore, the IGF-1 levels were higher in the 12L:12D group than those in the 0L:24D group at both subjective day and night (P = 0.00; P = 0.04, respectively) (Fig. 6d).

In this study, the effect of 12L:12D of monochromatic green light on hatching time and hatching performance of White Leghorn chickens were determined and the possible underling mechanism involved with the pineal gland was investigated.

In order to evaluate the impact of the monochromatic green light on hatching time, average hatching time and time to 90% hatch were compared. Overall, monochromatic green light stimulation shortened the hatching time. Similarly, Tong et al. [9] reported a 3.4 h shortened hatching time in broilers under monochromatic green LED light stimulation. Decreased hatching time was earlier linked to increase in hatching weight, differences in thyroid hormone levels, organ weight and maturity, post-hatching growth, feeding and general behavior [23, 24]. Additionally, shortening the hatching time may result in energy conservation and reduced cost of hatching. However, reduced hatching time is not always beneficial if the hatching period is wider because this subjects early hatched chicks to longer feed and water deprivation [19, 25, 26]. It has been reported that layer chicks with 48 h feed and water deprivation had a lower body weight and decreased concentrations of serum glucose, total protein, and triglycerides up to 56 d [27]. Furthermore, scattered hatching period may impair day-old chick quality and post-hatch performance [28]. Hatch window and peak hatching period, representing the intervals and concentration of hatching time of a batch of hatched chicks respectively, were not affected by the light stimulation during embryogenesis as observed in the present study. The hatch window was less than 34 h in both the treatment and the control groups. Meanwhile, the external light stimulation did not impair hatchability and chick quality. Taken together, the monochromatic green light shortened the hatching time without impairing hatching performance.

Unlike in mammals, avian pineal gland is an important component of the photo-endocrine system containing both photoreceptors and circadian oscillators. The chicken pineal gland during embryogenesis, in contrast to the post-hatching period, is characterized by a follicular structure [29]. Previous histological study demonstrated that the follicle and its lumen markedly varied in size as well as its wall thickness during embryogenesis [30]. Thus far, the pineal histological changes during embryogenesis in chickens are still unclear, especially for embryos incubated with light stimulation. In the present study, we observed a trend that follicle area and wall thickness increased with advancing embryogenesis, while lumen area increased on d 10 to 14 post incubation and decreased thereafter. This is similar with the reports of previous studies that linked larger follicle areas, thicker walls and limited lumens of pineal gland with advancement in embryonic development in chickens [30, 31]. In this study, conspicuous structural differences observed in embryos under light stimulation were found on d 10 and 12 post incubation. In a recent investigation, Marcela et al. [32] reported an increase in follicle size and wall thickness of pineal gland which were asserted to be a product of proliferation of the cells which create inner and outer parts of follicle wall. Taken together, these results suggest that light may improve early pineal development by promoting the proliferation of specific cells in pineal gland and its attendant morphological structure.

Additionally, environmental factors can also accelerate the maturation of pineal rhythmic function mainly by targeting components of intracellular oscillator [33]. The components of intracellular oscillator have been demonstrated little variation among various cell types [34]. CLOCK and BMAL1 are circadian clock proteins, which heterodimerize and bind promoter E-box elements to activate transcription of Cryptochrome (CRY) and Period (PER) genes. Sufficiently high levels of CRY and PER lead their nuclear translocation and subsequent interaction with the heterodimer of CLOCK:BMAL1 to inhibit their transcription [35]. Knockdown of CLOCK has been shown to cause a decrease in AANAT activity, demonstrating that AANAT is also an essential component of the circadian clock [36]. In the present study, the expression of clock-related genes including BMAL1, CLOCK, and CRY1, as well AANAT exhibited significant circadian rhythm under the 12L:12D light stimulation, but not under the constant dark condition. In tandem with the result of the present study, Kommedal et al. [37] reported a clear 24 h rhythm in the expression of AANAT and CLOCK genes following 12L:12D light stimulation during embryogenesis; Archer et al. [38] linked 12L:12D photoperiod during incubation with a long-lasting effect on the diurnal rhythms of behavior, which may relate to the rhythmic expression of circadian clock components. These results indicate that light stimulation during incubation may accelerate the maturation of pineal function on circadian rhythm.

In this study, monochromatic green light stimulation promoted the secretion of IGF-1. Circulating serum levels of IGF-1 mainly secreted by liver. The advantage on liver development was indeed observed in the 12L:12D group in this study. IGF-1 as a growth factor was reportedly involved in both the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts [39], satellite cells [12] and pancreatic islets [40]. Previous studies reported elevated levels of thyroid hormone, IGF-1, and growth hormones and their association with either embryonic or post-hatch growth in broiler chickens [41, 42]. Lu et al. [43] suggested that IGF-1 may play important roles in accelerating embryo development. The liver, as the main organ for secreting IGF-1, plays a key role in fat storage absorbed from the yolk at the later stages of embryonic development. It was reported that antioxidant status is a vital aspect of chicken embryo liver development [44]. Melatonin, the main product secreted by the pineal gland, was known as an effective antioxidant [45]. Its exogenous application improved antioxidant status of hepatocytes [11] and was also reported to promote the hepatocyte proliferation and IGF-1 secretion in vitro [46]. Since the observation of light-induced changes in morphological structure and rhythmic function of pineal gland, the MT concentration was speculated to be affected by the lighted-incubation. In this study, elevated serum MT concentration was observed in embryos under light stimulation during subjective night. Meanwhile, there was a consistent trend of plasma MT levels with the rhythmic expression of AANAT in this study. Both MT concentration and AANAT expression were high during subjective night, and relatively lower during subjective day period. This suggests that MT may play an important role in the light-mediated advanced development of chick embryo livers and IGF-1 secretion. However, further research is needed to determine whether the cause is the increase in MT concentration, its rhythmic secretion, or both. This suggests that pineal gland may be the key responsive organ in the lighting process to regulate the secretion of IGF-1 in chicks’ livers and therefore embryo development via secretion of MT.

Our results here showed that the 12L:12D monochromatic green light stimulation shortens the hatching time without impairing hatching performance. Early pineal development was improved by the 12L:12D monochromatic green light stimulation, as evidenced by modulated histological structure (including follicle area, wall thickness and lumen area) and accelerated maturation of rhythmic function. This may further promote the secretion of MT. The altered MT concentration may also increase the secretion of IGF-1 in livers, which promotes subsequent embryonic development and shortening of the hatching time.

Authors’ contributions

C.J., L.X., S.Y., and W.P. designed the experiments. W.P. and S.Y. analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. W.P. performed the experiments with the help of co-authors. All authors submitted comments on the draft, read, and approved the final manuscript.

Author details

¹Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, P.R. China. ²College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China. ³Beijing DQY Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100094, China.

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to Chao Chen and Huanlin Chen (IAS-CAAS) for the animal care, eggs collection, and incubation management.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

The data supporting the conclusions of this article is included within the article and its additional file.

Ethics approval

All experimental procedures for this research were performed according to local ethical guidelines and met the requirements of the animal care and use committee (No. IAS2020-14) of Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Funding

Financial support of this study was provided by The National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number 2016YFD0500502), China Agriculture Research Systems (grant number CARS-40), Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution (grant number 2018-YWF-YB-20), and Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (grant number ASTIP-IAS04).

LED, light emitting diode; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; BMAL1, brain and muscle ARNT-like-1; CLOCK, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput; CRY1, cryptochrome-1; AANAT, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase; ED, embryonic days; FL, follicle; LM, lumen; WT, wall thickness; ZT, zeitgeber time; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MT, melatonin; CT, circadian time; CRY, cryptochrome; PER, period.

Additional file 1: Table S1 Primer sequences for qRT-PCR assays of target and reference genes.

Additional file 2: Fig. S1 Incubator temperature over d 7 post incubation of two incubator of each group.

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Monochromatic green light stimulation during incubation shortened the hatching time via pineal function in White Leghorn eggs

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