Acknowledgements The authors thank the Hokkaido COPD Cohort Study
investigators for patient recruitment and follow-up, as well as Hideka Ashikaga, Ayako Kondo and Yuko Takagi of Hokkaido Medical Research Institute for Respiratory Diseases (Sapporo, Japan) and the staff of Exam Co., Ltd. (Sapporo, Japan) for data management, Tsukasa Sasaki in the Division of Radiology, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Support, the staff in the Division of Pulmonary Function, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital for technical support.
Author Contributions: the concept of the study and methodology, K.S., H.S.; software, N.W.; validation, K.S. and H.S.; formal analysis, investigation, K.S., H.S.; resources, H.M., M.N., S. K.; data acquisition, M.S., H.M., M.N., N.T., S.S., T.H.; writing—original draft preparation, K.S., H.S.; writing—review and editing, N.T., S.S. T.H.; visualization, K.S., H.S.; supervision, Y.M.I., K.T., M.S.; project administration, S.K.; funding acquisition, M.N.
Funding: The Hokkaido COPD Cohort Study is supported by a scientific research grant to the Hokkaido COPD Cohort Study from the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports of Japan (17390239 and 2139053 to MN), Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, and a grant to the Respiratory Failure Research Group from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. The Kyoto University Cohort Study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (No 16390234,No 21590964 and No 17H06807) and a grant to the Respiratory Failure Research Group from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan.
Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committees of Hokkaido University School of Medicine (med 02-001: December 2002) and Hokkaido University Hospital (No.016-0495: May 2017).
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement: The models created in this study are available upon request from the corresponding authors. However, the image datasets presented in this study are not publicly available for ethical reasons, as they contain information that could compromise the privacy of the research participants.
Acknowledgments: In this section, you can acknowledge any support that is not covered by the author contributions or funding sections. This may include administrative and technical support or donations in kind (e.g., materials used for experiments). We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing.
Conflicts of Interest: MS reports grants from GlaxoSmithKline, grants from Novartis and grants from AstraZeneca outside the current work. NT, SS and TH report a grant from Fujifilm Medical outside the current work. YMI is a member of independent data monitoring committee of clinical trials conducted by Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K. outside the current work. None of these companies had a role in the design or analysis of the study or in the writing of the manuscript. All other has no competing interest