Acknowledgements
The study was carried out using the clinical-scientific infrastructure of NAPKON (Nationales Pandemie Kohorten Netz, German National Pandemic Cohort Network) and NUKLEUS (NUM Klinische Epidemiologie- und Studienplattform, NUM Clinical Epidemiology and Study Platform) of the Network University Medicine (NUM).
We gratefully thank all NAPKON sites who contributed patient data for this analysis. The representatives of NAPKON sites contributing at least 5 per mille to this analysis are (alphabetical order): Bielefeld University, Medical School and University Medical Center East Westphalia-Lippe, Bielefeld, East Westphalia-Lippe (Alsaad K, Heidenreich H, Hornberg C, Kulamadayil-Heidenreich NSA, Maasjosthusmann P, Muna A, Ruwe M, Schmidt J, Stellbrink C), Klinikum Dortmund Hospital of Universitiy Witten-Herdecke, Dortmund (Azzaui H, Graeske M, Hower M, Kremling J, Landsiedel-Mechenbier E, Riepe A, Schaaf B), Practice for general medicine Am Ebertplatz, Koeln (Wyen C), Practice for general medicine Dashti, Eberswalde (Dashti Y, Tessmer C), Practice for general medicine Dr. med Ariane Roecken, Freiburg (Roecken A), Practice for general medicine Egestorf Bispingen, Bispingen (Laumerich B), Practice for general medicine Tennental, Deckenpfronn (Silberbaur I), Saarland University, Homburg (Keller A, Walter J), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg (Herr C, Krawczyk M, Lensch C, Lepper PM, Riemenschneider M, Smola S, Zemlin M), University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (Bader S, Engelmann M, Fuchs A, Langer A, Maerkl B, Messmann H, Muzalyova A), University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf (Feldt T, Feuerhake ML, Killer A, Luedde T, Lutterbeck M, Paluschinski M, Timm J, Ventura-Pereira J, de Angelis C), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen (Kraska D, Kremer AE, Leppkes M, Mang J, Neurath MF, Prokosch HU, Schmid J, Vetter M, Willam C, Wolf K), University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main (Arendt C, Bellinghausen C, Cremer S, Groh A, Gruenewaldt A, Khodamoradi Y, Klinsing S, Rohde G, Vogl T), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (Almahfoud M, Engels ALF, Jarczak D, Kerinn M, Kluge S, Kobbe R, Petereit S, Schlesner C, Zeller T), University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig (Baber R, Krug N, Mueller SD, Wirtz H), University Hospital Muenster, Muenster (Boeckel G, Meier JA, Nowacki T, Vollenberg R, Wilms C), University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg (Albig H, Burkhardt R, Feustel M, Fissler C, Hansch S, Hitzenbichler F, Niedermair T, Schramm T, Schuster P), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel (Cleef S, Kujat C, Pape D, Schunk D), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck (Kaeding N, Nissen M, Rupp J), University Hospital Technical University Munich, Munich (Barkey W, Fricke L , Gladis S, Michler T, Mueller L, Schneider J, Spinner C, Winter C), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen (Bitzer M, Bunk S, Haeberle H, Kienzle K, Mahrhofer H, Malek N, Rosenberger P, Struemper C, Trauner F), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg (Einsele H, Frantz S, Frey A, Haas K, Haertel C, Herrmann J, Schulze P, Volkmann J), University Medical Center Goettingen, Central Biobank, Goettingen (Nussbeck SY), University Medical Center Goettingen, Central Laboratory, Goettingen (Hafke A), University Medical Center Goettingen, Emergency Department, Goettingen (Hermanns G, Santibanez-Santana M, Zeh S), University Medicine Essen, Essen (Brochhagen L, Dolff S, Elsner C, Madel RJ, Otte M, Thuemmler L, Witzke O), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald (Becker K, Doerr M, Lehnert K, Nauck M, Piasta N, Schaefer E, Schattschneider M, Stahl D), Worms Clinic, Worms (Zimmermann T).
We gratefully thank all participating NAPKON and NUKLEUS infrastructures that contributed to this analysis. The representatives of these infrastructures are (alphabetical order): University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main (Weirauch T, Wolf L), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne (Brechtel M, Fiedler K, Laugwitz M, Lee C, Nunes de Miranda S, Sauer G, Schulze N, Stecher M, Wagner P), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg (Günther K, Haug F, Haug J), University Hospital Wuerzburg and University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg (Fiessler C, Heuschmann PU, Reese JP, Schmidbauer L), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg (Jiru-Hillmann S), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald (Bahls T, Hoffmann W, Nauck M, Schattschneider M, Stahl D, Valentin H), University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen (Chaplinskaya I, Hanss S, Krefting D, Pape C, Rainers M, Schoneberg A, Weinert N), Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich (Kraus M), Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Lorbeer R, Schaller J).
We gratefully thank the NAPKON Steering Committee: University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen (Herold S), University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Heuschmann P), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Heyder R), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald (Hoffmann W), Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover (Illig T), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel (Schreiber S), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (Witzenrath M).
Funding
NAPKON is part of the NUM, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (FKZ: 01KX2121). Parts of the infrastructure of the Würzburg study site were supported by the Bavarian Ministry of Research and Art to support Corona research projects. Parts of the NAPKON project suite and study protocols of the NAPKON-SUEP are based on projects funded by the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF).
Competing interests
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Authors contributions
Sina M. Hopff, Katharina S. Appel, Olga Miljukov, and J. Janne Vehreschild contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Sina M. Hopff, Katharina S. Appel, and Olga Miljukov. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sina M. Hopff. Katharina S. Appel, Olga Miljukov, Johannes Schneider, Sven Bercker, Isabel Bröhl, Nikolaus Büchner, Johanna Erber, Ramsia Geisler, Siri Göpel, Marina Hagen, Björn-Erik Ole Jensen, Maria Keul, Adalbert Krawczyk, Bettina Lorenz-Depiereux, Patrick Meybohm, Lazar Mitrov, Carolin Nürnberger, Wilfried Obst, Margarete Scherer, Christina Weismantel, and J. Janne Vehreschild commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Marylyn M. Addo, Robert Bals, Sven Bercker, Sabine Blaschke, Isabel Bröhl, Nikolaus Büchner, Hiwa Dashti, Johanna Erber, Anette Friedrichs, Ramsia Geisler, Siri Göpel, Marina Hagen, Frank Hanses, Björn-Erik Ole Jensen, Maria Keul, Adalbert Krawczyk, Bettina Lorenz-Depiereux, Patrick Meybohm, Milena Milovanovic, Lazar Mitrov, Carolin Nürnberger, Wilfried Obst, Christoph Römmele, Christian Schäfer, Christian Scheer, Margarete Scherer, Julia Schmidt, Kristina Seibel, Shimita Sikdar, Johannes Josef Tebbe, Phil-Robin Tepasse, Philipp Thelen, Maria J.G.T. Vehreschild, and Christina Weismantel are representatives of the NAPKON and NUKLEUS infrastructure. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval
This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. For the NAPKON-SUEP, a primary ethics vote was obtained at the Ethics Committee of the Department of Medicine at Goethe University Frankfurt (local ethics ID approval 20-924). All further study sites received their local ethics votes at the respective ethics commissions. The NAPKON-SUEP is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04768998). Approval for this study was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Medicine at Goethe University Frankfurt (local ethics ID approval 2021-350).
Consent to participate
Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.