Smart Integration in Agriculture: an Arduino-driven Rice Grain Dryer for Optimal Post-harvest Management

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3856658/v1

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Smart Integration in Agriculture: an Arduino-driven Rice Grain Dryer for Optimal Post-harvest Management

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3856658/v1

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In the field of agriculture, the post-harvest stage often presents a multitude of obstacles that have the potential to undermine the quality and longevity of the crop. One of the primary obstacles in rice production is the effective drying of rice grains, which is crucial for preventing problems such as mold growth, discoloration, and unintentional germination. To tackle this issue, we propose an innovative solution: a rice grain drying system driven by an Arduino microcontroller. This device effectively combines technology accuracy with agricultural needs. The system is equipped with a very precise temperature sensor to maintain a uniform drying environment, fluctuating within the range of 50 to 60 degrees Celsius. The use of a nichrome heater, selected for its consistent and dependable heat production, is complemented by an air blower to ensure the even distribution of heat throughout the drying chamber. One notable characteristic of this invention is its significant drying capacity of 50 kilograms in each operation. The effectiveness of the product was verified by a rigorous testing process. A batch of glutinous rice weighing 25 kilograms, initially containing 25.5% moisture, was successfully reduced to 13.5% moisture content within a time frame of 125 minutes. In a similar vein, a batch of grains weighing 40 kilograms, which had just undergone threshing, had a moisture content of 22% initially. Remarkably, this batch achieved the desirable moisture level of 14% within a mere two-hour timeframe. This innovative technology not only provides a resolution to the difficulties faced in post-harvest processes but also signifies a fundamental change in thinking, introducing a fresh era where intelligent technology seamlessly integrates with traditional agricultural methods.

Agricultural Engineering

Arduino-Microcontroller

Post-Harvest Management

Rice Grain Drying

Nichrome Heater

Optimal Moisture Content

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a crucial staple crop that provides sustenance for around two-thirds of the global population and satisfies 21% of the world's caloric requirements. Rice stands as the preeminent food crop globally, holding paramount importance about human consumption. Based on statistics provided by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), it may be shown that the rates of abdicate rise for the primary cereal crops are exhibiting a downward trend. Rice, as a crop, has heightened vulnerability to substantial yield reductions, particularly in instances when tropical storms occur during the critical period of harvest readiness. In the absence of prompt intervention, it is quite probable that the harvested grain will exhibit diminished quality, perhaps leading to a complete detriment for the farmer. Given the unfavorable weather conditions, farmers who managed to harvest their rice before the storm would inevitably face the risk of spoiling, since they would be unable to dry the grains. The Philippines has been recognized as one of the country’s most vulnerable to the detrimental impacts of climate change. Drying refers to the procedure of decreasing the moisture content of grains to a level that is deemed suitable for storage purposes. Following the completion of rice harvesting, the drying process assumes paramount importance. According to IRRI (2013), the quality of grain may be negatively affected due to delays in the drying process, partial drying, or insufficient drying. The use of automatic grain drier machines is of utmost importance in addressing the challenges faced by communities during typhoons, as they play a vital role in enabling rice farmers to maintain the production of high-yield and high-quality rice under such adverse conditions. There exists a need to develop a rice post-harvest innovation that is more sensitive to climatic conditions, to expedite the processing of rice grains impacted by typhoons and mitigate, intending to expedite the processing of rice grains impacted by typhoons and mitigate the risk of excessive moisture or wetness. Although grains with high moisture levels, the rapid respiration of components results in elevated temperatures, which may potentially lead to a decline in quality. Numerous studies have been conducted on the drying process of high-moisture grain; however, none of these studies have specifically addressed the integration of grain care practices to optimize time use.

In the context of the Philippines, the conventional method for drying rice grain involves the practice of dispersing it over the earth's surface, therefore exposing it to the influences of solar radiation, air currents, and precipitation. The process of conventional drying typically spans a duration of 3 to 8 days, with its efficacy being heavily contingent upon the quantity of sunlight available. The sun plays a crucial role in supplying a substantial and limitless amount of heat that facilitates the evaporation of moisture from the grain. Concurrently, the wind velocity aids in the removal of the evaporating moisture. Grains undergo rapid degradation, especially in tropical environments, because of elevated levels of humidity. The combination of dirt and stones with rice grains, when dried on the ground, has the potential to impact the quality of the rice and result in milling quality issues. The efficacy of sun drying is compromised during the rainy season, as it may lead to undesirable outcomes such as delays, incomplete drying, or uneven drying. These unfavorable conditions might potentially result in a reduction of both the quality and quantity of rice grain, amounting to around 3 to 5 percent loss (Hodges et al., 2011). Moreover, it has been shown that insect damage exhibits higher levels of activity as the moisture content increases. Consequently, the production of rice of worse quality is seen.

The use of the Arduino microcontroller and sensor technologies has significant importance in the development of systems aimed at enhancing efficiency in daily life. The development of a machine that can effectively dry rice grain, therefore reducing grain deterioration, minimizing post-harvest losses, and improving overall quality, may be advantageous for rice farmers. This machine operates independently of solar heat, requiring less labor and working hours. The prototype's design offers enhanced accessibility to small-scale rice producers in comparison to other currently available rice dryers, owing to its mobility. The use of a microcontroller-based rice grain drier is proposed as a viable substitute for traditional drying methodologies. The fan facilitates the transfer of hot air emitted by the heater into the container, therefore establishing a consistent heat supply for the rice grains. One advantage of this drying method is the inclusion of a temperature sensor and controller, which effectively regulates and sustains the temperature inside the drying chamber.

The primary aim of this study is to develop a rice grain drier using a microcontroller as its core component. The primary objective of this study is to develop a technology that effectively mitigates the issue of excessive moisture content in rice grains. A software application should be developed to regulate the temperature inside the drying chamber. The objective of this study is to evaluate the operational effectiveness of the drying system that is based on a microcontroller.

The findings derived from this research will be advantageous to rice farmers within the local community, as they may use the information to effectively mitigate post-harvest losses by improving their rice drying techniques. The prototype exhibits high portability and is equipped with a distribution utility, hence facilitating convenient accessibility for rice growers. This study may serve as a valuable resource for future researchers and engineering students, providing guidance for their investigations, and facilitating the dissemination of information about the design and optimization of grain dryers. This study will function as a point of reference and a source of inspiration for future students who want to undertake similar investigations.

The present endeavor is a preliminary model of a microcontroller-driven apparatus designed to provide aid to rice cultivators in addressing post-harvest challenges, particularly on the drying process and the transportation of freshly threshed grains from the field to the designated drying location. The prototype has a limited capacity of 50 kg of rice grains in each batch. The functionality of the prototype is contingent upon the availability of electricity from the distribution utility. The experimental investigation will be carried out at Bitnong, Dupax del Norte, Nueva Vizcaya, where the researchers will collect the output data generated by the machine. This research project allows for the participation of students, small-scale rice producers, and innovators. This document may be used by individuals to examine the extent, objectives, and trajectory of the research. Most of the study conducted focuses on those who are involved in the practice of rice growing.

Methodology Flow Chart

Figure 1 depicts the methodologies and procedures used throughout the development process of the system. The research process starts with the formulation of a concept design, whereupon the researchers undertake the development of a prototype design. The subsequent step involves the fabrication of the physical components of the prototype following with the conceptual design. The third phase involves software development, during which the researchers will develop a program that facilitates the collaboration between the microcontroller and the sensors to achieve their intended objectives. The subsequent phase involves doing prototype testing. If the prototype lacks functionality, it becomes essential to do the calibration and testing of its components, subsequently reverting to the second stage of the process. If the prototype is in a state of operation, then it can be concluded that the prototype of the Microcontroller-based rice grain drier is in a working condition.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 2 presents the Conceptual Framework of the Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer system. This system is characterized by its complexity and may be comprehensively analyzed using the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model. The system requires a combination of specialist expertise, software, and hardware in terms of inputs. Essential knowledge inputs include a high level of expertise in programming using Arduino IDE and a comprehensive comprehension of electronic and electrical components. These competencies are crucial for effectively controlling the intricate relationships within the dryer system. The Arduino IDE serves as the major software input, playing a crucial role in programming the Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, which functions as the central processing unit of the system. The hardware inputs encompass a wide array of components, spanning from the Arduino Mega 2560 to a multitude of elements such as a circuit breaker, AC induction motor, solid state and mechanical relay modules, a rectifier, ULN2003A relay driver, an LCD, a buzzer, the DS18B20 temperature sensor, a tungsten halogen heater, and the mechanical constituents of the drying chamber, including blowers, fans, and metal barrels.

The process phase of the system includes the activities of design, assembly, and testing. The design phase includes the creation of conceptual diagrams, block diagrams, detailed designs, process flowcharts, and component layouts. Each of these elements serves a distinct role in conceptualizing and strategizing the functioning and construction of the dryer. The construction process encompasses many key steps, including constructing the frame, erecting the drying chamber and control panel, carefully connecting the motor, blower, heater, and exhaust fan via wire, and ultimately uploading the software to the microcontroller. The stage involves the conversion of abstract conceptual designs into a concrete and operational system. The testing step is of utmost importance, as it entails comprehensive evaluations of the performance of electrical and electronic components, as well as real drying experiments conducted using various types of rice. These tests are conducted to ensure that the system performs with optimal efficiency and effectiveness.

The outcome of this comprehensive procedure is the advanced Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer. The output is distinguished by its capacity to effectively and evenly desiccate various varieties of rice, its energy efficiency, and the overall satisfaction of users. The interface of the dryer, particularly the LCD and control system, has been intentionally designed to prioritize simplicity of use and clarity, therefore guaranteeing a user-friendly experience. Furthermore, it is of utmost importance that the system maintains a high level of safety and dependability since it must adhere to rigorous requirements to guarantee consistent and secure functioning for extended periods of use. In brief, the IPO framework elucidates the Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer as a sophisticated system that adeptly incorporates technical expertise, software, and hardware, yielding a remarkably efficient, dependable, and user-centric apparatus for rice drying.

System Block Diagram

The block diagram of the device is seen in Fig. 3. The term "connection" refers to the act of linking or joining all electrical components in a unified manner. The system operates on a grid-connected network, using a 220-volt alternating current. The primary source is electrically linked to the line terminal of the circuit breaker. The load side of the circuit breaker is linked to both the AC to DC-converter and the four relays. The motor, blower, exhaust, and heater components are each linked to their respective relays. The solid-state relay (SSR) is electrically coupled to the ULN2003A relay driver. The Arduino Mega 2560 is supplied with power via the use of a buck converter, which converts a 12-volt direct current (DC) input to a 5-volt DC output. The Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller is coupled to a liquid crystal display (LCD) with dimensions of 20x4, a buzzer, and a temperature sensor.

Schematic Diagram

The electrical configuration of the Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer, as seen in Fig. 4, showcases a complex and accurately planned structure that effectively integrates safety, control, and efficiency aspects into its functioning. The fundamental basis of its power management system revolves around a 220-volt alternating current (AC) supply, which is often used in high-power scenarios. This source supplies electricity to a network of circuit breakers that are joined via the use of jumper wires. The configuration not only guarantees a consistent supply of electrical energy but also incorporates a crucial safety feature, enabling the segregation of various elements within the system as required.

The design effectively segregates several functional modules in terms of component control. The first circuit breaker is connected to a relay, which in turn is connected to the heater. This configuration demonstrates a deliberate and safety-oriented strategy for regulating the vital heating component of the dryer. In a like manner, the intermediate circuit breaker establishes a connection with a solid-state relay, facilitating the transmission of electrical energy to the electric motor, presumably responsible for operating the blower and exhaust fan. The division of control into segments enables accurate operation of individual components, which is crucial in a system where the regulation of temperature and airflow plays a vital role. The circuit breaker located on the rightmost side is responsible for connecting to the output of a rectifier and an additional relay. This configuration is designed to provide DC power to components that need it, demonstrating a conscientious approach to power conversion and management within the system.

The Arduino Mega 2560 exhibits a prominent position due to its comprehensive integration and functional capabilities. Utilizing a buck converter, the voltage is effectively reduced to a safe and controllable 5V DC, which is deemed appropriate for the microcontroller. The use of certain digital pins on the Arduino enables the establishment of connections with different relays, therefore enabling programmable control over the blower, exhaust, and heating components. This integration of automation and accuracy significantly enhances the operational capabilities of the dryer. Moreover, the use of the ULN2003A driver exemplifies a sophisticated strategy for power management, enabling the Arduino to establish a connection with larger current loads that it would be incapable of directly handling.

The integration of user interaction and feedback methods is effectively implemented. The liquid crystal display (LCD), which is linked to the Arduino using conventional communication ports, functions as an informational interface for the user. Simultaneously, the temperature sensor provides essential data to the microcontroller, guaranteeing that the drying process takes place under ideal circumstances. The incorporation of a buzzer, which is connected to the Arduino microcontroller, adds an audible element to the user interface, therefore notifying users about certain conditions or concerns inside the system.

The design of this Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer demonstrates an interconnected integration of electrical engineering concepts, safety concerns, and a focus on user-centric design. The system demonstrates a systematic approach to the allocation of power, management of components, and contact with users. These actions are concentrated around the Arduino Mega 2560, which serves as the central processing unit of the system, effectively coordinating each element with accuracy and dependability. This setup not only improves the functionality of the system but also guarantees its efficient and user-friendly operation.

Process Flow Chart

The process flow shown in Fig. 5 of the Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer demonstrates a methodical and organized approach, with a focus on optimizing operating efficiency, ensuring safety, and enhancing user comfort. The procedure starts with the first step of establishing a connection between the plug and the power source, then triggering the circuit breaker. The first phase in the process is of utmost importance as it serves to activate the system. If the system fails to power on, the recommended procedure suggests examining the power source and plug, using a pragmatic strategy to address any power connection problems. After being initiated, the system follows a recurring pattern in which the heater, blower, and motor are repeatedly engaged at intervals of 15 seconds. The constant temperature and airflow inside the drying chamber are ensured by the recurring activation that forms the basis of the control logic of the dryer.

The regulation of temperature plays a pivotal role in the process. If the interior temperature reaches or falls below 50 degrees Celsius, the system will ensure that both the blower and heater remain operational, therefore creating an optimal atmosphere to facilitate effective drying. In contrast, if the temperature is above 60 degrees Celsius, the system initiates the deactivation of the heater and blower while simultaneously activating the exhaust fan. The reaction serves as a crucial safety mechanism, effectively mitigating the risk of overheating and ensuring the maintenance of a regulated drying environment.

The length of the drying process is set to two hours, at which point the heater is off, indicating the start of the chilling phase. The inclusion of a 15-minute cooling period is necessary to systematically decrease the temperature of both the rice and the whole system. This practice is crucial for maintaining safety measures and preserving the integrity of the dried product. The procedure is completed by an auditory notification emitted by the buzzer, indicating the end of the cooling phase. This functionality improves user engagement by alerting the operator when the drying process has concluded, indicating that the rice is now prepared for further manipulation. The process flow shown in Fig. 6 exemplifies a well-considered equilibrium between automated control for optimum drying and safety concerns, with the aim of improving the user experience with the rice grain drier.

As shown in Fig. 6, the suggested grain dryer system is an advanced assembly intended for agricultural applications. Its major purpose is to lower the moisture content of grains, which is an essential step for storage and quality maintenance. An Arduino Mega microcontroller, acting as the system's central processing unit, is at its core. This microprocessor manages the whole drying process, regulating fans, motors, and temperature sensors to provide an automated and efficient drying procedure. A 2004A 20x4 LCD is included to improve user engagement and enable real-time monitoring and changes of factors like humidity and temperature.

The circuit breaker and buck converter, which prevent electrical overloads and change voltage levels, respectively, show how important electrical safety and efficiency are to this design. Heaters and other high-power devices are handled by a solid-state relay, which serves as an efficient interface between them and the low-power microcontroller. With an AC-to-DC converter, power conversion for DC components is made easier.

The dryer's mechanical component is a 220V, 3HP AC motor, which is essential for powering fans or augers that facilitate efficient airflow and grain movement within the drier. A waterproof DS18B20 temperature sensor continuously measures the system's temperature, giving crucial information for preserving ideal drying conditions. The movement of heated air and outgoing moisture-laden air is facilitated by carefully positioned exhaust fans and stainless-steel air blowers, which are essential to the drying process.

The dryer's sturdy exterior is made of galvanized sheets, angle bars, and flat bars that combine to create a long-lasting cage that holds all the parts. A metal barrel that has been altered to function as the drying chamber for the grains is the focal point of this construction. The temperature sensor makes sure that the ideal conditions are maintained, and the 1300W heating element is positioned to heat the air entering this chamber.

To help with consistent drying, additional mechanical components such as shafting and pulleys may be added to stir the grains. Relay drivers and single-channel relay modules, which interface with the microcontroller effortlessly, are used to manage high-power equipment like the heater and motor.

Under operation, the heater, fans, and motor are all controlled by the microcontroller in response to input from the sensors to facilitate the drying process. The system is built with consistent drying in mind, with a focus on little human intervention and energy economy. For safety and effectiveness, regular maintenance is crucial. This includes checking electrical connections, cleaning air filters, and making sure mechanical elements are functioning and well-lubricated. All things considered, this design combines mechanical, electrical, and control technologies to provide an automated grain drying system that is very effective.

Relationship between Moisture content and Time

The graphical depiction in Fig. 7 illustrates the decline in moisture content of sticky rice over a while when subjected to the drying process facilitated by the Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer. The graph shows a dramatic decrease in moisture content during the first 25 minutes, with a substantial drop from 25.5–16.5%. A significant decrease in moisture content is often seen during the first phase of the drying process, which may be attributed to the substantial difference in moisture levels between the rice and the surrounding drying conditions. As the process of drying advances, it is anticipated that the graph will depict a deceleration in the rate of moisture reduction. The phenomenon is characterized by incremental decreases of 1% and subsequently 0.5% at regular intervals of 25 minutes, which signifies the slow progression towards the rice's state of equilibrium moisture content.

The graph may also provide insights into the impact of intermittent opening of the drying chamber to conduct moisture checks. These operations may result in a decrease in moisture reduction during these periods, suggesting a temporary decrease in the effectiveness of drying due to the disruption in the regulated environment of the chamber. However, it can be seen from the graph that the moisture content reaches a steady state of 13.5% after 125 minutes, thus highlighting the overall effectiveness of the drier.

The presented figure not only validates the drying capability of the system but also underscores the impact of operating techniques on the efficiency of the drying process. The findings indicate that continuous drying may result in comparable levels of moisture reduction within a shorter timeframe, underscoring the need to maintain a constant drying environment to achieve optimal efficiency. The present graphical analysis provides valuable insights into the kinetics of the drying process for rice, as well as the necessary operational changes that must be made.

To support these findings, it is advantageous to cite relevant works such as "Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Drying Kinetics of Paddy Rice" authored by Golmohammadi et. al in 2016. The investigation conducted by the researchers focuses on analyzing the drying properties of paddy rice under different environmental circumstances. This study agrees with the original findings of quick moisture reduction. Likewise, the deceleration of the drying rate as the rice approaches its state of equilibrium moisture content, seen during the latter phases of the drying procedure in your study, is also corroborated by their research results.

A further relevant research article titled "The Impact of Drying Temperature and Grain Variety on the Rate of Drying Paddy Rice" was authored by Xu et al. (2022). This study offers a comparative analysis of the responses shown by different rice cultivars when subjected to diverse drying circumstances, hence providing additional contextual information to the obtained results.

By comparing the findings with the research, a full comprehension of the efficiency and efficacy of the drying system may be attained. These investigations provide a theoretical basis for the observed drying kinetics in this research, validating the first quick moisture decrease and the subsequent slower drying rate. This serves to enhance the reliability and comprehensiveness of your findings.

Energy Consumption of the System

The graphical representation in Fig. 8 illustrates the energy use data for the drying of typical rice grains. The data was collected at regular 5-minute intervals over the whole drying process. The data on energy use shows a consistent upward trend at regular 5-minute intervals. The energy usage during the drying period starts at 0.11 kWh and gradually increases to 2.94 kWh. The increments in energy usage are as follows: 0.234 kWh, 0.364 kWh, 0.487 kWh, 0.615 kWh, 0.744 kWh, 0.807 kWh, 0.943 kWh, 1.07 kWh, 1.177 kWh, 1.313 kWh, 1.437 kWh, 1.576 kWh, 1.696 kWh, 1.836 kWh, 1.951 kWh, 2.076 kWh, 2.19 kWh, 2.313 kWh, 2.451 kWh, 2.568 kWh, 2.699 kWh, 2.827 kWh. After the conclusion of a drying cycle of 2 hours, the energy use throughout the successive chilling periods of 5 minutes each is documented as 2.958 kWh, 2.978 kWh, and ultimately 3 kWh, correspondingly. The numbers provide a comprehensive analysis of the energy demands associated with both the drying and chilling stages of the operation.

The integration of the Arduino microcontroller into the rice drying process represents a significant advancement in agricultural technology, namely in the critical post-harvest stage. This system utilizes a DS18B20 temperature sensor to provide accurate monitoring and control of the temperature in the drying environment. This degree of control is crucial in minimizing frequent post-harvest concerns like mold development or unintended germination owing to inappropriate drying temperatures.

Another important component in the system is the use of a tungsten halogen heater. The tungsten halogen heater offers a reliable and even heat source, which sets it apart from other drying techniques. Uniformity is essential to provide equal drying of all rice grains, hence reducing the occurrence of partly dried grains that might result in a decline in quality.

Moreover, the inclusion of a blower and exhaust fan facilitates the dispersion of heat and the elimination of humid air from the drying chamber. This not only enhances the effectiveness of the drying process but also leads to a more consistent drying environment. The integration of these components enables a rapid decrease in moisture levels in rice batches, which is crucial for maintaining the quality and durability of the stored grain.

The system's capacity to process up to 50 kg each operation makes it adaptable and suitable for rice fields of different sizes. This scalability is vital for its adoption in many agricultural contexts, from small family farms to major commercial enterprises.

To summarize, this rice grain drier, which is controlled by an Arduino, demonstrates the capability of incorporating intelligent technology into agriculture. Compared to older techniques, it enables a more efficient, regulated, and quality-consistent drying process. This technological breakthrough not only boosts the quality of the rice but also has the potential to raise the overall efficiency and profitability of rice cultivation by minimizing losses associated with poor post-harvest management.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Smart Integration in Agriculture: an Arduino-driven Rice Grain Dryer for Optimal Post-harvest Management

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Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Methodology

Methodology Flow Chart

Conceptual Framework

System Block Diagram

Schematic Diagram

Process Flow Chart

Results and Discussions

Relationship between Moisture content and Time

Energy Consumption of the System

Conclusion

References

Additional Declarations

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