A cumulative sum of 9,140 immature Culicidae forms, comprising 6,817 eggs and 168 rafts, was recorded through ovitrap and BR-OVT collections, respectively (Table 1). Concerning adult collections, a total of 742 individuals were procured, with 474 captured by CDC traps and 268 via aspirations, spanning the two designated study areas (Table 1). Identification efforts revealed a total of 4,431 adult mosquitoes, encompassing 26 species across 8 genera (Aedes, Aedeomyia, Culex, Coquilletide, Linatus, Mansonia, Uranotaenia, and Wyeomyia) (Table 2).
Table 1
Total of eggs and rafts according to location at all sampling points in the Obra de Maria condominium.
Location | N | Minimum | Maximum | Sum | Median | Mean | Standard deviation | p-value |
Total eggs | | | | | | | | |
Building | 56 | 0 | 921 | 9.633 | 77.00 | 172.02 | 225.07 | |
Ecotone | 20 | 0 | 5624 | 17,125 | 227.00 | 856.25 | 1615.09 | 0.022 |
OVT (eggs) | | | | | | | | |
Building | 28 | 0 | 921 | 6,817 | 179.00 | 243.46 | 253.03 | |
Ecotone | 10 | 69 | 501 | 2,155 | 223.50 | 215.50 | 136.41 | 0.832 |
BR-OVT (eggs) | | | | | | | | |
Building | 28 | 0 | 563 | 2,816 | 0.00 | 100.57 | 169.05 | |
Ecotone | 10 | 0 | 5624 | 14,970 | 561.50 | 1497.00 | 2139.13 | 0.018 |
BR-OVT (rafts) | | | | | | | | |
Building | 28 | 0 | 10 | 45 | 0.00 | 1.61 | 2.74 | |
Ecotone | 10 | 0 | 46 | 123 | 5.00 | 12.30 | 17.24 | 0.026 |
Total adults | | | | | | | | |
Building | 177 | 0 | 181 | 1,403 | 1.00 | 7.93 | 19.72 | |
Ecotone | 83 | 0 | 605 | 3,028 | 3.00 | 36.48 | 94.85 | < 0.001 |
ASPIRATION (adults) | | | | | | | | |
Building | 83 | 0 | 20 | 142 | 0.00 | 1.71 | 3.85 | |
Ecotone | 28 | 1 | 20 | 126 | 2.00 | 4.50 | 5.10 | < 0.001 |
BR-OVT (adults) | | | | | | | | |
Building | 15 | 0 | 181 | 439 | 0.00 | 29.27 | 51.07 | |
Ecotone | 10 | 0 | 487 | 1,172 | 43.50 | 117.20 | 166.39 | 0.311 |
CDC (adults) | | | | | | | | |
Building | 31 | 1 | 66 | 392 | 4.00 | 12.65 | 17.53 | |
Ecotone | 24 | 1 | 19 | 82 | 2.00 | 3.42 | 4.85 | 0.052 |
OVT (adults) | | | | | | | | |
Building | 48 | 0 | 80 | 430 | 0.50 | 8.96 | 15.10 | |
Ecotone | 21 | 1 | 605 | 1,648 | 34.00 | 78.48 | 128.50 | < 0.001 |
Table 2
Number of adult mosquitoes identified at all sampling points in the Obra de Maria condominium
Species | | N | Minimum | Maximum | Sum | Median | Mean | Standard deviation | p-value |
Ad. squamipennis | | 1 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20.00 | 20.00 | - | < 0.001 |
Ae. (Och.) sp. | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Ae. aegypti | | 52 | 0 | 29 | 104 | 0.00 | 2.40 | 5.78 |
Ae. albopictus | | 97 | 0 | 289 | 973 | 3.00 | 20.21 | 41.79 |
Ae. fulvithorax | | 3 | 1 | 10 | 12 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 5.20 |
Ae. scapularis | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Ae. terrens | | 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5.00 | 5.00 | - |
Cx. (Aedinus) sp. | | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
Cx. (Cux.) coronator | | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 0.71 |
Cx. (Cux.) declarator | | 2 | 4 | 86 | 90 | 45.00 | 45.00 | 57.98 |
Cx. (Cux.) nigripalpus | | 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 2.50 | 2.50 | 2.12 |
Cx. (Cux.) quinquefasciatus | | 78 | 0 | 605 | 2,708 | 6.00 | 47.95 | 101.27 |
Cx. (Cux.) sp. | | 11 | 1 | 42 | 67 | 1.00 | 6.09 | 12.11 |
Cx. (Mcx.) aureus | | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.00 | 2.00 | - |
Cx. (Mcx.) group pleuristriatus | | 3 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 1.00 |
Cx. (Mel.) contei | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Cx. (Mel.) ribeirensis | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Cx. (Mel.) melanoconion section | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Cq. hermanoi | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Cq. juxtamansonia | | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
Cq. venezuelensis | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Li. durhami | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Ma. wilsoni | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Ur. geometrica | | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.00 | 2.00 | - |
Uranotaenia sp. | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - |
Wy. confusa. | | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
In the ecotone area, a total of 2,155 eggs were collected in the ovitraps; 123 rafts on BR-OVT; 82 adult mosquitoes in CDC-type traps and 126 by aspiration (Fig. 1). In the man-made area, 9,633 eggs were collected in the ovitraps; 45 rafts on BR-OVT; 392 adult mosquitoes in CDC-type traps and 142 by aspiration (Fig. 1).
The predominant mosquito species in the collections were Culex quinquefasciatus (2,708 individuals, constituting 67.4% of the total mosquitoes), Ae. albopictus (973, 24.2%), and Ae. aegypti (104, 2.6%) (Table 2). The spatial distribution of captured mosquitoes was systematically analyzed based on collection points, focusing on the most frequently captured species (Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus), as well as those of primary public health concern (Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus) (Fig. 2). The genera Aedes and Culex made substantial contributions to the overall taxonomic diversity observed in the two study areas. Noteworthy species within these genera included, among others, Ad. squamipennis, Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. fulvithorax, Ae. terrens, Cx. (Cux.) declarator, Cx. (Cux.) nigripalpus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Cx. (Mcx.) group pleuristriatus (Fig. 2/Table 2).
A total of 4,431 adult mosquitoes were taxonomically identified across the two designated collection areas, with eight species exhibiting prominent dominance in both regions (p < 0.001) (Table 3). In the anthropogenic area characterized by constant human presence, a greater diversity of species affiliated with the Aedes and Culex genera was observed. Active searching through aspiration (52.9%) and CDC traps (82.7%) facilitated the collection of distinct species cohabiting the same environment. Among Aedes species, Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. (Och.) sp. were identified. Within the genus Culex, notable species included Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. nigripalpus, Cx. (Cux.) sp., along with representatives from the Cx (Mcx.) pleuristriatus group and Cx (Mcx.) aureus. Other genera represented included Aedeomyia squamipennis, Coquillettidia venezuelensis, Cq. juxtamansonia, Cq. hermanoi, and Mansonia wilsoni (Table 4). Ovitraps (75.9%) and BR-OVT (26.8%) yielded a more limited species diversity, primarily consisting of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Cx. (Cux.) sp (Table 4).
In the ecotone, an elevated abundance of Ae. albopictus was evident, captured through three CDC traps (17.3%), aspiration (52.9%), ovitraps (24.1%), and BR-OVT (73.2%). Additional Aedes species observed included Ae. aegypti, Ae. fulvithorax (aspiration; ovitrap), Ae. (Och.) scapularis (aspiration), and Ae. terrens (ovitrap). Culex species were also identified using various collection methods such as CDC trap, aspiration, BR-OVT, and ovitrap, encompassing Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. (Cux.) declarator, Cx. (Cux.) coronator, Cx. (Cux.) sp., Cx. (Cux.) nigripalpus, Cx. (Aedinus sp.), Cx. (Mel.) ribeirensis, Cx. (Mel.) contei, Cx. (Mel.) seção melanoconion. Other genera represented in the ecotone included Limatus durhami, Mansonia wilsoni, Uranotaenia sp., Ur. geometrica, and Wyeomyi confusai, captured through CDC trap and aspiration (Table 4). The results highlight an evident diversity in species distribution in forested environments undergoing urban perturbance.
Table 3
Frequency of adult mosquitoes collected in Atlantic Forest in the Obra de Maria condominium.
Species | Female | Male | Total | p-value |
N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Cx. (Cux.) quinquefasciatus | 2,104 | 62.8 | 1,636 | 60.4 | 3,740 | 61.8 | < 0.001 |
Ae. albopictus | 1,080 | 32.2 | 880 | 32.5 | 1,960 | 32.4 |
Ae. aegypti | 63 | 1.9 | 62 | 2.3 | 125 | 2.1 |
Cx. (Cux.) declarator | 0 | 0.0 | 90 | 3.3 | 90 | 1.5 |
Cx. (Cux.) sp. | 66 | 2.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 67 | 1.1 |
Ad. squamipennis | 0 | 0.0 | 20 | 0.7 | 20 | 0.3 |
Ae. fulvithorax | 5 | 0.1 | 7 | 0.3 | 12 | 0.2 |
Cx. (Mcx.) grupo Pleuristriatus | 9 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | 0.1 |
Outras | 22 | 0.7 | 11 | 0.4 | 33 | 0.5 |
Total | 3,349 | 100.0 | 2,707 | 100.0 | 6,056 | 100.0 |
Table 4
Distribution of adult mosquitoes identified from those collected in ecotone and area modified by man, using different collection techniques in the Obra de Maria condominium.
| | Ecotone | Man-made area |
Taxonomic units | Method | Adults |
Ae. aegypti | CDC; AS; OVT | 36 | 68 |
Ae. albopictus | CDC; AS; OVT | 606 | 367 |
Ae. terrens | OVT | 5 | |
Ae. fulvithorax | AS; OVT | 12 | |
Ae. (Och)scapularis | AS | 1 | |
Ae. (Och.) sp | AS | | 1 |
Ad. squamipennis | AS | | 20 |
Cx. (Cux.) quinquefasciatus | CDC; AS; BR-OVT | 1,886 | 822 |
Cx. (Cux.) sp. | CDC; AS; BR-OVT | 20 | 47 |
Cx. (Aedinus) sp. | AS | 2 | |
Cx. (Cux.) declarator | OVT | 90 | |
Cx. (Cux.) coronator | AS | 3 | |
Cx. nigripalpus | CDC | 1 | 4 |
Cx. (Mcx.) group pleuristriatus | CDC | | 9 |
Cx. (Mcx.) aureus | CDC | | 2 |
Cx. (Mel.) ribeirensis | CDC | 1 | |
Cx. (Mel.) contei | CDC | 1 | |
Cx. (Mel.) melanoconion section | CDC | 1 | |
Cq. venezuelensis | CDC | | 1 |
Cq. hermanoi | CDC | | 1 |
Cq. juxtamansonia | CDC | | 2 |
Li. durhami | CDC | 1 | |
Ma. wilsoni | CDC | | 1 |
Uranotaenia sp. | AS | 1 | |
Ur. geométrica | CDC | 2 | |
Wy. confusa | CDC; AS | 2 | |
Total | | 2,671 | 1,345 |
* CDC: CDC light trap; AS: aspiration; OVT: ovitrap; BR-OVT: BR-OVT oviposition trap.