Effect of Humic Acid Applied With Farmyard Manure on Nutrients Use Efficiency and Wheat Yield

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3891565/v1

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Effect of Humic Acid Applied With Farmyard Manure on Nutrients Use Efficiency and Wheat Yield

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3891565/v1

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The use of chemical fertilizers for getting higher yield of crop imposes negative effects on soil properties. The application of organic amendments in combination with synthetic fertilizer to improve the growth of crop hence reduce its effect on soil has become imperative. A field experiment was carried out at research farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, to study the effect of Humic acid (HA) and farmyard manure (FYM) along with chemical fertilizers on N, P, and K use efficiency and yield of wheat crop during rabi 2020-21. Humic acid and FYM was applied at the rate of 10 kgha^-1 and 10 tons ha^-1 respectively while the source of nitrogen was applied at the rate of 90 kg ha^-1and 120 kg ha^-1, the source of phosphorous was applied at the rate of 60 kg ha^-1 and 90 kg ha^-1 and the source of potassium was applied at the rate of 45 kg ha^-1 and 60 kg ha^-1. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of HA and FYM along with different levels of synthetic fertilizers significantly improved plant height, biological yield and 1000-grain weight as compared to control. The results indicated that the application of synthetic fertilizers alone significantly increased grain yield from 2535 kg ha^-1 in control to 3495 kg ha^-1 that was further improved to 3717 kg ha^-1 when combined with HA and to 3949 kg ha^-1 when applied with FYM. The combined application of FYM and HA with 75% NPK resulted in higher yield than 100% NPK suggesting fertilizers reduction with improvement in yield. Furthermore, the study assessed the total nutrient uptake and use efficiency, indicating that FYM and HA application with NPK fertilizer enhanced the uptake of N, P, and K by wheat plants. Notably, the highest nutrient use efficiency was recorded in plots treated with FYM and HA along with 75% NPK fertilizer. These findings suggest the potential of integrated nutrient management practices to enhance wheat productivity and soil fertility.

Grain yield

biological yield

harvest index

nutrient use efficiency

extractable K

Fertilizers are necessary to increase crop growth (Usman, 2013). According to (Kalsoom et al., 2020) the essential plant nutrients play a vital role in the development and growth of plant. Nitrogen is an essential element of plant cellular material, amino acids, nucleic acid, and chlorophyll. It is a major macro-nutrient that significantly increases yield (Sher et al. 2019). Its availability at basic stages is very essential for the fulfillment of crop requirement (Slafer and Savin 2018; Rahman et al. 2019). According to (Zhang et al., 2015) the application of nitrogen improves the 1000 grain-weight, nitrogen use efficiency, protein level and production. Phosphorus is also an important macronutrient required by the plants and it improves the development of roots (Wang et al., 2021). The higher application of phosphorous fertilizer significantly increases the availability of P, improves phosphorous use efficiency, and also enhance crop yield (Swaney and Howarth, 2019). Potassium also required by the plants in large amount and it play a role in the biochemical and physiological processes (Khan et al., 2014). It creates resistance in plants against stresses such as temperature, drought, and diseases (Jat et al., 2013). Despite the fact that chemical fertilizers has tremendous potential of increasing yield by many folds but it has also serious hazardous effects on human health, environment and soil health. To reduce the harmful impact of chemical fertilizers we should focus on organic farming and can use organic manures as source of plant nutrients as an alternate source of chemical fertilizers.

In agricultural, organic amendments were used for the improvement of nutrients availability including green manures, farmyard manures. Farmyard manures are a significant source of nutrients supply also on smallholding farm areas. It is considered a valuable amendment and has positive impact on soil (Fageria, 2012). According to the (Ramborun et al., 2021), it provide nutrients and also play a vital role in enhancing water holding capacity and improving soil condition for the growth of crops. It develops root strength, increases mineral uptake and improves chlorophyll synthesis, favorable seed germination, and enhances fertilizer maintenance. Organic manures improve soil condition physically, chemically and biologically. And provides essential micro-nutrients, reduce the toxic effect of acidity, salinity and alkalinity on crop growth. The application of farmyard manure enhance the concentration of nitrogen is soil (Bankoti et al. 2021).

Humic substances are the constituents of organic materials that are commonly available in soils, rivers, oceans, and coal sites and derived from the natural sources of peat, leonardiate and lignite (Purwanto et al., 2021). Humic acid is formed due to the chemical and biological humification process of animal and plant residues with the help of soil microorganisms. Humic acid improves plant growth, properties of soil, enhances soil fertility and CEC (Dawood et al., 2019). It has an effective impact on the enhancement of cytokinin and auxin content and it also improves plant metabolic activity (Barkat et al., 2015). The application of humic acid contributes the biotic and abiotic processes that significantly improves microbial respiration, xenobiotic transformation, enhances soil fertility and reduces the concentration of heavy metals (Lee et al., 2019). The availability of P to plant becomes more convenient due to the presence of phosphorous containing substances at acidic soil environment (Yoon et al., 2020). The foliar application of humic acid stimulates the plant parameters like spike length and number, number of grains and 1000 grain weight (Khandil et al., 2016). Humic acid play a significant role in improving wheat yield and is used to meliorate or decrease the negative impact of stress (Azarpour et al., 2012). According to (Burhan and AL-Taey, 2018), the amendment of humic acid is a pollution free technique of agricultural. It is formed due to the decomposition of animal and plant materials that improves soil physically, chemically, increase plant metabolism and physiological parameters (Aziz et al., 2014).

Wheat is a major crop that is cultivated worldwide on a total area of 220 million hectares with an estimated yield of 750 million tons (Tadesse et al., 2018). Globally, the need of wheat crop is expected to be over 950 Mha^− 1 by the year of 2020. This demand of wheat can be attained by increasing the worldwide production at the rate of 2.5% per year (Bairwa et al. 2018). Wheat is one of the necessary food containing almost 20% of the protein and calories content and is essential originator of providing energy (FAOSTAT, 2015). After rice it is the most cultivated crop on many developing countries and about 80 million of farmer depends on wheat for their livelihood (Curtis, 2019). In Pakistan, wheat is cultivated over an area of 9.2039 Mha^− 1 with a production of 25.0861 million tons with an estimated yield of 2726 kg ha^− 1 and in KPK, it is cultivated on an area of 0.7325 Mha^− 1 having total production figure is 1.2599 million tons with a resulted yield of 1721 kg ha^− 1 (MINFSR, 2018-19). Since globally a huge population is dependent on wheat crop for their food and livelihood. Therefore, it is necessary to maximize wheat yield to bring prosperity and positive change in the socioeconomic life of masses belong to agriculture. Therefore this study was conducted with the aim to increase wheat yield in a sustainable way and to increase nutrient use efficiency to reduce the cost of production and improve the socio-economic condition of farming community.

This field experiment was conducted at Agriculture research farm of University of Agriculture Peshawar. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block design with split plot arrangement. The experiment was replicated thrice. The plot size to which the treatment was assigned was 3mx3m = 9m². Total 12 treatments were applied including inorganic fertilizers, FYM and humic acid. Three different levels (0, 75 and 100%) of the recommended NPK doses for wheat were applied to plots. Farmyard manure (FYM) was applied to some treatments at 10 t ha^− 1 Inorganic fertilizers were applied alone and in combination with FYM. The humic acid was applied at the rate of 10 Kg ha^− 1. Each treatment was applied alone and in combination with other treatments. The soil physio-chemical analysis before experiment is mentioned in Table 1. The experimental site was alkaline in nature having pH (7.63), consisting ECe values of (0.18 dSm^− 1), and deficient in organic matter (0.63%), soil total N (0.053%), soil P (4.39 mg Kg^− 1) and soil K (88.42 mg Kg^− 1).

The treatments description was;

Factor A: Humic acid, Farmyard manure

Factor B: 0, 75, 100% recommended levels of NPK

Table 1

Physico-chemical properties of the experimental field before research
Physio-chemical Properties	Units	Values
Sand	%	21.3
Silt	%	68.2
Clay	%	10.5
Texture class	-	Silt loam
Soil electrical conductivity	dSm^− 1	0.18
Soil pH	-	7.63
Soil organic matter	%	0.63
Soil total N	%	0.053
Soil P	mg kg^− 1	4.39
Soil K	mg kg^− 1	88.42

2.1 Soil laboratory analysis

The samples of soil were randomly collected from the experimental field with the help of auger. During samples collection, the samples were taken in the depth range of 0–15 cm and each sample was separately stored in a plastic bag and properly labeled. The samples were brought to the laboratory of the department of Soil and Environmental Sciences. All the samples were kept individually on a table for air drying purposes. After air drying the soil was sieved with 2 mm mesh and was used for soil analysis. The pH of the soil was determined by (Thomas, 1996) method. The electrical conductivity of the solution was determined by (Rhoades, 1996) method. The soil organic matter content was measured by Nelson and Sommers (1996) method. The soil total nitrogen was analyzed by Kjeldhal and Bremner (1982) method. The phosphorous in soil was determined by (Soltanpour and Schwab 1977) method. The potassium in soil was determined by (Soltanpour and schwab 1977) method.

2.2 Plant laboratory analysis

Determination of P and K in plant shoots by wet acid digestion method

The P and K content in plant shoot were determined by wet acid digestion method of (Soltanpour and Schawab method 1977). The total N content in plant shoots were determined by the procedure prescribed by Kjeldhal and Bremner (1982).

Nutrients uptake by plants

Nutrients uptake in plants was determined by using the following formula;

Uptake = dry biomass of plant x concentration of nutrient in plant

2.3 Agronomic Parameters

The following agronomic attributes like plant height, grain yield, grains per spike, grains weight, and plant dry biomass were studied during the experiment.

2.4 Statistical analysis

The experiment was designed in randomized complete block with two factorial arrangement and the data noted was subjected to analysis of variance technique. The means were compared by using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) techniques. The ANOVA and LSD were computed by using the computer statistical software Statistic 8.1 (Analytical Software, 1985–2005).

3.1 Plant agronomic parameter

The Fig. 1a showed that plant height was increased with the treatments of synthetic fertilizers. The maximum height of plant (94 cm) was obtained from plots that received FYM and HA with the incorporation of NPK fertilizers at 100%. It was noticed from the Fig. 1a that NPK fertilizer in different rates significantly enhanced plant height. The presented results in Fig. 1b showed that NPK fertilizers in combination with FYM and HA incorporation significantly enhanced 1000-grain weight of wheat. The maximum 1000-grain weight was recorded in the plots that were treated with FYM along with HA and 75% NPK fertilizer. The incorporation of NPK fertilizers also improved 1000-grain weight. The maximum 1000-grain weight (46 g) was noticed from the plots of 75% NPK. It was also reported from the Fig. 1b that the amendments incorporation significantly increased 1000-grain weight. Among the amendments, the highest value of 1000-grain (46 g) was noted in the plot treated with FYM and HA. The incorporation of FYM and HA application with different levels of NPK fertilizer intensified the number of grains spike^− 1 as mentioned in Fig. 1c. The application FYM + HA with 75% NPK result in maximum number of grains spike^− 1. It was also noticed from the outcome that 75% NPK amended plots produced similar grains spike^− 1 as NPK fertilizer at 100%. Among the application of amendments, the maximum number of grains spike^− 1 was obtained from the plots that was amended with both FYM + HA (Fig. 1c). The given data in the Fig. 1d indicates that the application of synthetic fertilizer had a significant effect on the improvement of grain yield. The amendment of FYM and HA in combination with NPK fertilizer positively increase grain yield of wheat. The mean data also shows the increase in grain yield with the application of NPK fertilizers. The maximum grain yield (3774 kg) was obtained from the plots that received 100% NPK. It was also documented that the incorporation of amendments in soil increased grain yield. Among the amendments, the highest value of grain yield (3756 kg) was noted in the plot that received both FYM and HA. The Fig. 1e showed that biological yield was substantially increased with the treatments of synthetic fertilizers. The highest biological yield of wheat (10370 kg) was obtained from plots that received FYM and HA with the incorporation of NPK fertilizers at 75%. It was also observed from Fig. 1e that NPK fertilizer in different rates significantly enhanced biological yield. Among different rates of NPK fertilizer, the maximum biological yield (9477 kg) was recorded in the plots that received 75% NPK fertilizer followed by 100% NPK application. Among the amendment’s incorporation, the maximum biological yield (9483 kg) was recorded from the plots treated with FYM and HA. The Fig. 1f showed that harvest index increased with incorporation of NPK fertilizers. The maximum harvest index (43%) was obtained from the plots that received the combine dose of FYM along with HA and 100% NPK fertilizer. The application of humic acid along with farmyard manure significantly affects the harvest index as compared to alone application of farmyard manure and humic acid. Among the application of amendments, the maximum harvest index (40%) was obtained from the plots that was amended with FYM and HA Fig. 1f.

3.2 Concentration of N, P and K in wheat straw

The incorporation of FYM and HA application with different levels of NPK fertilizer increased the concentration of nitrogen in wheat shoot as mentioned in Table 1. The maximum nitrogen concentration (0.89%) recorded in wheat shoot from the plot that received the combine dose of FYM + HA with 100% NPK fertilizer. The Application of NPK fertilizers, 100% resulted in maximum shoot N (0.83%) against 75% NPK fertilizer (0.76%) N contents of wheat straw. Among the different amendments sources, the maximum straw N content (0.75%) was noticed in plants that was treated with FYM and HA and was followed by sole application of FYM that produced (0.73%) straw N. The amendment of FYM and HA in combination with NPK fertilizer positively enhanced the concentration of P in wheat straw (Table 1). The maximum shoot P (0.24%) was observed in plants of the plots that were amended with FYM along with HA and NPK fertilizer at 100%. The mean data also showed the increase in straw P concentration with the application of NPK fertilizers. The maximum P content in wheat straw (0.19%) was obtained in the plants that received 100% NPK. Among the amendment’s sources, the maximum straw P (0.15%) was noted in the plot that received both FYM and HA, followed by alone application of FYM that produced (0.14%) of straw P. The NPK fertilizers in combination with FYM and HA significantly enhanced K concentration of wheat shoot (Table 1). The maximum data of K straw (2.46%) was recorded in the plants that was treated by FYM along with HA and 100% NPK fertilizer. The maximum straw K (2.41%) was noticed in the plants that were treated with 100% as against control and 75% NPK. It was also noted that the amendments incorporation also significantly increased straw K content. Among the amendments, the highest value of straw K (2.18%) was noted in plants that was treated with FYM and HA and followed by the sole application of FYM (Table 1).

3.3 Concentration of N, P and K in wheat grain

The incorporation of FYM and HA application with different levels of NPK fertilizer increased the nitrogen content in wheat grain as cited in Table 2. The maximum nitrogen content in wheat grain (2.40%) received from plot that incorporated with FYM + HA with 100% NPK fertilizer. The Application of NPK fertilizers, 100% resulted in maximum grain N (1.99%) against 75% NPK fertilizer (1.80%). Among the different amendment’s sources, the maximum grain N content (1.48%) was noticed in plants that was treated with FYM and HA and was followed by sole application of FYM that produced (1.36%) grain N. The amendment of FYM and HA in combination with NPK fertilizer positively enhanced the concentration of P in wheat grain (Table 2). The maximum grain P (0.21%) was observed in plants of the plots that were amended with FYM along with HA and NPK fertilizer at 100%. The mean data also showed the increase in grain P concentration with the application of NPK fertilizers. The maximum P content in wheat grain (0.15%) was obtained in the plants that received 100% NPK. Among the amendment’s sources, the maximum P content in wheat grain was noted in the plot that received both FYM and HA, followed by alone application of FYM. The NPK fertilizers in combination with FYM and HA significantly enhanced K concentration in wheat grain (Table 2). The maximum K content in wheat grain (0.96%) was recorded in the plants that was treated by FYM along with HA and 100% NPK fertilizer. The maximum grain K (0.74%) was noticed in the plants that were treated with 100% as against control and 75% NPK. It was also noted that the amendments incorporation also significantly increased K content in wheat grain (Table 2). Among the amendments, the highest value of grain K (0.67%) was noted in plants that was treated with FYM and HA and followed by the sole application of FYM (Table 2).

Table 2

Effect of FYM, HA and different rates of NPK fertilizer on wheat shoot and grains N, P and K.
	Shoot			Grains
Treatments	N	P	K	N	P	K
Control	0.68 i	0.11 h	2.09 g	1.12 j	0.12 g	0.52 h
FYM	0.73 gh	0.14 fg	2.15 f	1.36 h	0.14 ef	0.65 fg
Humic Acid	0.70 hi	0.13 g	2.13 f	1.23 i	0.13 fg	0.60 g
FYM + Humic acid	0.75 fg	0.15 ef	2.18 e	1.48 g	0.15 de	0.67 f
75% NPK	0.76 ef	0.17 e	2.28 d	1.80 f	0.14 ef	0.87 b
75% NPK + FYM	0.80 cd	0.20 cd	2.34 c	2.00 d	0.17 c	0.91 b
75% NPK + Humic acid	0.78 de	0.19 d	2.32 c	1.90 e	0.16 cd	0.89 b
75% NPK + FYM + Humic acid	0.82 bc	0.22 ab	2.41 b	2.17 c	0.19 b	0.96 a
100% NPK	0.83 b	0.19 d	2.33 c	1.99 d	0.15 de	0.74 e
100% NPK + FYM	0.87 a	0.21 bc	2.44 a	2.34 b	0.19 b	0.79 cd
100% NPK + Humic acid	0.84 b	0.20 cd	2.40 b	2.16 c	0.17 c	0.76 de
100% NPK + FYM + Humic acid	0.89 a	0.24 a	2.46 a	2.40 a	0.21 a	0.81 c
LSD Value _(0.05)	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.06	0.02	0.05

Means that share distinct letters within a column are significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different from one-another

3.4 Total Nutrient (N, P & K) Uptake

The given data in Table 3 indicates that the application of synthetic fertilizer had no significant effect on the enhancement of N total uptake, however the amendment of FYM and HA in combination with NPK fertilizer positively increase total uptake of N by wheat plants. The maximum total uptake of N (145 kg) was observed in the plots that were amended with FYM along with HA and NPK fertilizer at 100%. The mean data also shows the increase in total N uptake with the implementation of NPK fertilizers at different rates. The maximum N total uptake (114 kg) was obtained from the plants of the plots that received 100% NPK, followed by 75% NPK level that showed (89.5 kg). Among the amendments, the mean data showed the highest value (124 kg) for total N uptake in the plants of the plots that was amended with both FYM and HA. The data in Table 3 indicates that the application of synthetic fertilizer and amendments sources had a significant effect on total P uptake. The maximum total uptake of P (19.7 kg) was observed in the plots that were amended with FYM along with HA and NPK fertilizer at 100%. The mean data reveal the total P uptake is not significantly alter by NPK fertilizers application (Table 3). Among the amendments, the mean data showed the highest value (13 kg) for total N uptake in the plants of the plots that was amended with both FYM and HA. The documented data showed that total uptake of K was efficiently increased with the treatments (Table 3). The maximum total uptake of K by wheat plants (192 kg) was recorded in the plants of plots that received FYM and HA with the incorporation of NPK fertilizers at 75%. It was also noticed from the findings that NPK fertilizer in different doses significantly enhanced K total uptake by wheat plants. Among different application doses of NPK fertilizer, the highest total uptake of K (153 kg) was recorded in the plants of plots that were amended with 75% NPK fertilizer whereas the lowest K total uptake of wheat plants (142 kg). Among the amendment’s incorporation to soil, the maximum total uptake of K by wheat plants (140.2 kg) was measured in the plants that was treated with FYM along with HA application.

Table 3

Effect of FYM, HA and different rates of NPK fertilizer on total uptake of N, P and K.
Total Uptake (kg)
Treatments	N	P	K
Control	63.4 i	8.57 i	121.1 f
FYM	78.8 g	11.3 g	134.0 de
Humic Acid	72.0 h	9.90 h	131.0 e
FYM + Humic acid	89.5 f	13.0 f	140.2 d
75% NPK	95.0 f	14.6 e	153.0 c
75% NPK + FYM	122.3 c	17.2 c	171.0 b
75% NPK + Humic acid	102.0 e	16.8 cd	165.4 b
75% NPK + FYM + Humic acid	137.4 b	21.7 a	192.0 a
100% NPK	114.8 d	14.6 e	142.0 d
100% NPK + FYM	128.0 c	16.1 d	156.0 c
100% NPK + Humic acid	123.0 c	15.9 d	158.4 c
100% NPK + FYM + Humic acid	145.0 a	19.7 b	166.0 b
LSD Value _(0.05)	6.57	0.98	6.89

Means that share distinct letters within a column are significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different from one-another

3.5 Total Nutrient (N, P & K) Use Efficiency

The application of FYM and HA with NPK fertilizer significantly affected the use efficiency of N as mentioned in Table 4. The maximum data of N use efficiency (82.2%) was recorded in the plants of plots that were treated with FYM and HA along with 75% NPK fertilizer followed by 100% NPK with application of FYM and HA (59.7%) of N use efficiency by wheat plants. The incorporation of NPK fertilizers also significantly intensified the N use efficiency by wheat plants. The amendments incorporation also significantly increased N use efficiency by wheat plants. The incorporation of FYM and HA application with different levels of NPK fertilizer intensified the use efficiency of P (Table 4). The present P use efficiency was found similar for the sole application of synthetic fertilizer. However, when the synthetic fertilizer @ 75% mixed with FYM and HA increase the P use efficiency (32.8 5). The application of humic acid and farmyard manure significantly affects the use efficiency of P as compared to synthetic fertilizers. The application of FYM and HA with NPK fertilizer significantly influence the use efficiency of K as mentioned in Table 4. The maximum K use efficiency (157.7%) was recorded in the plants of plots that were treated with FYM and HA along with 75% NPK fertilizer followed by 75% NPK with application of FYM (110.1%) of K use efficiency by wheat plants. The synthetic fertilizer application drastically increases the K use efficiency.

3.6 Soil indicators after experiment

The incorporation of FYM and HA NPK fertilizer significantly influence soil pH after experiment as mentioned in Table 5. The maximum pH of the soil (7.84) in the plots that received the combine dose of FYM and HA with 100% NPK fertilizer. The increase in synthetic fertilizer application raises soil PH. The application of humic acid along with farmyard manure significantly affects soil pH as compared to alone application of farmyard manure and humic acid. Soil total N content after experiment was observed to increase with incorporation of NPK fertilizers. The highest soil total nitrogen content (0.126%) was observed in the plots that received the combine dose of FYM + HA with 100% NPK fertilizer. Among different NPK fertilizers incorporation, the maximum data for soil total nitrogen (0.118%) was recorded in the plots treated with 100% NPK, followed by 75% NPK treated plots. The application of humic acid along with farmyard manure significantly affects the total nitrogen content of soil as compared to alone application of farmyard manure and humic acid. The data in the Table 5 indicates that the application of synthetic fertilizer had a significant effect on the improvement of AB-DTPA P extractable content of treated soil. The amendment of FYM and HA in combination with NPK fertilizer positively increase AB-DTPA extractable P content. The maximum AB-DTPA extractable P (7.99 mg kg^− 1) was observed in the plots that were amended with FYM along with HA and NPK fertilizer at 75%. The mean data revealed that maximum AB-DTPA extractable P (7.04 mg kg^− 1) was obtained from the plots that received 100% NPK, followed by 75% NPK level that resulted (5.69 mg kg^− 1) soil P content. The results showed that NPK fertilizers in combination with FYM and HA significantly enhanced K content of treated soil (Table 5). The maximum data of AB-DTPA extractable K (153 mg kg^− 1) was recorded in the plots that were treated with FYM along with HA and 75% NPK fertilizer. The incorporation of NPK fertilizers also improved K level of soil. The maximum AB-DTPA extractable K (148.88 mg kg^− 1) was noticed in the plots of 100% NPK followed by 75% NPK that produced (109.1 mg kg^− 1) of soil K content. Among the amendments, the highest value of soil K (107.7 mg kg^− 1) was noticed in the plot treated with FYM and HA that was followed by sole application of FYM that produced (96.65 mg kg^− 1) of soil K.

Table 4

Effect of FYM, HA and different rates of NPK fertilizer on N, P and K use efficiency.
Nutrients Use Efficiency (%)
Treatments	N	P	K
75% NPK	35.13 e	15.1 e	70.6 cd
75% NPK + FYM	65.45 b	20.74 cd	110.1 b
75% NPK + Humic acid	42.91 d	21.44 c	98.6 b
75% NPK + FYM + Humic acid	82.21 a	32.8 a	157.7 a
100% NPK	42.85 d	15.18 e	53.3 e
100% NPK + FYM	53.85 c	18.86 cd	57.6 de
100% NPK + Humic acid	49.7 cd	18.43 d	62.2 cde
100% NPK + FYM + Humic acid	68.01 b	27.86 b	74.4 c
LSD Value _(0.05)	7.55	2.67	15.17

Means that share distinct letters within a column are significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different from one-another

Table 5

Effect of FYM, HA and different rates of NPK fertilizer on soil pH, total N, AB- DTPA extractable P and K.
Treatments	Soil pH	Soil Total N	AB-DTPA Extractable P	AB-DTPA Extractable K
Control	7.64 i	0.057 i	4.41 i	87.15 i
FYM	7.76 fg	0.082 h	6.00 f	96.7 h
Humic Acid	7.73 h	0.079 h	4.89 h	96.5 h
FYM + Humic acid	7.78 f	0.088 g	6.06 f	108.0 g
75% NPK	7.75 gh	0.094 f	5.69 g	109.1 f
75% NPK + FYM	7.82 de	0.108 e	7.02 d	120.0 d
75% NPK + Humic acid	7.80 e	0.105 e	6.37 e	112.5 e
75% NPK + FYM + Humic acid	7.84 cd	0.111 d	7.99 a	153.4 a
100% NPK	7.85 bc	0.118 c	7.04 d	149.0 b
100% NPK + FYM	7.87 ab	0.123 b	7.37 c	149.5 b
100% NPK + Humic acid	7.86 abc	0.119 c	6.97 d	143.0 c
100% NPK + FYM + Humic acid	7.88 a	0.126 a	7.65 b	144.0 c
LSD Value _(0.05)	0.021	0.0034	0.15	1.11

Means that share distinct letters within a column are significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different from one-another

The height of wheat plants as treated with different levels of humic acid was positively enhanced (Roudgarnejad et al., 2021). The results of Weissy et al. (2018) were in similarity with our findings in which the application of humic acid significantly enhanced plant wheat height. The findings of Khan et al. (2012) were in line with our results in which humic acid application increased height of the plants. The research work of Mohammadipour et al. (2012) confirmed the effect of humic acid that enhanced the height of the treated plant. According to Özkan et al. (2021) the farmyard manure implementation in different doses stimulates the height of the treated plants. The results of Aksu et al. (2017) indicated that manures incorporation in different rates enhanced plant height by providing essential nutrients. The actual number of grains per spike was significantly increased with the treatment of humic acid as reported by Shazma et al. (2016). According to Atak and Kaya, (2004) the amendment of humic acid stimulates the grains number per spike through the mechanism of releasing N during the decomposition period that enhanced the availability of N in soil for plant uptake (Sharif et al., 2002). The findings of Özkan et al. (2021) were in comparison with our results in which farmyard manure incorporation increased the grains number in each spike. The results reported from the research works of Chattha et al. (2019) and Mazhar et al. (2018) indicated that manures implementation to soil improved soil condition for plant growth and enhanced the availability of essential plant nutrients thus improved number of grains per spike. The findings of Aksu et al. (2017) showed similarity with our results in which the application of farmyard manure along with synthetic fertilizer enhanced grains per spike. The grain yield was efficiently enhanced with the applications of synthetic fertilizer along with manures and humic acid (Roudgarnejad et al., 2021). Several researches were performed by using synthetic fertilizers along with manures that confirmed the positive role of these amendments on the enhancement of grain yield (Li et al. 2019). According to Canellas et al. (2015) who stated that grain yield was increased significantly with humic acid treatment through the mechanisms of enhancing plant nutrients uptake and improving plant photosynthesis. The findings of Liu et al. (2019) are parallel with our results in which the doses of synthetic fertilizers increased grain yield. The combine amendment of manures with synthetic fertilizers enhanced grain yield as compared to sole application of synthetic fertilizer Alizadeh Dehkordi (2010). According to Ghanbari et al. (2013) who found that manures application along with synthetic fertilizer efficiently enhanced grain yield. The application of humic acid to soil improves soil environment for plant growth by enhancing the availability of essential nutrients that ultimately increased the weight of thousand grains (Shazma et al., 2016). In another study performed by Atak and Kaya, (2004) who found that humic acid incorporation to soil improved soil nutrients content for plants uptake thereby enhanced the weight of thousand grains. The combine dose of manures with NPK fertilizer significantly improved the weight of thousand grains as noted in the findings of (Mahmood et al., 2017). The results of Antoun et al. (2010) were in line with our findings in which the combine dose of synthetic fertilizer and humic acid enhanced thousand grain weight. In another study did by El-Kouny, (2007) confirmed that organic manures application with synthetic fertilizers had a significant effect on the improvement of thousand grain weight. According to Shazma et al. (2016), who confirmed that biological yield was enhanced with the application of humic acid incorporation to soil in different rates. The enhancement in biological yield might be due to the presence of sufficient essential nutrients to plants (Iqtidar et al., 2006), and the improvement of soil condition for plant growth due to the application of HA (Abril et al., 2007). The outcomes of Roudgarnejad et al. (2021) were in matching with our findings in which humic acid implementation in different rates increased biological yield. The research results of El-Ghamry et al. (2009) also showed similarity with our findings in which different levels of humic acid incorporation improved biological yield. In another study reported by Khayat, (2021) who indicated that soil available nutrients was significantly increased with farmyard manure that stimulates the biological yield. The humic acid implementation in different rates improved efficiently the harvest index (Roudgarnejad et al., 2021). In another study performed by Moraditochaee, (2012) who found that humic acid treatment positively stimulates the harvest index as documented in our research results. According to Ashrafi-Esfahani et al. (2019) the implementation of farmyard manures with synthetic fertilizers improved significantly the harvest index. The application of farmyard manures efficiently increased the harvest index (Mahmood et al., 2107).

According to Liu et al. (2021) the N content in shoot of wheat crop was significantly improved with the combine application of synthetic fertilizers and organic amendments. In another study performed by Ashrafi-Esfahani et al. (2019) who reported that manure increased the level of N in soil thereby enhanced the concentration of N in shoot. The results of Arjumend et al. (2015) were in line with our experimental results in which the amount of N in shoot was significantly enhanced by the implementation of humic acid. According to Naseem et al. (2021) who found that the nitrogen concentration in shoot was significantly improved with combine application of synthetic fertilizer and manures and his findings was similar with our experimental results. The level of nitrogen in grains was significantly improved by the application of synthetic fertilizers along with manures and humic acid (Liu et al., 2021). In another study performed by Ashrafi-Esfahani et al. (2019) showed that manures implementation with fertilizers of NPK had a significant effect on the improvement of grains N concentration and these results were similar to our experimental results. According to Antoun et al. (2010) found that grain N content was significantly enhanced by the application of synthetic fertilizers along with humic acid due to mechanisms of enhanced the amount of available N level in soil, increased uptake of N by the plants. The combine application of manures along with synthetic fertilizers improved the uptake of N by plants (Khayat, 2021). In another study conducted by Adekiya et al. (2020) indicated that synthetic fertilizers application in combination with manures significantly increased soil N content thereby improved the uptake of N by plants. The results of Delfine et al. (2005) were in similarity with our results in which humic acid application significantly enhanced the uptake of N by plants.The results of Mayhew, (2004) were in line with our findings in which the application of humic acid significantly increased the uptake of N by plants. It was also documented by the research work of Daur, 2014 who reported that humic acid implementation positively improved the uptake of N by plants.

The amendment of manures along with synthetic fertilizer improved the concentration of P in straw and these results obtained from the research work of Naseem et al. (2021) were similar to our findings. According to Ashrafi-Esfahani et al. (2019) who found that manures incorporation significantly increased the concentration of P in plant straw. According to Slamani et al. (2017) who found that humic acid application enhanced the concentration of P in straw. The results of Savita et al. (2018) were in comparison with our findings in which the treatment of HA positively enhanced the concentration of P in plant straw. In another study performed by Akande et al. (2006) who reported that manures incorporation with synthetic fertilizer efficiently increased the amount of P in straw of plant. The applied manures and NPK fertilizers in combination increased the amount of P in soil thus enhanced the concentration of P accumulation in grains (Ashrafi-Esfahani et al., 2019). In another study did by Antoun et al. (2010) who used different levels of humic acid and synthetic fertilizers in combined doses that significantly enhanced the content of P in soil that increased the uptake of P by plants thereby the P in grains was resulted higher and the findings was parallel to our research results. According to Nasiroleslami et al. (2021) who found that P concentration in grains was significantly stimulates with the combined dose of synthetic fertilizer and HA. The application of humic acid to soil increased the concentration of P in soil thereby the uptake rate of P by plants was significantly enhanced (Bulent et al., 2009). The results of Khayat, (2021) were in line with our results in which the combine application of manures along with synthetic fertilizers positively enhanced P uptake by plants. In another study performed by Mahmood et al. (2017) who found that manures implementation in combination with fertilizers had a significant effect on P uptake by plants and these findings are similar with our experimental results. The application of humic acid significantly stimulates microbial growth that in turn enhanced the uptake of P by plants (Daur, 2014). The treatment of humic acid to soil efficiently improved the uptake of P by plants (Delfine et al., 2005). The research work of Adekiya et al. (2020) indicated that manures implementation to soil along with synthetic fertilizers improved the availability of P in soil thus enhanced the uptake of P.

The findings of Ashrafi-Esfahani et al. (2019) showed similarity with our results in which the implementation of manures enhanced the content of K in soil thus K concentration in plant was significantly improved. In another study conducted by Thomas et al. (2019) confirmed that manures incorporation significantly enhanced the concentration of K in plant straw. According to Slamani et al. (2017) who found that humic acid application enhanced the concentration of K in straw. The results of Savita et al. (2018) were in comparison with our findings in which the treatment of HA positively enhanced the concentration of K in plant straw. The incorporation of manures along with synthetic fertilizers improved soil K content, enhanced the uptake of K by plants and thereby increased the concentration of K in grains (Ashrafi-Esfahani et al., 2019). The research performed by Antoun et al. (2010) indicates the effective role of humic acid incorporation with NPK fertilizer on the enhancement of grains K concentration and these findings were similar with our experimental results. The concentration of K in grains was significantly increased by the implementation of different levels of humic acid (Roudgarnejad et al., 2021). In another research work done by Nasiroleslami et al. (2021) who found the maximum level of K content in grains by the combined application of manures akong with synthetic fertilizers. The research work of Bulent et al. (2009) showed that humic acid incorporation intensified the amount of K in soil thus the uptake of K by plants was significantly increased. In another study performed by Martins et al. (2003) who found that manures application significantly stimulates the uptake of K. According to Khayat, (2021), who found that combine application of manures along with synthetic fertilizer enhanced the uptake of K by plants. According to Delfine et al. (2005) the uptake of K by plants was significantly improved with the application of humic acid. The K uptake was efficiently enhanced by the application of manures and synthetic fertilizers as reported by Adekiya et al. (2020) and these results were similar with our findings. The level of K in humic acid treated soil was significantly improved that efficiently enhanced the uptake of K by plants (Daur, 2014).

The results documented by Mahmood et al. (2017) confirmed that manures implementation increased the amount of essential nutrients in soil that enhanced the uptake of these nutrients by plants thus the use efficiency was resulted higher. According to Rees and Castle, (2002) manures incorporation enhanced the use efficiency of N by plants. The results of Farrag and Bakr, (2021) were in comparision with our findings in which the implementation of manures enhanced the use efficiency of N. The treatment of soil with manures along with synthetic fertilizer enhanced the availability of essential nutrients in soil that increased the use efficiency of N by plants (Vieira et al., 2016). The application of manures along with fertilizers improved soil nutrients concentration that increased the uptake of P by plants thereby the use efficiency of P was significantly increased, the results of Abo-baker, (2017) were in comparison with our experimental results. According to Farrag and Bakr, (2021) reported that manures incorporation in different levels enhanced the use efficiency of P. In another study performed by Rees and Castle, (2002) who found that manures increased the use efficiency of P by plants. The manures implementation improved the amount of all essential nutrients in soil, enhanced the uptake activity of plants thus stimulates the use efficiency of K by plants (Rees and Castle, 2002). In another study conducted by Farrag and Bakr, (2021) who reported that the application of farmyard manure enhanced the use efficiency of K by plants. The findings documented from the research work of Xi et al. (2019) who reported that synthetic fertilizers along with manures implementation was much effective in enhancing the use efficiency of K by plants.

The combine application of manures along with synthetic fertilizers increased pH of the soil as compared to sole application of synthetic fertilizer (Shazma et al., 2016). In another study performed by Patiram et al. (2006) reported that pH of the soil was increased with the implementation of synthetic fertilizers. According to Dong et al. (2012) the incorporation of synthetic fertilizer to soil significantly enhanced soil pH. The combine incorporation of manures along with synthetic fertilizer positively increased soil pH (Shazma et al., 2016). The results of Shazma et al. (2016) were in line with our results in which the combine dose of manures along with fertilizer of NPK significantly enhanced soil electrical conductivity. According to Bhatt et al. (2018) who found that the amendment of synthetic fertilizer applied in combination with manures had a positive effect on the enhancement of soil electrical conductivity and these findings were in comparison with our outcomes. The findings of Pal et al. (2007) were in similarity with our results in which the implementation of farmyard manure along with synthetic fertilizers increased the soil electrical conductivity. It was also documented by Ashrafi-Esfahani et al. (2019) who reported that manures significantly enhanced soil electrical conductivity. The content of soil organic matter was effectively improved with the treatment of humic acid (Liu et al., 2021). In another experiment performed by different researchers Chen et al. (2020) and Li et al. (2012) who reported that manures incorporation to soil significantly increased soil organic matter content. It was also reported by Liu et al. (2021) that manure implementation along with synthetic fertilizers and humic acid enhanced soil organic matter content that was similar with our findings. The incorporation of manures to soil increased organic matter content thus improves soil condition and plant growth (Mi et al., 2016). According to Kumari et al. (2013) who reported that combine dose of farmyard manure along with synthetic fertilizer enhanced soil organic matter content and was similar with our results. The content of nitrogen in soil was improved efficiently with the incorporation of synthetic fertilizers along with manures and humic acid (Liu et al., 2021). The soil total nitrogen content was improved by reducing the loss of nitrogen from soil upon the incorporation of manures (Zhou et al. 2016). According to Khayat, (2021), who found that organic manures significantly enhanced soil total nitrogen content. The results of Bhatt et al. (2018) were in line with our results in which the amendment of manures along with fertilizers of NPK effectively improved soil total nitrogen content. The application of manures and NPK fertilizer significantly improved soil total nitrogen content as reported by (Kumar et al., 2010) that was similar to our research outcomes. According to Irfan et al. (2021) who found that the use of farmyard manure as a soil amendment significantly enhanced soil total nitrogen content. The findings of Sharma et al. (2014) who reported the significant role of manures along with synthetic fertilizers which effectively increased soil P content and was similar to our results. It was also confirmed from the research work of Dhaliwal et al. (2015) who indicated that manures incorporation along with synthetic fertilizers significantly enhanced soil P content. According to Bhat et al. (2012) who reported that phosphorous concentration in soil was significantly increased with fertilizers implementation. The findings of Bhatt et al. (2018) were in similarity with our results who found the significant effect of manures incorporation along with synthetic fertilizers positively enhanced soil P content. It was also confirmed by Cassandra et al. (2008) who reported that P concentration in soil was positively improved by the implementation of manures. The amount of potassium in soil was significantly enhanced with the implementation of manures along with synthetic fertilizers Bhatt et al. (2012). In another study performed by Bhatt et al. (2018) who further confirmed the effect of combine manures application and synthetic fertilizers on the enhancement of potassium concentration in soil and these results were similar to our findings. The findings of Dhaliwal et al. (2015) were in comparison with our results in which manures significantly enhanced soil K concentration.

The comprehensive study on the impact of synthetic fertilizers, farmyard manure (FYM), and humic acid (HA) on wheat agronomic parameters, nutrient concentrations, total nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency, and soil indicators provided valuable insights. The results indicated that the integrated application of FYM and HA with varying NPK fertilizer levels significantly influenced plant height, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index. Additionally, the combination of amendments positively affected nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations in both wheat straw and grain. The study demonstrated that FYM and HA incorporation with NPK fertilizers enhanced nutrient uptake efficiency, with optimal efficiency observed in plots treated with 75% NPK. Moreover, the soil indicators post-experiment revealed positive effects on soil pH, total nitrogen content, AB-DTPA extractable P, and AB-DTPA extractable K, particularly in plots treated with FYM and HA along with 100% NPK fertilizer. To advance this research, future studies could focus on the long-term effects of integrated nutrient management on soil health and crop sustainability. Investigating the impact of these practices on soil microbial communities and assessing the potential for mitigating environmental impacts, such as nitrogen leaching, would provide a more comprehensive understanding. Additionally, exploring the economic feasibility of these practices and their scalability for large-scale agricultural systems could contribute valuable insights for practical implementation. Moreover, studying the resilience of crops to environmental stressors under these integrated nutrient management practices would be crucial for ensuring food security and sustainable agriculture in the face of changing climatic conditions.

Conclusion

The combined application of HA+FYM enhanced concentration of N, P and K in plant significantly over alone application of NPK . Total uptake of plant NPK increased by 39, 47 and 40% respectively, with the application of HA+FYM with 75% of synthetic fertilizers as compared to alone application of 75% NPK. The N, P and K use efficiency was also enhanced with the combined application of HA+FYM and synthetic fertilizers. Similarly, after harvesting a significant increase was recorded in soil total N, P and K with the combined application of HA+FYM as compared to alone application of amendments or NPK. To decrease the use of commercial fertilizers with improvement in soil properties 10 kg ha^-1 humic acid in combination with FYM and 75% of NPK (90-60-45 kg NPK ha^-1) is recommended for the enhancement of grain yield, nutrients availability and soil physicochemical properties. It is suggested that similar research should be conducted at different locations with more NPK levels for more wide spread use of organic manures.

Author Contribution

S.B. conducted the experiment, M.M and D.M. analyze the data, S.U and Z.M wrote the main manuscript text, prepared figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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No competing interests reported.

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Effect of Humic Acid Applied With Farmyard Manure on Nutrients Use Efficiency and Wheat Yield

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Abstract

Figures

INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS

3.1 Plant agronomic parameter

3.2 Concentration of N, P and K in wheat straw

3.3 Concentration of N, P and K in wheat grain

3.4 Total Nutrient (N, P & K) Uptake

3.5 Total Nutrient (N, P & K) Use Efficiency

3.6 Soil indicators after experiment

Discussion

Conclusion and future scope

Declarations

Author Contribution

References

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

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