Bioremediation of Cellulosic Wastes by Using Orthodillo chiltoni (Vandel, 1973), Isopoda

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3927749/v1

Terrestrial isopods play an important role in the biodegradation of many wastes which gives agreat importance in the nutrient cycles and ecosystem services , therefore this paper aims to use species Orthodillo chiltoni (Vandel, 1973) as a model organism in bioremediation of urban environment with municipal wastes, agricultural fields, parks and markets wastes.

Samples of these wastes included potato peels, orange fruit leaves, thyme plant and sawdust,cardboard residues , the experiments were carried out in laboratory condition similar to the living environment of this species in terms of temperature, humidity and intensity lighting.

The applied results have shown that the individuals of this species were very efficient in consuming all of the tested wastes, as the percentage of consumption reached 99.525% of potato peels, 87.15% of orange leaves, 78.225% of sawdust, 66.8% of thyme plant and 61.6% of cardboard residues, also the results shown the efficiency of consumption of each isopods indiviual reached 0.796, 0.697, 0.625, 0.534 and 0.492 mg respectively.

Recommendation are given for use other species of terrestrial isopoda to treat other wasters by biological approach.

Terrestrial Ecology

Environmental Chemistry

Environmental Cleaners

Orthodillo chiltoni

Biodegradations

Bioremediation

Terrestrial isopds

Armadillidae

In view of the exacerbation of the problem solid and cellulosic wastes in most environments and the use of traditional method of treatment such as burning or exposing it openly in the environment and the consequent health, economic and environmental damages that affect the process of human development and the aesthetic of cities and the surrounding country side (Derge and Bijem, 2017) .

Therefore, this paper designed to find alternaitive and safe methods to treat wastes and protect the ecosystem, one of these methods is bioremediation, which was described as a branch of biotechnology that relies on living organisms, microorganisms and microbial or plant enzymes to decompose environmental pollutants (Smith et al., 2022), in a study Zinc, Chromium,Nickel metals were removed from industerial waste water by using Banana peels ( Al- Azzawi et al., 2013 ), so there are many studies that focused on bioremediation by used bacteria, such as Klebisella pneumonia in bioremediation of gasoline pollutant soils (Neif and Al-Mayaly, 2015), it was also used in a bioremediation of polluted water with heavy crude oil ( Ahmed et al.,2014 and Yasin et al., 2014).

In the present study, has been focused on isopods as they play an affective role in bioremediation processes by consuming and biodegrading various wastes, isopods. are widely distributed, as the are found in various environments, including forests, farms and waste heaps (Beng and Ozer, 2010), they prefer to live under stones, between cracks and inside cardboard boxes, they enter deep into the soil in the summer because of their constant need for moisture (Friedrick and Jan, 1988) .

Isopods have a great importance in knowing the percentage of salinity in agricultural lands, as it has been observed that the soils in which isopods abound were more fertile than others (Aild et al., 2007), salinity has an impact on the growth and development of many crustaceans( Jware and Al- Ameen,2009), many organisms such as plants have been used as bioindicator of air pollution(AlObaidy and Rabee, 2018),in addition isopods are bioindicator of environmental pollution with heavy metals (Barnoz, 2001).

The family of Armadillidial belonging to the order: Isopoda, is one of the most widespread, most common species are found in Asia, North Africa, Australia, Mexico and United States of America (Eumer, 2004), individuals of this family work to strengthen the processes of nutrient cycling in the soils , the decomposition of organic matter and the production of phosphate and nitrogenioens, which are necessary for plant growth (Aramo, 1998),Armadillidiae one of the most groups of soil invertebrates that employ their natural processes for the benefit of the environment and living organisms (Hass and Jehana,1968), these individuals were also characterized by high population density ranged from 880 ind / m² in May to 251 ind/m² in January and high aggregation dispersion in the study area (Jasim et al., 2011),because of these characteristics have enjoyed by the individuals of this family, the study has been built to test the efficiency of the individuals of species Orthodillo chiltoni (Vandel, 1973) in consuming many cellulosic wastes as a cleaner for the environment.

Samples collection

Samples of the species O. chiltoni (Vandel, 1973) studied were collected from a gricultural fields and parks of Babylony, potato farms of Nineveh and citrus orchards of Diyala provinces, small soil digging tools, tweezers and brushes were used, placed after collection in plastic containers with dewy field soil and transported to the laboratory, the individuals of this species were diagnosed and bred by using what the researchers reported (Gole, 1975; Demson et al., 1993 and Biveter, 2016) .

Preparing permanent farms

Permanent farms of individuals of the species O. chiltoni (Vandel, 1973) were prepared by taking 25-liter containers, which were spread with a layer of agricultural soil with a good organic content at a depth of layer of dry plant leaves was added to it, after being washed and dried them to get rid of the toxins and pollutants suspended in them, such as the residues of the pesticides and because they were used as a medium food for individuals of the species (Canovai, 2009), the medium was moistened several times during the day, the adults were left to breed between 4-5 weeks until the first generation individuals were obtained, they were left. until the six-month age were separated from the rest of the individuals, and the experiments were conducted on them to test their ability to consume and decompose various cellulosic wastes.

Consumption efficiency test

Quantities of five cellulosic wastes were taken from different environments, such as household such as potato peels, agricultural fields such as orange leaves, urban environment such as sawdust, parks such as residues of thyme plant and market wastes such as cardboard residues, it has been washed with water several times to rid it of environmental toxins and dust, then dried and cut into small pieces, 40g of which were used as a food source for individuals of the species O. chiltoni (vandel, 1973), at the rate of five replications, large, clean glass petri dishes were prepared and large filter papers were placed at their base for the purpose of continous hydration, water dropes were added for the purpose of introducing moisture in to the dish, then 8g of each wastes was added to each dish independently, and individuals of this species were added at the age of six months, this age was chosen to observing the efficiency of young individuals in the field for consuming wasters, with number of 10 individuals per dish, the samples were placed inside plastic boxes covered with black cloth an artificial environment similar to their original environment, the dishes were collected at the end of the experiment isopods were removed from them, then the residues quantities of wastes were collected and left until complete dryness, the remaining was recorded, the consumed weight was calculated from the product of subtraction the original weight - the remaining weight (Al-Salman, 2012) , and the general average has been taken for the five replications for 15 day ,as shown in the results.

The temperature was recorded by using a digital thermometer, and the average temperature was 22-25 C°, the general average relative humidity was recorded by using a thermograph type (relative humidity-dinlex) was 70% .

Table (1) has shown that individuals of the species O. chiltoni (Vandel, 1973) recorded different results in consuming cellulosic wastes, as the average total consumption of orange leaves was 34.86 g, all reading for the five replicates was recorded similar results in consumption, as they fell between 6.99 g as the highest value and 6.95 g as the lowest value.

Table (1): Consumption efficiency of individuals O. chiltoni at six months age for orange leaves.

Sample	Number of individuals	Wastes weight before consumption /g	Consumed weight /g	Remaining weight/g
1	10	8	6.97	1.03
2	10	8	6.97	1.03
3	10	8	6.99	1.01
4	10	8	6.95	1.05
5	10	8	6.98	1.02
Total	50	40	34.86	5.14

When followed up table (2) the values were found to range between 6.29 g as the highest value and 6.24 g the lowest as value, and the average total consumption of saodust was 31.29g out of the total wastes weight of 40g, likewise the consumption efficiency of individuals of this species was similar in all samples.

Table (2): consumption efficiency of individuals O. chiltoni at six months age for sawdust wastes.

sample	Number of individuals	Wastes weight before consumption /g	Consumed weight/ g	remaining weight/g
1	10	8	6.29	1.71
2	10	8	6.24	1.76
3	10	8	6.27	1.73
4	10	8	6.24	1.76
Total	50	40	31.29	8.17

From Table (3) it became clear that the consumption efficiency of the individuals of this species was very high for the potato peels wastes, as the total consumption average reached 39.81g of the total wastes weight, which was 40g, and consumption values ranged the between 7.99g as the highest value and 7.93g as the lowest value.

Table (3): Consumption efficiency of individuals O. chiltoni at six months age for potato peels wastes.

sample	Number of individuals	Wastes weight before consumption /g	Consumed weight/ g	remaining weight/g
1	10	8	7.99	0.01
2	10	8	7.95	0.05
3	10	8	7.97	0.03
4	10	8	7.97	0.03
5	10	8	7.93	0.07
Total	50	40	39.81	0.19

The results have shown that the average total consumption of the thyme plant wastes was 26.72g, as shown in Table (4) and the highest consumption value was 5.36 g and the lowest value was 5. 31g.

Table (4): Consumption efficiency of individuals O. chiltoni at six months age for thyme plant wastes.

Sample	Number of individuals	Wastes weight before consumption /g	Consumed weight/g	Remainin weight /g
1	10	8	5.36	2.64
2	10	8	5.34	2.66
3	10	8	5.31	2.69
4	10	8	5.35	2.65
5	10	8	5.36	2.64
Total	50	40	26.72	13.28

As for cardboard wastes, the highest consumption value was 4.96g and the lowest value was 4.90g, while the total consumption average was 24.64g out of the total wastes weight of 40g, as shown in Table (5) .

Table (5): Consumption efficiency of individuals O. chiltoni at six months age for cardboard wastes.

Sample	Number of individuals	Wastes weight before consumption /g	Consumed weight/g	Remaining weight/g
1	10	8	4.90	3.10
2	10	8	4.96	3.04
3	10	8	4.93	3.07
4	10	8	4.90	3.10
5	10	8	4.95	3.05
Total	50	40	24.64	15.36

And from calculated the efficiency of one individuals of terrestrial isopods to consume the five cellulosic wastes, it was found that they proceeded in the same order, as the highest efficiency was to consume potato peels which amounted to 0.796g and then the rest of the wastes came from orange leaves, sawdust , thyme plant cardboard, respectively with values 0.697 ,0.625,0.534 and 0.492mg, as shown in table (6).

Table (6): The per capita consumption efficiency and percentage of total consumption of O. chiltoni at six months for various cellousic wastes.

Type of cellulosic waste	Number of individuals	Total weight of waste before consumption /g	Total consumption/g	Per capita consumption efficiency/mg	Percentage of total consumption
orange leaves	50	40	34.86	0.6972	87.15%
sawdust	50	40	31.29	0.6258	78.225%
potato peels	50	40	39.81	0.7962	99.525%
thyme plant	50	40	26.72	0.5344	66.8%
cardboard	50	40	24.64	0.4928	61.6%

Figures (2) and (3) have shown the percentage of total consumption and the efficiency of consumption per capita, we have found that the consumption of potato peels wastes came in the first grade and recorded the highest percentage amounted 99.52%, followed by orange leaves, saw dust, thyme plant and cardboard, the percentage amounted 87.15% , 78,22%, 66.8% and 61.6 % respectively .

Significant differences were recorded at the level 0.01 and 0.05 according the Anova statistical program .

The results have been demonstrated that individuals of this species are efficient in consuming cellulosic wastes, and this is due to the structure of their digestive system as , cellulose was digested and analyzed in the interior mid gut , and this is done with the help of symbiotic bacteria present in hepatopancreatic glands (Humason, 2013 and John et al., 2020) .

Also, the results of these experiments shown that the variation shown by these individuals in the consumption of various wastes could be due to the rule of food preference, It has been observed that these individuals were very attracted to potato peels wastes, the reason might be due to the chemical composition of it, which has a high percentage of carbohydrate and cellulose fibers , which were favored by these individuals of this species in experiments, perhaps this explains that the indiviuals of this species have a puffed bodies as for the orange leaves they were distinguished by their aromatic scent and their high content of cellulose , which couraged these individual to consume them, sawdust recorded a lower consumption rate than potato peels and orange leaves, the reason might be due to the diversity of its plant source, wastes of the thyme plant was characterized by being strong and solid stems, so it ranked fourth, is for the consumption of cardboard wastes, it ranked fifth, and it was noted that individuals of this species are attracted to this wastes, the reason might be due to the composition of paper pulb consisting mainly of cellulose and the glue substance consisting mainly of sugar , by analyzing the results and observations, we have found that individuals of this species were attract to wastes rich in cellulose and sugars.

Through the result and their analysis , it is clear that individuals of this species O. chiltoni (Vandel, 1973) were efficient in consuming various cellulosic wastes used in experiment and can be used in the bioremediation of wastes similar in composition in landfill and wastes accumulation sites, taking into account the appropriate condition for their activity.
Taking into account the age group and the numerical density in the space used to ensure the best results, whether in limited laboratory studies or general applied.
This species can be described as an environmental cleaner for many wastes away from traditional wastes treatment methods .

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The authors declare no competing interests.

Bioremediation of Cellulosic Wastes by Using Orthodillo chiltoni (Vandel, 1973), Isopoda

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Results And Discussion

Conclusions

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1