3.1 General Clinical Data Comparison were shown in Table 1
A total of 46 patients suspected to have spinal infection in our hospital between January 1, 2022 and December 30, 2023 were included. They included 23 males and 23 females, aged between 12 and 86 years, with a mean of (61.67±14.48) years. Pus or tissue specimens were obtained by X-ray C-arm underguided puncture in 26 cases, purulent tissue or pus specimens were obtained by open surgery in 18 cases, and specimens were obtained by spinal endoscopy in two other cases. By evaluating the history, clinical symptoms, physical examination findings, laboratory test data, imaging data, and surgical findings, 32 cases were diagnosed as spinal infections, while 11 were diagnosed as noninfectious, 1 as a tumor, and 2 could not be diagnosed. Fourteen of the included cases had been treated with antibiotics within 30 days prior to admission. TB-33 eventually died. At the final follow-up, all other patients demonstrated favorable recovery outcomes[13, 14].
3.2 Comparison of mNGS, microbial culture, and PCT
A total of 52 samples were analyzed, including 10 pus and secretion samples and 42 tissue samples. Of the 49 samples submitted for mNGS, 30 tested positive and 19 negative, yielding a positivity rate of 61.2% (30/49) (Table 2). Seven samples were only tested with mNGS and not with conventional microbial culture due to limited tissue and pus availability. The positivity rate of conventional microbial culture was 30.8% (12/39). The positivity rate of mNGS was notably greater compared to the conventional microbial culture and PCT, with a statistically significant difference. In clinically diagnosed specimens, the positivity rates for mNGS of tissue and pus samples were 79.3% and 80% respectively, showing no statistically significant difference (p > 0.99). The positivity rates for conventional microbial culture of tissue and pus samples were 25% and 62.5% respectively (p = 0.088), which is not a statistically significant difference. These results indicate that the type of sample did not affect the positivity rates of mNGS and conventional microbial culture.
3.3 Comparison of Diagnostic Efficacy
Comparative analysis showed mNGS with a sensitivity of 79.41% and specificity of 80%, outperforming the conventional microbial culture's sensitivity of 25%, albeit with a specificity of 100% (Table 3). This indicates mNGS's superior sensitivity.
3.4 Detection Outcomes
A total of 49 mNGS tests were performed in 46 patients (in 2 of these patients, tissue specimens obtained by puncture on admission were negative for mNGS testing, but tissue specimens taken during open surgery turned out to be positive again). Surprisingly, among these microorganisms, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected in the highest number, 6 times, accounting for 20% (6/30) of the total number of positive detections. Among purulent bacteria, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were predominantly Staphylococcus aureus (detected 5 times) and Escherichia coli (also detected 5 times). Additionally, Brucella ovis were identified 4 times. Other less common bacteria, fungi, and viruses such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Malassezia furfur, Hepatitis E virus, and Human herpesvirus 5 were also detected (detailed data available in Figure 4). In routine microbiological assays, the highest detection rate was for the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.
Out of 7 patients diagnosed with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, all tested positive via T-spot. Six underwent histopathological examination, with all six yielding positive results. mNGS results were positive in six cases and negative in one, with no positive outcomes from culture. A patient with Malassezia furfur infection initially tested negative in routine microbial culture, but after a positive mNGS result, subsequent samples confirmed positive with targeted microbial culture.
3.5 Follow-up Status
In this study, of the patients with confirmed spinal infections, 26 patients underwent surgical treatment. Based on mNGS results, microbial cultures, and pathological analysis, we tailored antimicrobial treatment plans for the patients. Patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis were treated with "quadruple therapy" (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) for at least 12 months. Patients infected with Staphylococcus aureus were treated with cefotaxime sodium, vancomycin, linezolid or moxifloxacin. Patients infected with Brucella suis received doxycycline, streptomycin, or rifampin. One additional patient with Aspergillus fumigatus infection was treated with voriconazole. Patients with Streptococcus suis infection were treated with ceftriaxone sodium, levofloxacin tablets linezolid tablets, while patients with Serratia mucinosa and human cytomegalovirus infection were treated with meropenem, compound sulfamethoxazole tablets. The duration of antibiotic therapy was maintained for at least 6 weeks in all patients. Patients infected were followed up at seven days of drug or surgical treatment. As shown in figure (table4), there was a decrease in leucocytes, sedimentation and C-reactive protein values in patients with spinal infection after seven days of treatment. The decrease in neutrophil ratio was statistically significant. All patients were followed up after treatment. Follow-up period was (6.0 ± 4.1) months. During this period, three patients experienced recurrence of infection but subsequently improved; one patient died and the others were in good condition. The VAS scores, ODI and JOA scores of the patients at the time of follow-up are shown in the figure (table5). These scores improved significantly after treatment and the changes were statistically significant.