Characteristics of study participants
In this section, the frequency and percentages of the independent variables to establish the model will be provided and interpreted. In Table 2, influential factors for a woman's exposure to sexual violence and the chi-square test statistics are demonstrated.
Table 2. Distributions and Chi-square Test Statistics of the Factors Influencing Women's Exposure to Sexual Violence
Variables
|
History of facing sexual violence
|
n (%)
|
χ2
|
P
|
No
|
Yes
|
Survey year
|
2008
|
9849(62)
|
1867(71.4)
|
11716(63.3)
|
86.62
|
0.000
|
2014
|
6048(38)
|
747(28.6)
|
6795(36.7)
|
Region
|
TR1
|
1244(7.8)
|
155(5.9)
|
1399(7.6)
|
123.74
|
0.000
|
TR2/TR4
|
2761(17.4)
|
314(12)
|
3075(16.6)
|
TR3
|
1333(8.4)
|
184(7)
|
1517(8.2)
|
TR6
|
1399(8.8)
|
215(8.2)
|
1614(8.7)
|
TR5/TR7
|
2464(15.5)
|
458(17.5)
|
2922(15.8)
|
TR8/TR9
|
2569(16.2)
|
393(15)
|
2962(16)
|
TRC
|
1449(9.1)
|
285(10.9)
|
1734(9.4)
|
TRA/TRB
|
2678(16.8)
|
610(23.3)
|
3288(17.8)
|
Place of residence
|
Rural
|
4383(27.6)
|
775(29.6)
|
5158(27.9)
|
4.82
|
0.003
|
Urban
|
11514(72.4)
|
1839(70.4)
|
13353(72.1)
|
Age
|
15-24
|
2541(16)
|
254(9.7)
|
2795(15.1)
|
124.77
|
0.000
|
25-34
|
5082(32)
|
773(29.6)
|
5855(31.6)
|
35-44
|
4189(26.4)
|
692(26.5)
|
4890(26.4)
|
45-54
|
2984(18.8)
|
646(24.7)
|
3630(19.6)
|
55+
|
1092(6.9)
|
249(9.5)
|
1341(7.2)
|
Level of education
|
Illiterate
|
2374(14.9)
|
636(24.3)
|
3010(16.3)
|
318.11
|
0.000
|
Elementary school
|
7599(47.8)
|
1387(53.1)
|
8986(48.6)
|
Secondary school
|
1586(10)
|
234(9)
|
1820(9.8)
|
High school
|
2076(17)
|
269(10.3)
|
2975(16.1)
|
University
|
1631(10.3)
|
86(3.3)
|
1717(9.3)
|
Employment
|
No
|
12571(79.1)
|
2064(79)
|
14635(79.1)
|
0.019
|
0.890
|
Yes
|
3326(20.9)
|
550(21)
|
3876(20.9)
|
Marital status
|
Never married
|
1405(8.8)
|
28(1.1)
|
1433(7.7)
|
425.59
|
0.000
|
Married
|
13689(86.1)
|
2236(85.5)
|
15925(86)
|
Widows /divorced/separated
|
803(5.1)
|
350(13.4)
|
1153(6.2)
|
Health condition
|
Perfect/good
|
7341(46.2)
|
725(27.7)
|
8066(43.6)
|
503.99
|
0.000
|
Not bad
|
6533(41.1)
|
1177(45)
|
7710(41.7)
|
Bad/very bad
|
2018(12.7)
|
711(27.2)
|
2729(14.7)
|
Number of children
|
Childless
|
2517(15.8)
|
172(6.6)
|
2689(14.5)
|
226.73
|
0.000
|
One child
|
2597(16.3)
|
304(11.6)
|
2901(15.7)
|
Two or more children
|
10783(67.8)
|
2138(81.8)
|
12921(69.8)
|
First-degree relative violence
|
No
|
14258(89.7)
|
2104(80.6)
|
16362(88.4)
|
183.29
|
0.000
|
Yes
|
1637(10.3)
|
508(19.4)
|
2145(11.6)
|
|
|
Husband/partner's level of education
|
Illiterate
|
538(3.4)
|
191(7.3)
|
729(3.9)
|
343.68
|
0.000
|
Elementary school
|
6434(40.5)
|
1376(52.7)
|
7810(42.2)
|
Secondary school
|
2288(14.4)
|
404(15.5)
|
2692(14.6)
|
High school
|
4044(25.5)
|
438(16.8)
|
4482(24.2)
|
University
|
2578(16.2)
|
204(7.8)
|
2782(15)
|
Husband/partner's job status
|
Unemployed
|
2831(17.8)
|
572(21.9)
|
2403(18.4)
|
43.37
|
0.000
|
Public
|
2404(15.1)
|
294(11.2)
|
2698(14.6)
|
Private
|
10647(67)
|
1748(66.9)
|
12395(67)
|
Husband/partner's alcohol usage
|
No
|
12770(80.4)
|
1897(72.6)
|
14667(79.3)
|
82.97
|
0.000
|
Yes
|
3120(19.6)
|
717(27.4)
|
3837(20.7)
|
Husband/partner's gambling history
|
No
|
15661(98.6)
|
2456(94)
|
18117(97.9)
|
232.762
|
0.000
|
Yes
|
226(1.4)
|
157(6)
|
383(2.1)
|
Husband/partner’s drug usage
|
No
|
15831(99.7)
|
2576(98.6)
|
18407(99.6)
|
65.180
|
0.000
|
Yes
|
45(0.3)
|
37(1.4)
|
82(0.4)
|
Husband/partner's infidelity
|
No
|
14819(93.3)
|
2028(77.6)
|
16847(91.1)
|
681.902
|
0.000
|
Yes
|
1059(6.7)
|
584(22.4)
|
1643(8.9)
|
Exposure to economic violence
|
No
|
11966(76.6)
|
1211(46.5)
|
13177(72.3)
|
1016.10
|
0.000
|
Yes
|
3646(23.4)
|
1395(53.5)
|
5041(27.7)
|
Exposure to verbal abuse
|
No
|
10141(63.8)
|
365(14)
|
10506(56.8)
|
2270.96
|
0.000
|
Yes
|
5956(36.2)
|
2249(86)
|
8005(43.2)
|
Exposure to physical violence
|
No
|
11276(70.9)
|
451(17.3)
|
11727(63.4)
|
2785.97
|
0.000
|
Yes
|
4621(29.1)
|
2163(82.7)
|
6784(36.6)
|
Based on the findings displayed in Table 2, participants who took part in the survey in 2008 constituted 63.3% of the sample. Women who participated in the questionnaire from western Marmara/Eastern Marmara (TR2/TR4) constituted 16.6% of the sample; participants from northeastern Anatolia/East central Anatolia (TRA/TRB) constituted 17.8% of the sample. Women residing in rural represented 27.9% of the sample. Women aged between 25 to 34 made up 31.6% and women aged 55 and above made up 7.2% of the sample. Illiterate women constituted 16.3% of the sample and university graduates constituted 9.3% of the sample. Women with a regular job made up 79.1% of the sample. Married women represented 86% of the sample. Women with a perfect/good health condition formed 43.6% of the sample and women with a bad/very bad health condition formed 14.7% of the sample. Childless women represented 14.5% of the sample, women with two or more children represent 69.8% of the sample. Women who experienced first-degree relative violence represented 11.6% of the sample. Except for employment, the chi-square test statistics of all the variables were detected to be significant.
Women whose husband/partner were illiterate made up 3.9% of the sample, and women whose husband/partner were elementary school graduates made up 42.2% of the sample. Women whose husband/partner were unemployed represented 18.4% of the sample, and women whose husband/partner worked in the private sector represented 67% of the sample. Women whose husband/partner drank alcohol constituted 20.7% of the sample, and women whose husband/partner gambled constitute 2.1% of the sample. Women whose husband/partner were unfaithful constitute 8.9% of the sample. Women with a history of experiencing economic violence form 27.7% of the sample. Women with a history of experiencing verbal abuse formed 43.2% of the sample. Women with a history of experiencing physical violence represented 36.6% of the sample.
Multivariate analyses
In order to detect the factors that influence the likelihood of women experiencing sexual violence in this study, binary logistic regression and binary probit regression models were employed. The results of the estimated model may be seen in Table 3.
Table 3 reveals that variables such as the survey year, the region (TR5/TR7, TR8/TR9, TRA/TRB)), the place of residence, age (25-24, 35-44), the level of education (illiterate), employment status, marital status (never married, married), health condition (perfect/good, not bad), number of children (one child), and exposure to violence from first-degree relatives were significant. Likewise, the husband/partner's level of education (illiterate, high-school), the husband/partner's job status (unemployed), the husband/partner's history of drug usage, the husband/partner's history of infidelity, exposure to husband/partner's economic violence, exposure to husband/partner's verbal abuse, and exposure to husband/partner's physical violence are other significant variables.
Table 3. Estimated Model Results of the Influential Factors in Women's Exposure to Sexual Violence
Variables
|
Binary Logistic Regression
|
Binary Probit Regression
|
|
β
|
Std. Error
|
95% CI
|
β
|
Std. Error
|
95% CI
|
|
Lower
|
Upper
|
Lower
|
Upper
|
|
Survey year (reference category: 2008)
|
|
|
2014
|
-0.303a
|
0.066
|
-0.432
|
-0.174
|
-0.171a
|
0.036
|
-0.242
|
-0.100
|
|
Region (reference category: TR1)
|
|
|
TR2/TR4
|
0.069
|
0.128
|
-0.181
|
0.319
|
0.037
|
0.069
|
-0.099
|
0.173
|
|
|
TR3
|
0.191
|
0.140
|
-0.084
|
0.466
|
0.106
|
0.076
|
-0.044
|
0.255
|
|
|
TR6
|
0.091
|
0.134
|
-0.173
|
0.355
|
0.044
|
0.074
|
-0.100
|
0.189
|
|
|
TR5/TR7
|
0.249b
|
0.123
|
0.008
|
0.490
|
0.145b
|
0.068
|
0.012
|
0.278
|
|
|
TR8/TR9
|
0.261b
|
0.127
|
0.011
|
0.510
|
0.144b
|
0.069
|
0.008
|
0.280
|
|
|
TRC
|
0.203
|
0.134
|
-0.059
|
0.465
|
0.124
|
0.073
|
-0.020
|
0.268
|
|
|
TRA/TRB
|
0.501a
|
0.124
|
0.258
|
0.744
|
0.283a
|
0.068
|
0.150
|
0.417
|
|
Place of residence (reference category: rural)
|
|
|
Urban
|
-0.112c
|
0.066
|
-0.242
|
0.018
|
-0.063c
|
0.036
|
-0.134
|
0.009
|
|
Age (reference category: 15-24)
|
|
|
25-34
|
-0.236c
|
0.127
|
-0.484
|
0.013
|
-0.122c
|
0.069
|
-0.257
|
0.012
|
|
|
35-44
|
-0.305b
|
0.136
|
-0.571
|
-0.038
|
-0.162b
|
0.074
|
-0.308
|
-0.016
|
|
|
45-54
|
-0.085
|
0.143
|
-0.365
|
0.195
|
-0.039
|
0.077
|
-0.190
|
0.113
|
|
|
55+
|
-0.137
|
0.167
|
-0.464
|
0.191
|
-0.071
|
0.091
|
-0.249
|
0.108
|
|
Level of education (reference category: university)
|
|
|
Illiterate
|
0.374c
|
0.203
|
-0.024
|
0.772
|
0.206c
|
0.107
|
-0.004
|
0.416
|
|
|
Elementary school
|
0.266
|
0.188
|
-0.102
|
0.634
|
0.151
|
0.098
|
-0.041
|
0.343
|
|
|
Secondary school
|
0.206
|
0.204
|
-0.194
|
0.606
|
0.124
|
0.108
|
-0.087
|
0.335
|
|
|
High school
|
0.150
|
0.190
|
-0.222
|
0.523
|
0.081
|
0.099
|
-0.112
|
0.274
|
|
Employment (reference category: no)
|
|
|
Yes
|
0.190b
|
0.077
|
0.039
|
0.341
|
0.103b
|
0.043
|
0.019
|
0.187
|
|
Marital status (reference category: widows/divorced/separated)
|
|
|
Never married
|
-1.650a
|
0.335
|
-2.306
|
-0.994
|
-0.846a
|
0.162
|
-1.164
|
-0.528
|
|
|
Married
|
-0.422a
|
0.105
|
-0.628
|
-0.216
|
-0.246a
|
0.060
|
-0.364
|
-0.129
|
|
Health condition (reference category: bad/very bad)
|
|
|
Perfect/good
|
-0.293a
|
0.090
|
-0.469
|
-0.116
|
-0.161a
|
0.050
|
-0.259
|
-0.063
|
|
|
Not bad
|
-0.225a
|
0.081
|
-0.383
|
-0.066
|
-0.123a
|
0.046
|
-0.213
|
-0.033
|
|
Number of children (reference category: childless)
|
|
|
One child
|
-0.279c
|
0.151
|
-0.574
|
0.016
|
-0.150c
|
0.080
|
-0.307
|
0.006
|
|
|
Two or more children
|
0.016
|
0.136
|
-0.251
|
0.283
|
0.007
|
0.073
|
-0.136
|
0.149
|
|
Exposure to first-degree relative violence (reference category: no)
|
|
|
Yes
|
0.307a
|
0.085
|
0.141
|
0.473
|
0.176a
|
0.048
|
0.081
|
0.270
|
|
Husband/partner's level of education (reference category: elementary school)
|
|
Illiterate
|
0.438a
|
0.138
|
0.168
|
0.707
|
0.236a
|
0.077
|
0.085
|
0.386
|
|
Secondary school
|
-0.053
|
0.092
|
-0.234
|
0.127
|
-0.024
|
0.051
|
-0.125
|
0.076
|
|
High school
|
-0.202b
|
0.092
|
-0.383
|
-0.022
|
-0.115b
|
0.050
|
-0.213
|
-0.016
|
|
University
|
-0.127
|
0.140
|
-0.401
|
0.147
|
-0.078
|
0.075
|
-0.225
|
0.068
|
Husband/partner's job status (reference category: public)
|
|
Unemployed
|
0.308b
|
0.119
|
0.075
|
0.541
|
0.176a
|
0.065
|
0.048
|
0.303
|
|
Private
|
0.106
|
0.103
|
-0.097
|
0.309
|
0.058
|
0.056
|
-0.051
|
0.167
|
Husband/partner's alcohol usage (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
0.069
|
0.077
|
-0.082
|
0.220
|
0.036
|
0.043
|
-0.048
|
0.119
|
Husband/partner's gambling history (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
0.216
|
0.156
|
-0.089
|
0.521
|
0.146
|
0.091
|
-0.033
|
0.325
|
Husband/partner’s drug usage (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
0.730a
|
0.281
|
0.179
|
1.281
|
0.435a
|
0.167
|
0.108
|
0.762
|
Husband/partner's infidelity (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
0.493a
|
0.085
|
0.327
|
0.660
|
0.299a
|
0.050
|
0.202
|
0.397
|
Exposure to economic violence (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
0.728a
|
0.065
|
0.601
|
0.855
|
0.402a
|
0.036
|
0.332
|
0.473
|
Exposure to verbal abuse (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
1.394a
|
0.086
|
1.226
|
1.563
|
0.710a
|
0.042
|
0.628
|
0.792
|
Exposure to physical violence (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
1.450a
|
0.082
|
1.289
|
1.611
|
0.766a
|
0.041
|
0.686
|
0.846
|
Constant
|
-3.550a
|
0.316
|
-4.169
|
-2.932
|
-1.914a
|
0.167
|
-2.242
|
-1.586
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ap<0.01, bp<0.05, cp<0.10
Average direct elasticities
Marginal impacts of the factors influencing women's history of sexual violence may be seen in Table 4. In this model, the existence of multicollinearity between independent variables was also checked, and it was suggested that a variance inflation factor (VIF) value of five and above caused a moderate level of multicollinearity, and a level of 10 and above value caused a high level of multicollinearity [29]. The VIF results displayed in Table 4 indicated that there was no variable that could cause a multicollinearity problem among the variables.
In Table 4, goodness of fit of estimated models may be seen. The goodness of fit of the estimated models revealed that results obtained from both models were identical. The success of the accurate classification of the binary logistics and binary probit models was computed as 86.94% and 86.83%, respectively. Although fitness criteria for the model provided similar results for both models, they were in acceptable range for this kind of model.
Table 4. Average Elasticity Values of the Factors Influential in Women's Exposure to Sexual Violence
Variables
|
Binary Logistic Regression
|
Binary Probit Regression
|
VIF
|
1/VIF
|
|
Elasticity (%)
|
Std. Error
|
Elasticity (%)
|
Std. Error
|
|
Survey year (reference category: 2008)
|
|
2014
|
-26.466a
|
0.058
|
-34.445
|
0.074
|
1.040
|
0.958
|
Region (reference category: TR1)
|
|
TR2/TR4
|
6.083
|
0.112
|
7.559
|
0.142
|
2.720
|
0.367
|
|
TR3
|
16.740
|
0.123
|
21.345
|
0.154
|
1.960
|
0.511
|
|
TR6
|
7.997
|
0.118
|
9.027
|
0.151
|
1.990
|
0.502
|
|
TR5/TR7
|
21.717b
|
0.108
|
29.054b
|
0.137
|
2.650
|
0.377
|
|
TR8/TR9
|
22.737b
|
0.111
|
28.876b
|
0.141
|
2.710
|
0.369
|
|
TRC
|
17.757
|
0.117
|
24.915
|
0.149
|
2.160
|
0.463
|
|
TRA/TRB
|
43.159a
|
0.108
|
55.149a
|
0.136
|
2.930
|
0.342
|
Place of residence (reference category: rural)
|
|
Urban
|
-9.691c
|
0.057
|
-12.385
|
0.071c
|
1.140
|
0.874
|
Age (reference category: 15-24)
|
|
25-34
|
-20.356c
|
0.109
|
-24.064c
|
0.134
|
3.100
|
0.323
|
|
35-44
|
-26.390b
|
0.117
|
-32.166b
|
0.146
|
3.320
|
0.301
|
|
45-54
|
-7.295
|
0.122
|
-7.462
|
0.149
|
3.140
|
0.318
|
|
55+
|
-11.750
|
0.143
|
-13.766
|
0.177
|
2.050
|
0.487
|
Level of education (reference category: university)
|
|
Illiterate
|
32.711c
|
0.179
|
41.427c
|
0.220
|
4.320
|
0.231
|
|
Elementary school
|
23.362
|
0.167
|
30.789
|
0.203
|
5.730
|
0.175
|
|
Secondary school
|
18.144
|
0.181
|
25.321
|
0.222
|
2.490
|
0.402
|
|
High school
|
13.288
|
0.169
|
16.700
|
0.205
|
2.800
|
0.357
|
Employment (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
16.433b
|
0.066
|
20.273b
|
0.083
|
1.150
|
0.872
|
Marital status (reference category: widows/divorced/separated)
|
|
Never married
|
-148.104a
|
0.314
|
-178.415a
|
0.386
|
3.080
|
0.324
|
|
Married
|
-35.862a
|
0.088
|
-45.788a
|
0.106
|
2.150
|
0.466
|
Health condition (reference category: bad/very bad)
|
|
Perfect/good
|
-25.292a
|
0.078
|
-31.430a
|
0.096
|
2.670
|
0.375
|
|
Not bad
|
-19.346a
|
0.069
|
-23.895a
|
0.088
|
2.370
|
0.422
|
Number of children (reference category: childless)
|
|
One child
|
-24.535c
|
0.132
|
-30.591c
|
0.161
|
2.820
|
0.354
|
|
Two or more children
|
1.415
|
0.118
|
1.290
|
0.143
|
3.790
|
0.264
|
Exposure to first-degree relative violence (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
26.417a
|
0.072
|
33.965a
|
0.091
|
1.040
|
0.960
|
Husband/partner's level of education (reference category: elementary school)
|
|
Illiterate
|
37.007a
|
0.114
|
43.925a
|
0.137
|
1.160
|
0.863
|
|
Secondary school
|
-4.641
|
0.080
|
-4.767
|
0.101
|
1.230
|
0.813
|
|
High school
|
-17.698b
|
0.081
|
-23.014b
|
0.101
|
1.530
|
0.652
|
|
University
|
-11.069
|
0.122
|
-15.610
|
0.151
|
2.110
|
0.473
|
Husband/partner's job status (reference category: public)
|
|
Unemployed
|
26.696b
|
0.104
|
34.702a
|
0.130
|
2.150
|
0.465
|
|
Private
|
9.286
|
0.091
|
11.719
|
0.114
|
2.200
|
0.455
|
Husband/partner's alcohol usage (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
5.999
|
0.067
|
7.050
|
0.084
|
1.180
|
0.850
|
Husband/partner's gambling history (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
18.574
|
0.132
|
28.190
|
0.171
|
1.070
|
0.934
|
Husband/partner’s drug usage (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
60.976a
|
0.225
|
78.987a
|
0.275
|
1.030
|
0.971
|
Husband/partner's infidelity (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
42.132a
|
0.071
|
56.495a
|
0.089
|
1.150
|
0.869
|
Exposure to economic violence (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
62.957a
|
0.056
|
76.978a
|
0.068
|
1.160
|
0.866
|
Exposure to verbal abuse (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
124.329a
|
0.079
|
137.174a
|
0.085
|
1.440
|
0.695
|
Exposure to physical violence (reference category: no)
|
|
Yes
|
128.457a
|
0.074
|
144.131a
|
0.077
|
1.510
|
0.662
|
Pseudo R2
|
0.274
|
0.275
|
|
|
Cox-Snell/M
|
0.201
|
0.202
|
|
|
AIC
|
10892.562
|
10884.229
|
|
|
BIC
|
11197.012
|
11188.679
|
|
|
Log-likelihood
|
-5407.281
|
-5403.114
|
|
|
Classification success
|
86.94
|
86.83
|
|
|
P-value
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
|
|
N
|
18150
|
18150
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ap<0.01, bp<0.05, cp<0.10
According to the binary logistic and binary probit regression models presented in Table 4, when other variables are constant, compared to women participating in the study in 2008, women participating in the study in 2014 had a 26.47% and 34.45% lower risk, respectively, in terms of facing sexual violence from their husband/partner. A woman residing in the TR5/TR7 regions had, compared to women in the TR1 region, a higher likelihood of facing sexual violence by 21.72% and 29.05%, respectively. A woman residing in the TR8/TR9 regions have, compared to women in the TR1 region, a higher likelihood of facing sexual violence by 22.74% and 28.88%, respectively. A woman residing in the TRA/TRB regions had, compared to women in the TR1 region, a higher likelihood of facing sexual violence by 43.16% and 55.15%, respectively. A woman residing in rural had, compared to women in urban, a higher likelihood of facing sexual violence by 9.7% and 12.4%, respectively. Compared to women within the age range of 15-24, women within the age range of 25-34 had a lower likelihood of facing sexual violence by 20.4% and 24.1%, respectively. Compared to women within the age range of 15-24, women within the age range of 35-44 had a lower likelihood of facing sexual violence by 26.4% and 32.2%, respectively. Compared to university graduates, illiterate women had a greater likelihood of facing sexual violence by 32.7% and 41.4%, respectively. Compared to non-working women, working women were more likely to face sexual violence by 16.4% and 20.3%, respectively. Married women were less likely to face sexual violence by 35.86% and 45.79%, respectively, compared to women having deceased spouse, living divorced/separated. Compared to women with bad/very bad health condition, women with perfect/good health condition are less likely to face sexual violence respectively by 25.3% and 31.4%. Compared to women with bad/very bad health conditions, women with better than bad health conditions were less likely to face sexual violence by 19.3% and 23.9%, respectively. Compared to women with no children, women who had one child were less likely to face sexual violence by 24.5% and 30.6%, respectively. Compared to others, women who were victimized by violence from first-degree relatives were more likely to face sexual violence by 26.4% and 34%, respectively.
Table 4 shows that women whose husband/partner was illiterate were more likely to face sexual violence by 37.01% and 43.93%, respectively, compared to women whose husband/partner was an elementary school graduate. Compared to women whose husband/partner was an elementary school graduate, women whose husband/partner was a high-school graduate were less likely to face sexual violence by 17.7% and 23.01%, respectively. Compared to women whose husband/partner was employed at a public institution, women whose husband/partner was unemployed were more likely to face sexual violence by 26.7% and 34.7%, respectively. Compared to others, women whose husband/partner took drugs were more likely to face sexual violence by 60.98% and 78.99%, respectively. Compared to others, women whose husband/partners were unfaithful were more likely to face sexual violence by 42.13% and 56.5%, respectively. Compared to others, women victimized by economic violence from their husband/partners were more likely to face sexual violence by 62.96% and 76.98%, respectively. Women victimized by verbal abuse from their husband/partner were more likely to face sexual violence by 124.33% and 137.17%, respectively. In the same vein, compared to others, women victimized by physical violence from their husband/partners were more likely to face sexual violence by 128.46% and 144.13%, respectively.