Quantitative result of the study
Following were the quantitative results of the study:
Table 3
Effects of PTSD (upset, physical, emotional, mental, and psychological trauma, flashback, as well as nightmares) on academic achievements of IDPs undergraduate students in in tribal districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan (n = 140)
S. No | Post-traumatic stress disorder | Responses of the respondents | Chi-Square tests |
Much Affected | More Affected | Most Affected | Chi-Square Value | Asymp Sig. (2-sided) |
1. | Upset | 36(25.7%) | 27(19.2%) | 77(55%) | 93.226a | .000 |
2. | Physical trauma | 22(15.7%) | 42(30%) | 76(54.2%) | 54.351a | .000 |
3. | Emotional trauma | 05(3.5%) | 38(27.1%) | 97(69.2%) | 34.767a | .001 |
4. | Mental trauma | 12(8.5%) | 47(33.5%) | 81(57.8%) | 66.553a | .000 |
5. | Psychological trauma | 28(20%) | 27(19.2%) | 85(60.7%) | 76.961a | .000 |
6. | Flashback | 18(12.8%) | 37(26.4%) | 85(60.7%) | 27.414a | .007 |
7. | Nightmares | 06(4.2%) | 59(42.1%) | 75(53.5%) | 29.822a | .003 |
Table 3 along with Fig. 3 indicates the IDPs undergraduate students' responses regarding the effects of PTSD (upset) on their academic achievements in which 25.7% were much affected, 29.2% more affected and 55% most affected having (Chi-Square value 93.226a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05). Likewise, physical trauma affecting students' academics was 15.7% much affected, 30% more affected, and 54.2% most affected showing (Chi-Square value 54.351a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05. Similarly, emotional trauma developed in undergraduate IDPs students were 3.5% much affected, 27.14% more affected, and 69.2% most affected indicating (Chi-Square value 34.767a), and Asymp Sig. value .001 < α (0.05) due to which their academic achievements were badly affected. According to the responses of the participants (respondents) regarding mental trauma, the academics of undergraduate students were 8.5% much affected, 33.5% more affected, and 57.8% most affected in Tribal Districts with (Chi-Square value 66.553a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05). The responses of the respondents shown in the table above about the adverse effects of psychological trauma on students’ academic achievements were 20% much affected, 19.2% more affected, and 60.7% most affected having (Chi-Square value 76.961a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05). Likewise, students, who were suffering from flashbacks were 18% much affected, 26.4% more affected, and 60.7% most affected revealing (Chi-Square value 27.414a), and Asymp Sig. value .007 < α (0.05) due to which they showed poor academic scores or grades. Nightmares badly influenced students' academic achievements 4.2% were much affected, 42.1% more affected, and 53.5% most affected having (Chi-Square value 29.822a), and Asymp Sig. value .003 < α (0.05).
Overall, undergraduate IDPs students were highly traumatized due to PTSD caused by war hazards in tribal districts, and their academic achievements were negatively influenced. The statistical results showed that Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) values were all less than α (0.05). Therefore, the hypothesis “There was no relationship of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with the academic achievement of undergraduate IDPs students in Tribal Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan" was rejected by revealing that there was a negative association between the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and academic achievements of undergraduate IDPs students in Tribal Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.
Table 4
Effects of PTSD (Heart beating, rapid breathing, muscle tension, sweating, loss of interest in life, sleeplessness (insomnia), and difficulty concentrating on academic achievements of IDPs undergraduate students in tribal districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan (n = 140)
S. No | Post-traumatic stress disorder | Responses of the respondents | Chi-Square tests |
Much Affected | More Affected | Most Affected | Chi-Square Value | Asymp Sig. (2-sided) |
1. | Heart beating | 24(17.1%) | 36(25.7%) | 80(57.1%) | 92.322a | .000 |
2. | Rapid breathing | 23(16.4%) | 35(25%) | 82(58.5%) | 47.647a | .000 |
3. | Muscles tension | 18(12.8%) | 50(35.7%) | 72(51.4%) | 34.207a | .001 |
4. | Sweating | 39(27.8%) | 50(35.7%) | 51(36.4%) | 92.405a | .000 |
5. | Loss of Interest in Life | 26(18.5%) | 38(27.1%) | 76(54.2%) | 66.217a | .000 |
6. | Sleeplessness (insomnia) | 16(11.4%) | 52(37.1%) | 72(51.4%) | 63.479a | .000 |
7. | Difficulty concentrating | 27(19.2%) | 29(20.7%) | 84(60%) | 62.981a | .000 |
Table 4 along with Fig. 4 shows the IDPs undergraduate students' responses regarding the effects of PTSD (heartbeating) on their academic achievements in which 17.10% were much affected, 25.70% more affected and 57.10% most affected having (Chi-Square value 92.322a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05). Likewise, Rapid Breathing affecting students' academics was 16.40% much affected, 25% more affected, and 58.50% most affected showing (Chi-Square value 47.647a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05. Similarly, Muscles Tension developed in undergraduate IDPs students were 12.80% much affected, 35.70% more affected, and 51.40% most affected indicating (Chi-Square value 34.207a), and Asymp Sig. value .001 < α (0.05) due to which their academic achievements were badly affected. According to the responses of the participants (respondents) regarding Sweating, the academics of undergraduate students were 27.80% much affected, 37.70% more affected, and 36.40% most affected in Tribal Districts with (Chi-Square value 92.405a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05). The responses of the respondents shown in the table above about the adverse effects of loss of interest in life on students’ academic achievements were 18.50% much affected, 27.10% more affected, and 54.20% most affected having (Chi-Square value 66.217a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05). Likewise, students, who were sufferings from sleeplessness (insomnia) were 11.40% much affected, 37.10% more affected, and 51.40% most affected revealing (Chi-Square value 63.479a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05) due to which they showed poor academic scores or grades. Difficulty Concentrating badly influenced students’ academic achievements were 19.20% much affected, 20.70% more affected, and 60% most affected (Chi-Square value 62.981a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05).
Overall, undergraduate IDPs students were highly traumatized due to PTSD caused by war hazards in tribal districts, and their academic achievements were negatively influenced. The statistical results showed that Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) values were all less than α (0.05). Therefore, the hypothesis "There was no relationship of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with the academic achievement of undergraduate IDPs students in Tribal Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan" was rejected by revealing that there was a negative association between the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and academic achievements of undergraduate IDPs students in Tribal Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.
Table 5
Effects of PTSD (Anger, bad temper, guilt, self-blame, hopelessness, feeling alone, fear, and aggression) on academic achievements of IDPs undergraduate students in in tribal districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan (n = 140)
S. No | Post-traumatic stress disorder | Responses of the respondents | Chi-Square tests |
Much Affected | More Affected | Most Affected | Chi-Square Value | Asymp Sig. (2-sided) |
1. | Anger | 15(10.7%) | 35(25%) | 90(64.2%) | 77.422a | .000 |
2. | Bad temper | 09(6.4%) | 57(40.7%) | 74(52.8%) | 35.092a | .000 |
3. | Guilt | 23(16.4%) | 41(29.2%) | 76(54.2%) | 41.152a | .000 |
4. | Self-blame | 37(26.4%) | 50(35.7%) | 53(37.8%) | 45.700a | .000 |
5. | Hopelessness | 30(21.4%) | 35(25%) | 75(53.5%) | 51.067a | .000 |
6. | Feeling alone | 19(13.5%) | 46(32.8%) | 75(53.5%) | 56.403a | .000 |
7. | Fear | 21(15%) | 44(31.4%) | 75(53.5%) | 37.776a | .000 |
8. | Aggression | 21(15%) | 29(20.7%) | 90(64.2%) | 57.167a | .000 |
Table 5 along with Fig. 5 indicates the IDPs undergraduate students' responses regarding the effects of PTSD (anger) on their academic achievements in which 10.70% were much affected, 25% more affected and 64.20% were most affected having (Chi-Square value 77.422a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05). Likewise, Bad Temper affecting students’ academics were 6.40% much affected, 40.70% more affected, and 52.80% most affected showing (Chi-Square value 35.092a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05. Similarly, Guilt developed in undergraduate IDPs students was 16.40% much affected, 29.20% more affected, and 54.20% most affected indicating (Chi-Square value 41.152a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05) due to which their academic achievements were badly affected. According to the responses of the participants (respondents) regarding Self-Blame, the academics of undergraduate students were 26.40% much affected, 35.70% more affected, and 37.80% most affected in Tribal Districts with (Chi-Square value 45.700a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05). The responses of the respondents shown in the table above about the adverse effects of Hopelessness on students’ academic achievements were 21.40% much affected, 25% more affected, and 53.50% most affected having (Chi-Square value 51.067a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05). Likewise, students feeling alone were 13.50% much affected, 32.80% more affected, and 53.50% most affected revealing (Chi-Square value 56.403a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05) due to which they showed poor academic scores or grades. Fear badly influenced students' academic achievements were 15% were much affected, 31.40% were more affected, and 53.50% were most affected (Chi-Square value 37.776a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05). Aggression influencing students’ academic achievements were 21% much affected, 20.70% more affected, and 64.20% most affected showing (Chi-Square value 57.167a), and Asymp Sig. value .000 < α (0.05.
Overall, undergraduate IDPs students were highly traumatized due to PTSD caused by war hazards in tribal districts, and their academic achievements were negatively influenced. The statistical results showed that Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) values were all less than α (0.05). Therefore, the hypothesis "There was no relationship of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with the academic achievement of undergraduate IDPs students in Tribal Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan" was rejected by revealing that there was a negative association between the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and academic achievements of undergraduate IDPs students in Tribal Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.
According to the results of the Chi-Square test as shown in Fig. 6 the IDPs Undergraduate students were most academically affected due to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders including (upset, heart beating, and sweating. Likewise, they were more academically affected by PTSD including (physical trauma, mental trauma, psychological trauma, rapid breathing, loss of interest in life, sleeplessness (insomnia), difficulty concentrating, and anger), etc. Similarly, undergraduate students were academically much affected due to PTSDs including (emotional trauma, flashbacks, nightmares, muscle tension, bad temper, guilt, self-blame, hopelessness, feeling alone, fear, and aggression.
Qualitative results of the study
Out of (n = 140) respondents, 20 respondents were taken for interview via judgmental sampling technique i.e. (5 respondents from each tribal district) were interviewed after distribution of face-to-face questionnaire among them.
According to Fig. 7, a total number of 20 respondents (5 undergraduate students) from each tribal district were interviewed about Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders among IDPs tribal students due to war hazards as shown in the figure above 5/5 (100%) respondents in North Waziristan and South Waziristan Tribal Districts revealed that academic achievements of undergraduate students were badly affected due to PTSDs because of war hazards. They were found very upset. They were physically, mentally, and psychologically traumatic. They had breathing, insomnia, and concentration problems. They showed no interest in their lives. They showed aggressive and emotional behaviors. They were suffering from other psychological problems like anger, flashbacks, nightmares, muscle tension, and bad temper. They were hopeless and perceived themselves as guilty and self-blame while feeling alone at all.
Likewise, 4/5 (80%) respondents belonging to the Orakzai, Kurram, and Bajaur Districts interviewed that PTSD and academic achievements were negatively associated. The undergraduate students of Orakzai, Kurram, and Bajaur tribal districts were interviewed in 80% of them were found highly depressed, stressed, and anxious. They too had most of the problems as developed in North and South Waziristan because of continuous hazards for years and years. They interviewed that no tribal citizens feel satisfaction in their lives. Every tribal citizen is mentally, socially, psychologically, emotionally, and physically traumatic due to which tribal take no interest in their lives including education, business, and other social as well as life-related activities because they seem no future at all. Similarly, 3/5 (60%) of the IDPs undergraduate tribal students of Khyber and Mohmand districts stated during their interviews that war hazards made them hopeless. Neither, do they avail of the educational facilities nor do they wish because of the cold war in tribal districts for so many years. They further pointed out that the educational careers of tribal citizens seem to be smashed because each tribal student has been the patient of multiple psychotraumic problems including depression, stress, anxiety, flashbacks, aggression, hopelessness, bad temper, nightmares, concentration, insomnia problems, etc.