Exploring the predictive power of sports participation motivation and sports benefits on the health and physical fitness of college students

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3996536/v1

Objective: To explore the relationship between college students' motivation for sports participation, physical activity volume, conscious exercise benefits, and healthy physical fitness.

Method: A random sampling survey method was used to obtain a total of 3700 questionnaires for college students in the Chengdu and Chongqing regions of western China, and SPSS 21.0 was used to statistically process the data obtained.

Result: The BMI status of college students is influenced by their level of physical activity. The higher their level of physical activity, the higher their sense of sports identity and satisfaction; The level of sports participation among college students is significantly lower, with females being significantly lower than males; The main factors affecting the physical fitness of college students include the amount of physical activity, BMI, awareness of sports participation, motivation for participation, and exercise habits.

Conclusion: Motivation for sports participation, physical activity volume, and conscious exercise benefits can significantly predict the health and physical fitness of college students, and this predictive power is mainly reflected in two aspects: lower limb explosive strength and cardiopulmonary fitness.

physical activity

body mass index

conscious movement interests

motivation of sports participation

The BMI value of college students affects their lower limb explosive power and cardiovascular endurance, and good health management can enhance their motivation to participate in sports.
The conscious exercise benefits of college students are highly correlated with their physical activity levels. Boys who engage in high activity tend to focus on weight, while girls tend to be more inclined towards personal emotions.
The third year of college is a critical period for the decline in physical fitness, and cultivating exercise habits is the key to suppressing the decline in physical fitness.

National health is one of the cornerstones of a country's competitiveness. China issued the "Healthy China 2030" planning outline in 2016, which clearly pointed out that the core of the disease management and health service model of the integration of physical and medical education is to build a sports promotion health service system covering the whole population and the whole life cycle. The health promotion function of "fitness for all" is mainly achieved by guiding the people to form scientific fitness behavior and improving scientific fitness level [1-3]. In May 2017, the Ministry of Science and Technology, together with five departments including the National Health and Family Planning Commission and the General Administration of Sport, issued the "13th Five-Year Plan" for Health and Health Science and Technology Innovation, which officially included "active health" in the special plan [4]. In 2019, the State Council's Opinions on the Implementation of the Healthy China Action formally put forward the requirement of "implementing the Healthy China Action", which further promoted the transformation from "treating diseases as the center" to "taking people's health as the center". It can be seen that improving the participation rate of national sports and enhancing national health awareness has become a national strategy. In order to make young people run, the Ministry of Education and the General Administration of Sport of the People's Republic of China and other relevant departments have paid great support in terms of policies and funds. However, after the "13th Five-Year Plan", although the proportion of youth sports population has increased to a certain extent, there is still a large gap between the regular sports population and developed countries such as Europe, the United States and Japan [5]. Youth physical fitness has not only weakened, but also generally lagged behind Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong and other relevant countries and regions [6]. The primary task before us today is to improve the sports population, cultivate the national sports habits, increase the amount of physical activity, improve the national physical fitness, prevent the occurrence of various chronic diseases, and reduce the medical expenses and social costs [7].

It is well known that cardiopulmonary fitness is an important indicator of individual health alarm [8]. The follow-up study found [9] that there was a significant dose-effect relationship between physical activity (or exercise) of schoolchildren and the risk factors of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. The cardiopulmonary fitness of schoolchildren was related to obesity, cardiovascular risk factors, quality of life, mental health, self-esteem and academic performance. The muscle fitness and speed/sensitivity were related to bone health. In adolescence, better cardiopulmonary fitness and muscle fitness will help to have better cardiovascular function, lower incidence of metabolic syndrome and obesity, and reduce the risk of death in the future life stage [10] . The study found that if teenagers can participate in sports or physiological activities at least three times a week and at least 30 minutes each time, they can effectively reduce hypertension and reduce the risk factors of cardiovascular disease [11], and a randomized clinical trial of resistance training has proved that it can significantly improve physical fitness performance (such as waist circumference, BMI, sitting forward bending, standing long jump and turn back running performance) [12]. On the other hand, lack of exercise is related to low mental health, such as depression or anxiety symptoms [13].

College students are the hope of the future nation of the motherland, but at present, the physical fitness of college students in China is generally declining, and the situation is worrying [14]. College students are a dangerous group that is prone to be dissatisfied with their body shape or have a morbid diet [15]. The study found that positive health behaviors such as exercise and healthy nutritional status are closely related to college students' self-confidence, self-efficacy and self-esteem [16]. Exercise can effectively improve personal figure, and has a positive impact on personal self-esteem [17,18]. The study found that the first year of college is an important period of weight gain [19]. In this year, it is estimated that about 2-3 kilograms of weight gain will be achieved, but regular exercise will help to avoid the weight gain of female college freshman [20]. However, some studies have pointed out that physical activity will gradually decrease at the juncture of adolescence and adulthood [21], among which the amount of leisure, sports and overall activity will decrease significantly in the first year of college, while the weight will increase relatively [22]. According to relevant research reports [23], the lowest rate of regular exercise habits of teenagers at all school stages is college students, and the proportion of reaching 210 minutes of exercise every week is only about 30-40%. At present, although some domestic scholars have discussed the sports behavior and physical fitness performance of college students, the impact of college students' physical condition and sports behavior on their fitness benefits lacks a complete and in-depth exploration. Based on this, the purpose of this study is to understand the current situation of college students' sports participation, physical fitness performance and benefits of voluntary sports participation, and to explore the relationship between physical fitness and health related to physical fitness and the benefits of voluntary sports on personal body shape, self-esteem, physical fitness and satisfaction of sports participation, and to propose relevant countermeasures to solve the continuous decline of college students' physical fitness in China, It is expected to improve the participation rate of independent sports activities of college students in China, and provide theoretical and practical reference for the implementation of the National Standard for Physical Health of Students, and strive to achieve the goal of "exercising one hour a day, working healthily for 50 years, and living happily for a lifetime".

Investigation object

Four undergraduate colleges and universities were determined in CCEZ respectively by stratified random sampling, of which two were general and two were key, and a total of eight were obtained. After the school is determined, the survey objects will be determined by random sampling for freshmen, sophomores and juniors in colleges and departments; Through coordination and communication with the college counselors, the members of the research group obtained the appropriate opportunity to fill in the questionnaire for college students. The questionnaire was collected from March 2023 to April 2023. A total of 3700 questionnaires were obtained, and 3577 valid questionnaires were retrieved (including 1285, 1245 and 1047 for freshmen, sophomores and juniors respectively), with an effective recovery rate of 96%. The sampling rate is proportional to the size of the parent body.

Questionnaire structure

The structured questionnaire is adopted, which includes five aspects:

1) Basic information of the respondents. The content mainly includes the subject's gender, age, grade, region, school level, parents' education level, and allowance adequacy.

2) Investigation on the current situation of sports participation. The content mainly aims at the number of days of exercise per week, cumulative exercise time per week, exercise time per exercise, exercise intensity per exercise, exercise type, venue, etc. of students in the past three months. According to the progressive data of subjects' weekly exercise time, the subjects were divided into three groups: "≤1 hour/week", "1-3.5 hours/week" and ">3.5 hours/week", which were classified into "low activity group", "medium activity group" and "high activity group"

3）Health behavior survey. The content includes whether there are chronic diseases, fitness habits, smoking and drinking, sleep quality, self-conscious schoolwork pressure, self-conscious use of time, etc.

4) Self-conscious exercise benefit scale. It is mainly designed with reference to the scale of conscious exercise benefits prepared by Zhang Yide and others [24]. The scale consists of four questions: sports participation can change personal figure, sports participation can improve personal self-esteem, sports participation can improve health and physical fitness, and sports participation can improve life satisfaction. Likert 5-point measurement is adopted, and 1-5 points are given from very disagree, disagree, ordinary, agree and very agree. The pre-test shows that the Cronbach 'of the overall dimension of the scale α Coefficient=0.87; The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fitness indexes AGFI, CFI, NFI and IFI were 0.91, 0.94, 0.93 and 0.92 in order, all of which were greater than the standard of 0.90, RMSEA=0.032 (less than 0.05, good fitness); The combined reliability of the scale is above 0.88, which shows that the scale is reliable and effective (see Table 2).

5）Sport participation motivation scale. Adapted from the fitness participation motivation scale prepared by Jaakkola et al [25]. The scale contains four dimensions, namely, health management, weight management, emotional management, and social and leisure. There are 19 questions in total. Cronbach of all dimensions α It is between 0.84-0.90, and the overall scale is 0.83, indicating that the scale has good constructive validity and reliability. The model validation showed that the fitness indexes AGFI, CFI, NFI and IFI were 0.90, 0.93, 0.94 and 0.92 in order, all of which were greater than the standard of 0.90, and RMSEA=0.042 (less than 0.05, good fitness); In addition, the combined reliability of the four dimensions is above 0.84, which shows that the scale has good reliability and validity (see Table 1).

Table 1: Statistical table of validity and reliability test of the measurement scale
Scale name	KMO and spherical inspection		Dimension naming	composite reliability	construct validity

Self-conscious exercise benefit scale	0.85；P=0.000	Change personal figure		0.88	0.87
		Improve personal self-esteem
		Improve health and fitness
		Improve life satisfaction
Verification of measurement model: AGFI=0.91, CFI=0.94, NFI=0.93, IFI=0.92, RMSEA=0.032; Overall Cronbach's a coefficient 0.87
Sport Participation Motivation Scale	0.88；P=0.000	6	Health management	0.90	0.88
		4	Weight management	0.87	0.85
		5	Emotional management	0.84	0.83
		4	Leisure and social	0.86	0.85
Verification of measurement model:: AGFI= 0.90, CFI=0.93, NFI=0.94, IFI= 0.92, RMSEA=0.042; Overall Cronbach's a coefficient 0.83

Measurement method

The health fitness test is based on the national college students' physical fitness measurement standard. The test items include body composition (height, weight), flexibility (sit-and-reach), muscle strength and muscle endurance (one min knee bending, sit-ups), lower limb explosive strength (standing long jump) and cardiopulmonary endurance (male 1000m, female 800m run). Body mass index (BMI=body weight Kg/height(m)², and the subjects were divided into three groups according to the national college students' body mass index classification standard - underweight, standard weight and overweight.

Mathematical statistics

SPSS21.0 statistical analysis software was used to process the data, including descriptive statistical analysis, contingency analysis, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA (including LSD multiple comparisons) and multiple logistic regression analysis. The statistical significance level of all variables is set to α= 0.05.

Individual background information on sports participation behavior

Table 2 shows:

There were significant differences in male and female college students' participation in sports clubs (X²=27.76, P=0.000), days of exercise per week (t=5.69, P=0.013), total time of exercise per week (X²=91.53, P=0.000), time of exercise per time (X²=121.28, P=0.000), exercise intensity (X²=197.77, P=0.000) and type of exercise (X²=119.16, P=0.000). The proportion of boys participating in sports clubs, the number of days of exercise per week, the cumulative exercise time per week, the exercise time per time, and the exercise intensity were significantly higher than those of girls; At the same time, there are also significant gender differences in the choice of sports types. Girls prefer aerobic sports and softness (such as yoga, Pilates, stretching, etc.), while boys prefer ball games and muscle strength training (such as weight training, muscle strength training, etc.).

Table 2: Statistical table of correlation analysis between college students' background information and their sports participation（N=3577）
Variable name		male	female	test(x²/t;P)	Variable name		male	Female	test(x²;P)
Sports Association	participating	760(40.5)	544(32.0)	27.76;0.000	Exercise intensity	Not tired at all	121(6.4)	286(16.8)	197.77;0.000
Sports Association	Not participating	1117(49.5)	1156(68.0)	27.76;0.000		Not tired	246(13.1)	201(11.8)
Weekly exercise days		2.71±1.55	2.16±1.44	5.69；P=0.013		a little tired	1068(56.9)	1051(61.8)
Total weekly exercise time	≤1hour	310(16.5)	359(21.1)	91.53;0.000		Very tired	402(21.4)	136(8.0)
	1-3.5hour	965(51.4)	1032(55.8)			extremely tired	40(2.1)	26(1.5)
	＞3.5hour	602(32.1)	309(18.2)		exercise type	Aerobic exercise	355(18.9)	524(30.8)	119.16;0.000
Time of each exercise	≤30min	197(10.5)	264(15.5)	121.28;0.000		strength training	250(13.3)	87(5.1)
	31-60min	1154(61.5)	1209(71.1)			ball game	1188(63.3)	1000(58.8)
	＞60min	526(28.0)	227(13.4)			other	84(4.5)	89(5.2)

The relationship between different BMI and sports activity levels

Table 3: Statistical table of differences in physical fitness of college students with different body types and different physical activity
Variable name	Male BMI				Female BMI
	Underweight (Ⅰ)	Standard (Ⅱ)	Overweight (Ⅲ)	LSD comparison	Underweight (Ⅰ)	Standard (Ⅱ)	Overweight (Ⅲ)	LSD comparison
sit-and-reach（cm）	21.6±8.6	23.9±7.4	18.3±5.8	Ⅱ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅲ	23.2±10.5	23.8±9.1	20.7±8.6	Ⅰ=Ⅱ=Ⅲ
do sit-ups（time）	37.3±9.6	39.6±8.8	34.3±8.4	Ⅱ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅲ	29.2±7.5	29.9±6.9	29.4±8.6	Ⅰ=Ⅱ=Ⅲ
Standing long jump（cm）	230.5±29.6	232.8±31.4	211.5±24.5	Ⅱ=Ⅰ＞Ⅲ	179.6±34.2	178.7±25.8	151.6±30.8	Ⅱ=Ⅰ＞Ⅲ
Cardiopulmonary fitness（s）	222.6±81.2	221.7±80.6	235.6±123.2	Ⅱ=Ⅰ＜Ⅲ	246.6±74.1	238.8±27.3	254.5±57.2	Ⅱ＜Ⅰ＜Ⅲ
Physical activity（male） Physical activity（female）
	Underweight (Ⅰ)	Standard (Ⅱ)	Overweight (Ⅲ)	LSD comparison	Underweight (Ⅰ)	Standard (Ⅱ)	Overweight (Ⅲ)	LSD comparison
sit-and-reach（cm）	27.1±8.9	28.7±10.5	28.9±9.4	Ⅰ=Ⅱ=Ⅲ	22.1±9.1	21.9±8.3	24.2±8.6	Ⅱ=Ⅰ＜Ⅲ
do sit-ups（time）	38.3±9.8	37.9±8.7	39.8±9.6	Ⅰ=Ⅱ=Ⅲ	24.8±7.6	25.3±10.3	31.6±8.4	Ⅱ=Ⅰ＜Ⅲ
Standing long jump（cm）	221.7±31.1	224.8±26.2	242.3±21.55	Ⅱ=Ⅰ＜Ⅲ	168.5±31.2	171.4±28.1	180.7±29.4	Ⅱ=Ⅰ＜Ⅲ
Cardiopulmonary fitness（s）	235.5±59.7	223.5±75.4	219.6±87.1	Ⅱ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅲ	243.6±88.5	241.7±75.3	233.4±51.7	Ⅱ=Ⅰ＞Ⅲ
Note：The number of sit-ups completed in one minute; Cardiopulmonary fitness is the number of seconds completed by boys' 1000m and girls' 800m running. If the univariate test of variance is significant, multiple comparisons among different groups of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ are carried out, and Ⅰ<Ⅱ means that the value of group Ⅰ is significantly lower than that of group Ⅱ. Ⅰ=Ⅱ>Ⅲ Intent There was no difference between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ, but the two groups were significantly higher than group Ⅲ. Other similar symbols have the same meaning. Similar symbols in Table 5 below have the same meaning and will not be explained.

Table 3 shows:

1) Compared with the standard body shape, the underweight group and the overweight group of male college students have poor performance in the physical fitness test results of different grades of BMI college students. Among the four physical fitness tests, the overweight group and the overweight group have the worst performance. In the test results of female college students, sitting posture, forward bending and sit-ups have nothing to do with body shape, but there are significant differences in body position except standing long jump and cardiopulmonary fitness (800m); Girls who are too light and standard in the standing long jump perform significantly better than those who are too heavy in the standing long jump, while girls who are standard in weight perform significantly in the 800m performance of the underweight group, while the underweight group is significantly better than the overweight group.

2） In terms of the performance of college students with different exercise volumes (cumulative exercise hours per week) in physical fitness, the boys with high activity volumes (more than 3.5 hours per week) have significantly better performance in standing long jump and 1000m run. The high activity group of female students (more than 3.5h/week) performed best in four aspects: sitting posture, forward bending, sit-ups, standing long jump and cardiopulmonary fitness.

The Relationship between BMI, Sports Activity Level, Self perceived Sports Benefits, and Motivation for Sports Participation

Table 4: Comparative analysis of college students with different levels of BMI and physical activity in terms of conscious sports benefits and sports participation behaviors
Variable name		male BMI				Female BMI
		Underweight (Ⅰ)	Standard (Ⅱ)	Overweight (Ⅲ)	LSD comparison	Underweight (Ⅰ)	Standard (Ⅱ)	Overweight (Ⅲ)	LSD comparison
Benefit of conscious exercise	Body shape	3.39±0.87	3.41±0.85	4.02±0.61	Ⅰ=Ⅱ＜Ⅲ	3.36±0.72	3.41±0.85	3.88±0.67	Ⅰ=Ⅱ＜Ⅲ
	personal self-esteem	3.29±0.55	3.37±0.85	3.33±0.70	Ⅰ=Ⅱ=Ⅲ	3.33±0.82	3.35±0.72	3.36±0.63	Ⅰ=Ⅱ=Ⅲ
	Health and fitness	3.69±0.58	3.74±0.92	3.70±0.87	Ⅰ=Ⅱ=Ⅲ	3.75±0.57	3.78±0.61	3.80±0.74	Ⅰ=Ⅱ=Ⅲ
	Sports satisfaction	3.17±0.48	3.20±0.66	3.22±0.69	Ⅰ=Ⅱ=Ⅲ	3.20±0.81	3.13±0.65	3.17±0.44	Ⅰ=Ⅱ=Ⅲ
Motivation of sports participation	Health management	273(36.9%)	322(34.9%)	68(31.8%)	test(x²/P) 74.05;0.000	305(48.7%)	352(40.5%)	67(32.7%)	test(x²/P) 72.53;0.000
	Weight management	47(6.4%)	146(15.8%)	55(25.7%)		85(13.6%)	222(25.5%)	82(40.1%)
	Emotional management	183(24.7%)	161(17.4%)	29(13.6%)		74(11.8%)	112(12.9%)	24(11.7%)
	Leisure and social	237(32.0%)	294(31.9%)	62(29.0%)		162(25.9%)	183(21.1%)	32(15.6%)
		Physical activity（male）				Physical activity（female）
		Underweight (Ⅰ)	Standard (Ⅱ)	Overweight (Ⅲ)	LSD comparison	Underweight (Ⅰ)	Standard (Ⅱ)	Overweight (Ⅲ)	LSD comparison
Benefit of conscious exercise	Body shape	3.59±0.87	3.64±0.85	3.60±0.61	Ⅰ=Ⅱ=Ⅲ	3.25±0.82	3.51±0.62	3.89±0.64	Ⅰ＜Ⅱ＜Ⅲ
	personal self-esteem	3.12±0.55	3.16±0.85	3.71±0.63	Ⅰ=Ⅱ＜Ⅲ	3.20±0.59	3.18±0.78	3.66±0.73	Ⅰ=Ⅱ＜Ⅲ
	Health and fitness	3.62±0.58	3.60±0.92	3.92±0.81	Ⅰ=Ⅱ＜Ⅲ	3.60±0.50	3.65±0.73	4.06±0.89	Ⅰ=Ⅱ＜Ⅲ
	Sports satisfaction	2.97±0.60	3.05±0.65	3.56±0.49	Ⅰ=Ⅱ＜Ⅲ	3.11±0.63	2.97±0.67	3.51±0.47	Ⅰ=Ⅱ＜Ⅲ
Motivation of sports participation	Health management	98(31.6%)	339(35.1%)	206(34.2%)	test(x²/P) 23.72;0.001	153(42.6%)	441(42.7%)	102(33.0%)	test(x²/P) 19.61;0.003
	Weight management	46(14.8%)	184(19.1%)	76(12.6%)		78(21.7%)	263(25.5%)	69(22.3%)
	Emotional management	73(23.5%)	151(15.6%)	103(17.1%)		48(13.4%)	119(11.5%)	54(17.5%)
	Leisure and social	93(30.0%)	291(30.2%)	217(36.0%)		80(22.3%)	209(20.3%)	84(27.2%)

Table 4 shows:

1) In the comparison results of conscious exercise benefits of BMI students of different grades, both men and women, the recognition degree of overweight group students who can consciously change their body shape after personal exercise participation is significantly higher than that of the other two groups（P＜0.05). The comparison of sports participation motivation of different grades of BMI students found that there were significant differences between male and female students (X²=74.05, P=0.000; (X²=72.53, P=0.000). Among them, the consistency of motivation of male and female students with different grades of BMI was reflected in the highest proportion for the purpose of health management, followed by leisure and social; The inconsistency of participation motivation is reflected in that overweight male students pay more attention to weight management, while underweight male students pay more attention to emotional management; Overweight female students pay more attention to weight management, while underweight female students pay more attention to leisure and social interaction.

2）In the comparison results of self-conscious exercise benefits of students with different physical activity levels, except that boys have no difference in physical activity levels in changing their personal body shape, the students in the high activity level group have significantly higher scores than the other two groups in terms of cognition after personal exercise participation, such as consciously changing their personal body shape, improving personal self-esteem, improving personal health and physical fitness, and satisfaction with sports participation. However, the main purpose and motivation of sports participation are not significantly different due to the length of exercise hours per week. There is a significant gender difference in the motivation of sports participation of students with different physical activity levels (X²=23.72, P=0.001; (X²=19.61, P=0.003). Among them, the proportion of boys with high activity levels who choose weight management, leisure and social motivation is significantly higher than the other two groups, while the proportion of boys with low activity levels who choose mood management motivation is significantly higher than the other groups; The proportion of high activity girls' motivation in emotional management, leisure and social interaction was significantly higher than that of other groups, while the proportion of low activity group's motivation in choosing health management was significantly higher than that of other groups.

Regression of factors affecting the physical fitness of college students

Table 5 shows:

1) The grade of the students is related to their physical fitness level. Compared with the freshmen, the physical fitness performance of the sophomore students has no significant difference, but the junior students have a significant downward trend. The OR value of the odds ratio shows that the qualified rate of the sitting posture and forward bending of the junior students, regardless of male and female, has decreased to 0.854 times and 0.791 times of the original level, and the qualified rate of sit-ups has decreased to 0.801 times and 0.825 times of the original level, respectively, The qualified rate of standing long jump decreased to 0.798 times and 0.872 times of the original level, and the qualified rate of cardiopulmonary fitness decreased to 0.812 times and 0.787 times of the original level.

2）The amount of physical activity of students will significantly and positively affect their physical fitness level. Compared with the low activity group, the qualified rate of cardiopulmonary fitness of the male group with physical activity reaching the middle and high levels will be 1.352 times and 1.412 times of the low activity group, and the qualified rate of the male group with high activity will be 1.265 times of the low activity group; From the perspective of girls, compared with the low activity group, the qualified rate of the middle activity group in sitting posture, forward bending, sit-ups, standing long jump and cardiopulmonary fitness is not much different, but the qualified rate of the high activity group in these four aspects will be 1.188 times, 1.201 times, 1.411 times and 1.445 times of the low activity group.

3）The BMI of students will significantly affect their physical fitness level. From the perspective of boys, compared with the standard BMI group, the qualified rate of sit-ups and standing long jump of students with low BMI is only 0.612 times and 0.806 times of that of the standard BMI group, while the qualified rate of sitting forward, supine sitting up, standing long jump and cardiopulmonary fitness of students with high BMI is only 0.813 times, 0.857 times, 0.612 times and 0.655 times of that of the standard BMI group, respectively. From the perspective of girls, compared with the standard BMI group, the qualified rate of cardiopulmonary fitness of the low BMI group is only 0.853 times of the standard group, while the qualified rate of standing long jump and cardiopulmonary fitness of the high BMI group is only 0.651 times and 0.528 times of the standard BMI group, respectively.

Table 5: Statistical table of multiple logistic regression analysis of factors affecting college students' physical fitness
			Fitness of boys（odds ratio; OR）				Fitness of girls（odds ratio; OR）
			Sit and reach（cm）	do sit-ups（time）	Standing long jump（cm）	Cardiopulmonary fitness（s）	sit-and-reach（cm）	do sit-ups（time）	Standing long jump（cm）	Cardiopulmonary fitness（s）
grade	Sophomore/freshman		0.957	1.023	0.992	1.078	1.102	0.957	0.962	1.036
grade	Junior/freshman		0.854**	0.801**	0.798**	0.812**	0.791**	0.825**	0.872*	0.787***
body Activity volume	Medium/low activity		1.090	1.108	0.924	1.352***	1.059	1.103	0.971	1.110
body Activity volume	High/low activity		0.905	1.024	1.265**	1.412***	1.188**	1.201***（770	1.411***	1.445***
BMI	Underweight/ Standard		1.0663	0.612***	0.806***	1.0279	1.081	0.912	1.102	0.853**
BMI	Overweight/ Standard /标准		0.813**	0.857**	0.612***	0.655***	1.003	0.872	0.651***	0.528***
School level	Key/Ordinary universities		1.071	0.867	1.058	1.102	0.984	1.063	0.964	0.894
Urban differences0.7740	Chongqing/ Chengdu City		0.727	0.930	0.932	1.113	0.923	1.123	0.981	0.982
pin money	Adequate/insufficient		1.114	0.974	0.881	1.109	0.905	1.081	0.975	0.896
Sleep status	Good/bad		1.042	0.897	0.817	0.987	0.872	0.950	1.106	0.889
Schoolwork pressure Yes/No			0.904	0.917	0.869	0.905	1.072	0.963	1.101	0.924
Conscious movement interests			0.906	1.006	1.291**	1.263**	0.892	1.203**	1.235**	1.621***
Motivation of sports participation			0.892	0.903	1.362***	1.706***	0.912	1.035	1.106	1.236**
Father's education level		Bachelor degree or above/below	0.917	0.895	0.868	0.983	0.945	1.054	1.103	1.042
Mother's education level		Bachelor degree or above/below	0.867	1.003	1.0625	1.106	1.103	0.974	0.963	1.065
Smoking Status		Yes/No	1.113	0.935	1.103	0.813**	0.955	0.957	1.052	0.765***
Drinking status		Yes/No	1.012	0.897	0.973	0.882*	1.033	1.088	1.010	0.862*
Fitness habits		Yes/No	0.971	1.026	1.083	1.487***	0.889	1.033	0.924	1.261**
chronic disease		No/Yes	0.903	1.231*	1.061	1.568***	0.936	1.320**	1.109	1.751***
Note 1: The four indicators of male and female physical fitness, including Sitting forward (flexibility), sit-ups (muscle endurance), standing long jump (explosive strength of lower limbs) and cardiopulmonary fitness (cardiopulmonary endurance), are divided into five categories according to the physical fitness measurement standards of college students: excellent, good, medium, pass, and fail. In this study, the first four categories are translated into qualified=1, and the last one into unqualified=0, and a two-classification logistic regression is performed. Note 2: , * and *** represent significant levels of 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 respectively. Note 2: , * and * * represent significant levels of 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 respectively.

4）Students' conscious sports interests and sports participation motivation are also related to their physical fitness level. From the perspective of boys, each increase in the scores of conscious sports interests and sports participation motivation will raise the qualification rate of standing long jump to 1.291 times and 1.362 times of the original level, while the qualification rate of cardiopulmonary fitness will increase to 1.263 times and 1.706 times of the original level. From the perspective of female students, the qualified rate of sit-ups, standing long jump and cardiopulmonary fitness will increase to 1.203 times, 1.235 times and 1.621 times of the original level respectively for each unit value of conscious sports benefits; However, for every unit value increase in the motivation of sports participation, the qualified rate of cardiopulmonary fitness will increase to 1.236 times of the original level.

5) It seems that students' physical fitness is not affected by their school level, city differences, pocket money, sleep status, school work pressure and parents' cultural level, but their health behavior, health status and sports habits affect their physical fitness. The qualified rate of cardiopulmonary fitness of male smokers and drinkers is only 0.813 times and 0.882 times of that of non-smokers and non-drinkers, respectively. The qualified rate of cardiopulmonary fitness of female smokers and drinkers is only 0.765 and 0.862 times of that of non-smokers and non-drinkers, respectively; The qualified rate of cardiopulmonary fitness of male and female students with exercise habits is 1.487 times and 1.261 times higher than those without exercise habits; For men and women without chronic disease, their sit-ups and cardiopulmonary fitness are 1.231 times and 1.568 times, 1.320 times and 1.751 times more qualified than those with chronic disease.

Background information, BMI, exercise participation, and physical fitness

From the overall perspective of the respondents, there is no significant difference between college students in the western CCEZ in terms of participation rate of sports associations, number of days of exercise per week, total time of exercise per week, time of exercise and exercise intensity [26], but these indicators are significantly lower than the level of sports participation of college students in western developed countries [27]. In terms of the gender characteristics of college students' sports participation in Sichuan and Chongqing, boys' sports participation is significantly better than girls', and there are also significant gender differences in sports type selection. These characteristics are also basically consistent with those of college students in other regions at home and abroad [28].

This study found that, compared with standard weight, overweight boys had the worst performance in flexibility, muscle strength and muscle endurance, lower limb explosive strength and cardiopulmonary endurance, while overweight girls also had the worst performance in lower limb explosive strength and cardiopulmonary endurance. The American Academy of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the World Health Organization (WHO) both use body mass index (BMI) to define the degree of individual obesity. It is often used as an important reference for evaluating individual health, nutritional status, exercise ability and physical fitness, and is closely related to the occurrence and death of diseases [29,30]. The study found that the muscle mass, waist to hip ratio, visceral fat mass and waist circumference data of male college students were significantly higher than those of female college students, while the body fat mass and body fat percentage were on the contrary, and BMI was an important part of affecting physical fitness and the basis for building a healthy body [31]. Previous studies have reported that underweight will lead to physical fitness reduction, immunity reduction, muscle strength, poor muscle endurance and other problems [32], while overweight or obesity will lead to significantly worse physical fitness performance [33]. Therefore, the findings of this study further corroborate the relevant views of previous scholars.

Physical activity is absolutely necessary for the function of maintaining personal health, and is the most convenient and practical method to prevent disease in the world [34]. Studies have pointed out that many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases are considered to be rooted in youth. Lack of proper physical activity in youth will cause growth and cardiovascular problems. It can be seen that the level of physical activity is related to personal health [35]. Rimes et al. found [36] that the higher the amount of physical activity, the better the physical fitness, the more physical strength, and the better the health. Bakhsheshian et al. found [37] that the health benefits of physical activities are directly proportional to the amount of exercise. Schneider et al. pointed out that [38], if an individual has appropriate muscle fitness, it may have greater muscle endurance, and the appropriate amount of physical activity will directly affect muscle fitness, hormone and matrix metabolism, especially the sensitivity of active skeletal muscle tissue to insulin, thus affecting the individual's health. Fang et al. pointed out [39] that increasing the opportunity of physical activity and cultivating regular stretching exercises to promote the body to increase the body's ability to expand naturally become the only way to improve or maintain flexibility. This study found that boys with high activity had the best performance in lower limb explosive force and cardiopulmonary endurance, while girls with high activity had the best performance in flexibility, muscle strength and muscle endurance, lower limb explosive force and cardiopulmonary endurance. These findings are also basically consistent with the research results of the above scholars.

The relationship between BMI, sports activities, conscious exercise benefits, and participation motivation

This study found that, regardless of men and women, BMI overweight people have the highest awareness that their self-conscious exercise can change their body shape after participating in sports. Their motivation to participate in sports is primarily manifested in health management, followed by leisure and social activities. Especially, overweight male and female students pay special attention to weight management. This result is consistent with previous scholars' findings that sports can change their body shape [40]. The study also found that, regardless of men and women, their conscious exercise benefits are highly correlated with the amount of physical activity. The high-activity group generally believed that exercise can change the body shape, improve personal self-esteem, improve personal health and physical fitness and life satisfaction. In terms of motivation of sports participation, male high-activity groups are more inclined to weight management, leisure and social aspects, while low-activity groups pay more attention to emotional management; However, women with high activity are more inclined to emotional management, leisure and social interaction, while women with low activity pay more attention to health management. Previous studies have found that college students' body shape is affected by their physical activity, and physical satisfaction is closely related to BMI [41]. Therefore, it is important to help college students establish a positive body shape awareness. You can monitor their weight by participating in sports clubs or extracurricular aerobic exercise. In addition, college students with regular exercise habits have a higher amount of physical activity per week, and their conscious exercise benefits are much higher than those of irregular exercise [42]. In addition, previous studies also found that college students' body mass index (BMI) will directly affect their personal self-esteem, and sports participation can improve their satisfaction with their body. Overweight college students tend to have higher motivation to participate in sports, while the group with high physical activity means that their sports participation degree is high, and their post-exercise conscious sports benefits are naturally significantly higher than those of low-activity college students [43].

Factors affecting college students' physical fitness-multiple logistic regression analysis

This study found that college students' physical fitness was affected by their grades, and there was no difference in the changes of physical fitness in the freshmen and sophomores. However, once they entered the junior year, whether male or female students, their flexibility (sitting posture, forward bending), muscle strength and muscle endurance (1min knee bending, sit-ups), lower limb burst strength (standing long jump) and cardiopulmonary endurance and other qualification rates (OR) showed a significant downward trend. Is the reason related to the setting of physical education courses in colleges and universities? In the Opinions on Carrying out the Construction of Public Physical Education Courses in Colleges and Universities, it is stipulated that physical education courses must be offered in freshmen and sophomores, but they will not be offered after junior year. Or is it because the arrangement of junior culture classes is too tight, coupled with educational practice and other reasons that affect the physical activity time of college students? This issue is worth further discussion.

This study found that the qualified rate of cardiopulmonary fitness of male college students with moderate and high physical activity is 1.352 times and 1.412 times of those with low activity, respectively, while the qualified rate of cardiopulmonary fitness of female students with high activity is 1.445 times of those with low activity. Cardiopulmonary fitness is a powerful indicator of multiple health warnings. Cardiopulmonary fitness is related to obesity, cardiovascular risk factors, quality of life, mental health, self-esteem and academic performance; Muscle fitness, speed and sensitivity are related to bone health; Better cardiopulmonary fitness and muscle fitness in youth will help to have better cardiovascular function, lower incidence of metabolic syndrome and obesity, and reduce the risk of death in the future life stage [44]. A randomly assigned resistance training has proved that it can significantly improve physical fitness performance (including waist circumference, BMI, sitting forward bending, standing long jump and turn back run tests) [45]. A follow-up study on adults over 25 years old also found that higher cardiopulmonary fitness was significantly associated with lower incidence of depression and anxiety [46].

Health fitness has always been recognized as an important indicator of health. It can be regarded as a performance involving daily physical activities or physical movements. Even if not all, it is also most of the integrated measurement of body functions, including skeletal muscle, heart and lung, blood circulation, psychoneurology, endocrine metabolism, etc [47]. This study found that compared with the standard BMI body type, the performance of boys with low BMI in sit-ups and standing long jump decreased significantly, while the performance of boys with high BMI in sit-ups, sit-ups, standing long jump and cardiopulmonary fitness decreased comprehensively; However, the cardiopulmonary fitness of girls with low BMI decreased significantly, while that of girls with high BMI decreased significantly in standing long jump and cardiopulmonary fitness. Previous studies have found that [48] overweight or obese male and female adolescents perform worse in the standing long jump than those in the standard position. The odds ratio between the obese and the lowest quantile of explosive force is 3.66 times, the OR value between the obese and the lowest quantile of muscle endurance is 1.37 times, and the odds ratio between the obese and the lowest quantile of cardiopulmonary endurance is 1.56 times. Therefore, the findings of this study are also consistent with the findings of previous scholars.

The physical fitness performance of college students is related to their conscious sports interests, and their perception of sports interests is often inseparable from their motivation to participate in sports. This study found that the impact of conscious sports interests and motivation to participate in sports on college students' physical fitness can not be ignored. When the scores of conscious sports interests and motivation to participate in sports increase by one unit value, college students' lower limb explosive force and cardiopulmonary endurance have significantly improved. Relevant research found that [49], the higher the score of college students' awareness of sports interests, the higher their physical activity, the longer the weekly exercise time and each exercise time, the greater the intensity of each exercise, which will naturally improve their health and fitness. In addition, this study also found that, regardless of male, female, students, their health behavior, health status and exercise habits affect their physical fitness. The qualified rate of cardiopulmonary fitness of smoking and drinking students decreased significantly, the qualified rate of cardiopulmonary fitness of students with exercise habits increased significantly, and the qualified rate of muscle endurance and cardiopulmonary endurance of physically and mentally healthy students increased significantly. Previous studies have pointed out that [50] the types of chronic diseases, depression and physical fitness of students are significantly correlated. The better their health, the better their physical fitness. The overall performance of physical fitness of adolescents with regular exercise habits is better than those with irregular exercise habits. These findings in this study seem to have some relationship with the findings of previous scholars, and need to be verified by more specific research in the future.

In short, after college students leave home and live in school, they leave the supervision of their families, and they are faced with great changes in their living environment. They will have significant changes in their living habits, such as diet, sleep, tobacco and alcohol intake, and exercise behavior, which is likely to lead to the risk of weight gain or unhealthy behavior formation. Some bad habits developed by freshmen are likely to affect their health in the future. For example, the formation of obesity has been considered as the main cause of many chronic diseases. On the other hand, college students are at the most mature stage of physical development, especially the freshmen are in the critical period of weight gain [51,52]. It is estimated that the freshmen will gain about 2-3kg weight, but regular exercise will help to avoid their weight gain. Therefore, college physical education should pay close attention to the teaching quality of freshman and sophomore physical education, strengthen students' extracurricular physical exercise, and maintain the appropriate amount of physical activity of college students through aerobic training, resistance training, softness and stretching exercises, which is very important to effectively enhance college students' physical fitness and maintain good body shape. At the same time, if students can develop correct sports concepts and develop regular sports habits in college, Taking lifelong sports as the goal will have important practical significance.

1) Compared with the level of college students' participation in sports in western developed countries, the participation rate of college students' sports associations, the number of days of weekly exercise, the total time of weekly exercise, the time and intensity of each exercise in CCEZ of China are significantly lower, and there are significant gender differences; Boys with normal BMI values perform better in flexibility, muscle strength and muscle endurance, lower limb explosive strength and cardiopulmonary endurance, while girls with overweight BMI perform worst in lower limb explosive strength and cardiopulmonary endurance.

2) Men and women with overweight BMI agree that exercise can change their body shape and show the highest cognitive score, and take health management as the primary option of motivation for exercise participation; The conscious exercise benefits of male and female college students are highly correlated with their physical activity. Male and female college students with high activity generally believe that exercise can change their body shape and improve their self-esteem. However, in terms of motivation for sports participation, male students with high activity tend to weight management, while female students with high activity tend to emotional management.

3) The third year of college is a critical period for the decline of physical fitness. The impact of college students' conscious sports interests and motivation to participate in sports on their lower limb explosive power and cardiopulmonary endurance cannot be ignored. Smoking, drinking, health status and exercise habits are all negative factors affecting cardiopulmonary fitness, and exercise habits are the key factors affecting the eligibility rate of cardiopulmonary fitness.

CCEZ Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone

OR Odds Ratio

BMI Body Mass Index

AGFI Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index

CFI Comparative Fit Index

NFI Normed Fit Index

IFI Incremental Fit Index

RMSEA Root Mean Square Error of Approximation

LSD Least Significant Digit

ACSM American Academy of Sports Medicine

WHO World Health Organization

KMO Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin

Availability of data and materials

Due to the limitation that the project has not yet been completed, the dataset analyzed during the current research period has not been made public, but can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgements

we would like to thank the leaders and colleagues of the college of Physical Education, Southwest University for their selfless contributions and help during the data acquisition.

Funding

This project is supported by the Humanities and Social Science Foundation of the Ministry of education (Project No.: 20YJA890018)

Contributions

L.L. are responsible for the writing of this article. Y.S. and T.G. are responsible for document collection and data processing. At the same time, J. L. is the manager and corresponding author of this study. All authors participated in the conception and design of this work and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Our study did not require an ethical board approval because it did not contain human or animal trials. Prior to investigation, all individuals gave their written informed consent.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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No competing interests reported.

Exploring the predictive power of sports participation motivation and sports benefits on the health and physical fitness of college students

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Abstract

Text box 1. Contributions to the literature

Background

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Abbreviations

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