Table 1. Evaluated characteristics of patients with severe COVID-19 infection
|
Total
|
IVIg Group
|
Control Group
|
P-value$
|
|
Age (years)*
|
|
56 (46 ,62)
|
55.5 (45 ,60)
|
56 (47 ,66)
|
0.375
|
Sex n (%)
|
Male
|
41 (69.5)
|
21 (70)
|
20 (68.9)
|
0.931
|
Female
|
18 (30.5)
|
9 (30)
|
9 (31)
|
HTN n (%)
|
|
13 (22)
|
7 (23.3)
|
6 (20.6)
|
0.807
|
DM n (%)
|
|
16 (27.1)
|
6 (20)
|
10 (34.4)
|
0.211
|
Chronic lung disease n (%)
|
2 (3.3)
|
2 (6.6)
|
0 (0)
|
0.157
|
HR/min
|
95 (89 ,105)
|
92.5 (89 ,100)
|
96 (90 ,108)
|
0.280
|
Systolic BP (mmHg)
|
120 (115 ,130)
|
120 (120 ,130)
|
120 (110 ,130)
|
0.428
|
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
|
80 (70 ,80)
|
80 (70 ,80)
|
80 (70 ,80)
|
0.542
|
RR /min
|
19 (18 ,22)
|
19.5 (18 ,22)
|
19 (18 ,21)
|
0.927
|
BT (°C)
|
37.1 (36.7 ,37.7)
|
37.05 (36.5 ,37.8)
|
37.1 (36.9 ,37.6)
|
0.772
|
O2 saturation (%)
|
88 (85 ,89)
|
88 (85 ,89)
|
88 (85 ,89)
|
0.436
|
WBC (1000/mm3)
|
5.6 (4.6 ,8.7)
|
5.0 (4.2 ,7)
|
6.6 (5 ,10.9)
|
0.026
|
Neutrophil (%)
|
78 (70 ,83)
|
74 (70 ,80)
|
80 (74 ,87)
|
0.114
|
Lymphocyte (%)
|
18 (11 ,22)
|
19 (14 ,25)
|
16 (9 ,20)
|
0.085
|
Hb (g/dl)
|
13.9 (12.4 ,15)
|
13.7 (12.2 ,15)
|
14 (13.1 ,15.1)
|
0.309
|
Plt (1000/mm3)
|
190 (137,226)
|
186 (133 ,220)
|
191 (160 ,234)
|
0.457
|
LDH (U/L)
|
591 (444 ,742)
|
545.5 (473 ,705)
|
611 (421 ,800)
|
0.677
|
BUN (mg/dl)
|
34 (27 ,58)
|
30.5 (27 ,46)
|
50 (27 ,68)
|
0.082
|
Creatinine (mg/dl)
|
1.1 (1 ,1.3)
|
1 (0.8 ,1.1)
|
1.2 (1 ,1.4)
|
0.001
|
K (mEq/L)
|
4.1 (3.9 ,4.4)
|
4 (3.9 ,4.5)
|
4.1 (3.9 ,4.3)
|
0.813
|
Na (mEq/L)
|
138 (136 ,140)
|
138 (137 ,140)
|
138 (135 ,143)
|
0.728
|
ESR
|
29 (20 ,46)
|
28 (23 ,50)
|
31 (20 ,41)
|
0.808
|
AST (U/L)
|
31 (21 ,42)
|
34.5 (21 ,53)
|
29 (18 ,40)
|
0.271
|
ALT (U/L)
|
35 (27 ,45)
|
34 (27 ,42)
|
38 (24 ,47)
|
0.596
|
BS (mg/dl)
|
120 (106 ,174)
|
118 (105 ,141)
|
131 (109 ,229)
|
0.295
|
pH
|
7.3 (7.3 ,7.4)
|
7.4 (7.3 ,7.4)
|
7.3 (7.3 ,7.4)
|
0.210
|
PaO2 (mmHg)
|
45 (38 ,49)
|
45 (40 ,49)
|
45 (37 ,50)
|
0.767
|
PCO2 (mmHg)
|
39 (36 ,45)
|
38 (35 ,42)
|
39 (38 ,47)
|
0.084
|
HCO3 (mEq/L)
|
24 (21 ,26)
|
24 (23 ,26)
|
24 (21 ,26)
|
0.522
|
Duration of stay in ICU (days)
|
3 (2 ,6)
|
4 (3 ,6)
|
3 (2 ,4)
|
0.101
|
Duration of hospitalization (days)
|
8 (6 ,11)
|
9 (7 ,13)
|
7 (6 ,9)
|
0.014
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Data are presented using median (and IQR), except for the following categories (reported as frequency and percentage): sex, HTN, DM, chronic lung disease. $ Comparison between IVIg and control groups.
IVIg, Intravenous immunoglobulin; HR, Heart rate; BP, Blood pressure; RR, Respiratory rate; BT, Body temperature; WBC, White blood cells; HB, Hemoglobin; PLT, Platelet; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; K, Serum potassium; Na, Serum sodium; ESR, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; AST, Enzymes aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; FBS, Fasting blood sugar; BS, Blood sugar; PaO2, Partial pressure of oxygen, PCO2, Partial pressure of carbon dioxide; HCO3, Bicarbonate; ICU, Intensive care unit.
Table 2. The relationship between study variables and mortality of patients with severe COVID-19
|
Mortality
|
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
|
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
|
|
Groups
|
Treatment
|
15 (38.4)
|
14 (70)
|
0.27 (0.08, 0.85)
|
0.025
|
|
|
Control
|
24 (61.5)
|
6 (30)
|
Ref
|
|
|
Age (years)
|
|
54 (44, 60)
|
60 (53.5, 70)
|
1.05 (1.01, 1.10)
|
0.014
|
Gender n (%)
|
Male
|
27 (70)
|
14 (70)
|
0.96 (0.30, 3.12)
|
0.951
|
Female
|
12 (30)
|
6 (30)
|
Ref
|
|
HTN n (%)
|
8 (23.3)
|
5 (25)
|
1.29 (0.36, 4.63)
|
0.694
|
DM n (%)
|
11 (20)
|
5 (25)
|
0.85 (0.25, 2.90)
|
0.793
|
Chronic lung disease n (%)
|
1 (6.6)
|
1 (5)
|
2.00 (0.12, 33.76)
|
0.630
|
HR/min
|
95 (90, 100)
|
95 (89, 108)
|
1.02 (0.96, 1.08)
|
0.543
|
Systolic BP (mmHg)
|
120 (120, 130)
|
120 (110, 130)
|
0.97 (0.93, 1.01)
|
0.173
|
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
|
80 (70, 80)
|
70 (70, 80)
|
0.95 (0.88, 1.01)
|
0.120
|
RR /min
|
19 (18, 22)
|
20 (18, 22)
|
0.98 (0.93, 1.04)
|
0.545
|
BT (C°)
|
37.1 (36.7, 37.7)
|
37.1 (36.75, 37.65)
|
1.26 (0.63, 2.52)
|
0.518
|
O2 saturation (%)
|
89 (87, 89)
|
85 (80, 88)
|
0.84 (0.74, 0.97)
|
0.015
|
WBC (1000/mm3)
|
5.1 (4.6, 7.4)
|
7.2 (5.1, 11.2)
|
1.00 (1.00, 1.00)
|
0.743
|
HB (g/dl)
|
13.9 (12.6, 15)
|
13.5 (12.05, 15.25)
|
0.95 (0.80, 1.13)
|
0.566
|
PLT(1000/mm3)
|
210 (135, 247)
|
172.5 (139.5, 193)
|
1.00 (1.00, 1.00)
|
0.090
|
LDH (U/L)
|
520 (400, 687)
|
761 (560.5, 1021)
|
1.00 (1.00, 1.00)
|
0.003
|
BUN (mg/dl)
|
29 (25, 39)
|
64 (50, 129.5)
|
1.06 (1.02, 1.09)
|
0.001
|
Creatinine (mg/dl)
|
1 (1, 1.2)
|
1.2 (1.1, 1.55)
|
3.63 (0.95, 13.87)
|
0.059
|
K (mEq/L)
|
4 (3.7, 4.4)
|
4.2 (4.1, 4.3)
|
0.95 (0.80, 1.14)
|
0.616
|
Na (mEq/L)
|
138 (137, 139)
|
138 (135, 143.5)
|
1.04 (0.95, 1.14)
|
0.344
|
ESR
|
28 (20, 41)
|
40 (26, 49.5)
|
1.01 (0.99, 1.03)
|
0.424
|
AST (U/L)
|
31 (21, 39)
|
29.5 (15.5, 52.5)
|
1.00 (0.97, 1.02)
|
0.735
|
ALT (U/L)
|
34.5 (25, 41)
|
38.5 (29.5, 48)
|
1.01 (0.99, 1.02)
|
0.306
|
BS (mg/dl)
|
119 (105, 174)
|
126 (109.5, 184)
|
1.00 (0.99, 1.01)
|
0.845
|
PaO2 (mmHg)
|
46 (40, 50)
|
39.5 (34, 49)
|
0.92 (0.85, 0.99)
|
0.035
|
PCO2 (mmHg)
|
40 (35, 46)
|
38 (36, 39.5)
|
0.99 (0.91, 1.08)
|
0.798
|
HCO3 (mEq/L)
|
24 (22, 25)
|
24.5 (19.5, 26.5)
|
1.00 (0.89, 1.13)
|
0.946
|
pH
|
7.3 (7.3, 7.4)
|
7.3 (7.2, 7.4)
|
0.04 (0.00, 8.87)
|
0.243
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Data are presented using median (and IQR) except for the following categories (reported as frequency and percentage): sex, HTN, DM, chronic lung disease, treatment group, control group. Variables with P-value less than 0.2 were selected to enter multivariable regression analysis. IVIg, Intravenous immunoglobulin; HR, Heart rate; BP, Blood pressure; RR, Respiratory rate; BT, Body temperature; WBC, White blood cells; Hb, Hemoglobin; Plt, Platelet; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; K, Serum potassium; Na, Serum sodium; ESR, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; AST, Enzymes aspartate transaminase; ALT, Aka alanine aminotransferase, ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; FBS, Fasting blood sugar; BS, Blood sugar; PaO2, Partial pressure of oxygen, PCO2, Partial pressure of carbon dioxide; HCO3, Bicarbonate; ICU, Intensive care unit.
Table 3. Multivariable regression analysis result for prediction of mortality of patients with severe COVID-19
|
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
IVIg (Treatment Group)
|
0.003 (0.001, 0.815)
|
0.042
|
|
Age
|
1.485 (1.011, 2.181)
|
0.044
|
Systolic BP
|
1.078 (0.924, 1.258)
|
0.336
|
Diastolic BP
|
0.543 (0.303, 0.972)
|
0.040
|
O2 saturation
|
0.841 (0.621, 1.138)
|
0.262
|
PLT
|
1.000 (0.999, 1.000)
|
0.132
|
LDH
|
1.023 (1.000 ,1.046)
|
0.048
|
BUN
|
1.136 (0.990 ,1.304)
|
0.069
|
Creatinine
|
0.018 (0.001 ,6.085)
|
0.177
|
PaO2
|
0.834 (0.593 ,1.173)
|
0.298
|
|
IVIg, Intravenous immunoglobulin; BP, Blood pressure; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; PaO2, Partial pressure of oxygen.