Growth performance
As shown in Table 2, sodium butyrate significantly reduced the ADFI of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding ADG and F/G (P > 0.05).
Table 2
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the growth performance of C57BL/6 mice
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
Initial BW g | 11.71 | 11.72 | 11.72 | 11.72 | 11.71 | 11.71 | 0.13 | 0.999 |
Final BW g | 18.91 | 17.45 | 17.08 | 17.61 | 17.60 | 18.18 | 0.27 | 0.442 |
ADG g | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.377 |
ADFI g | 3.21a | 3.08ab | 3.06ab | 2.79b | 3.07ab | 2.78b | 0.05 | 0.023 |
F/G | 16.24 | 19.63 | 23.89 | 18.44 | 19.85 | 15.69 | 0.98 | 0.177 |
BW body weight; ADFI average daily feed intake; ADG average daily gain; F/G the ratio of feed to gain; |
a−bWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
Table 3
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the epididymal fat weight and perinephric fat weight of C57BL/6 mice
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
Epididymal fat g | 0.17ab | 0.15ab | 0.12b | 0.15ab | 0.16ab | 0.19a | 0.01 | 0.055 |
Perinephric fat g | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.230 |
a−bWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
Serum Metabolites
According to Table 4, sodium acetate and butyrate significantly reduced the serum TG level of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Sodium acetate also significantly reduced the serum FFA level of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Besides, sodium SCFAs significantly reduced the serum glucose level of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the serum TG level of sodium butyrate group was significantly lower than that of pair fed 2 group (P < 0.05). The serum FFA level of sodium acetate group was significantly lower that that of pair fed 1 group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding TC, HDL-c and LDL-c (P > 0.05).
Table 4
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the serum metabolites of C57BL/6 mice
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
TG mmol/L | 1.21a | 0.92bc | 0.98abc | 0.81c | 1.06abc | 1.22ab | 0.04 | 0.044 |
TC mmol/L | 4.60 | 4.43 | 4.41 | 4.48 | 4.52 | 4.47 | 0.04 | 0.826 |
HDL-c mmol/L | 1.66 | 1.79 | 1.71 | 1.67 | 1.58 | 1.52 | 0.04 | 0.355 |
LDL-c mmol/L | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.02 | 0.635 |
FFA mmol/L | 0.29a | 0.16b | 0.23ab | 0.23ab | 0.29a | 0.26a | 0.01 | 0.025 |
Glucose mmol/L | 3.72a | 3.09b | 3.11b | 3.19b | 3.10b | 3.19b | 0.06 | 0.029 |
TG triglyceride; TC total cholesterol; HDL-c high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-c low density lipoprotein- cholesterol; FFA free fatty acids; |
a−cWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
Serum Hormones
As shown in Table 5, sodium acetate and propionate significantly increased the serum GLP-1 and leptin levels of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Sodium propionate and butyrate also significantly increased the serum PYY level of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the serum GLP-1 and and leptin levels of sodium acetate and propionate groups were significantly higher than those of pair fed 1 group (P < 0.05). The serum GLP-1 and PYY levels of sodium butyrate group were significantly higher than those of pair fed 2 group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin and insulin (P > 0.05).
Table 5
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the serum hormones of C57BL/6 mice
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
GLP-1 pmol/L | 0.35bc | 0.46a | 0.46a | 0.44ab | 0.32c | 0.30c | 0.02 | 0.002 |
PYY pg/mL | 32.15b | 33.59ab | 37.54a | 38.85a | 29.31b | 31.45b | 0.85 | 0.003 |
Adiponectin µg/L | 10.86 | 10.30 | 10.91 | 10.04 | 10.35 | 10.79 | 0.26 | 0.912 |
Resistin µg/L | 4.43 | 4.22 | 4.10 | 3.39 | 4.11 | 4.23 | 0.13 | 0.256 |
Ghrelin ng/L | 40.35 | 40.07 | 39.15 | 40.39 | 41.17 | 40.34 | 1.39 | 0.999 |
Insulin mIU/L | 1.01 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.816 |
Leptin pg/mL | 84.53b | 100.55a | 105.96a | 84.91b | 83.31b | 78.13b | 2.47 | 0.020 |
GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1; PYY peptide YY; |
a−cWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
Serum Cytokines
According to Table 6, sodium propionate and butyrate significantly reduced the serum IL-1β level of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Sodium acetate also significantly reduced the serum IL-6 level of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the serum IL-6 level of sodium acetate group was significantly lower than that of pair fed 1 group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding IL-10 and TNF-α (P > 0.05).
Table 6
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the serum cytokines of C57BL/6 mice
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
IL-1β ng/L | 11.38a | 10.83ab | 9.98bc | 9.68bc | 9.79bc | 9.29c | 0.20 | 0.013 |
IL-6 pg/mL | 36.44a | 32.01b | 33.53ab | 35.85a | 36.36a | 36.44a | 0.49 | 0.023 |
IL-10 pg/mL | 210.63 | 209.12 | 219.76 | 229.78 | 208.16 | 207.28 | 3.24 | 0.281 |
TNF-α pg/mL | 36.97 | 31.83 | 35.10 | 41.77 | 40.14 | 39.56 | 1.13 | 0.107 |
IL interleukin; TNFα tumour necrosis factor α; |
a−cWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
The Mrna Expressions Of Related Genes In Epididymal Fat
As shown in Table 7, sodium acetate and propionate significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of Leptin in epididymal fat of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Sodium acetate and propionate also significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of FAS in epididymal fat of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Besides, sodium acetate significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of Fiaf in epididymal fat of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). And sodium SCFAs significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of LPL in epididymal fat of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding Adiponectin, Resistin, ACC, SREBP-1c, PPAR, LIPE and CPT-1α (P > 0.05).
Table 7
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the lipid metabolism of epididymal fat in C57BL/6 mice
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
Leptin | 1.00c | 1.60ab | 1.97a | 1.28bc | 1.16bc | 1.13bc | 0.08 | 0.002 |
Adiponectin | 1.00 | 1.18 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 1.15 | 1.06 | 0.05 | 0.828 |
Resistin | 1.00 | 0.74 | 0.95 | 1.09 | 0.93 | 0.85 | 0.05 | 0.320 |
FAS | 1.00a | 0.73bc | 0.59c | 0.88ab | 0.88ab | 0.84ab | 0.04 | 0.014 |
ACC | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.76 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.87 | 0.05 | 0.581 |
SREBP-1c | 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.98 | 0.04 | 0.718 |
PPAR | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.69 | 0.03 | 0.130 |
LIPE | 1.00 | 0.69 | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 0.549 |
Fiaf | 1.00bc | 1.44a | 1.41ab | 1.42ab | 0.91c | 0.93c | 0.07 | 0.018 |
LPL | 1.00a | 0.57c | 0.69bc | 0.72bc | 0.87ab | 0.82abc | 0.04 | 0.016 |
CPT-1α | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 0.97 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 0.06 | 0.994 |
FAS fatty acid synthase; ACC acetyl-CoA carboxylase; SREBP-1c sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c; PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; LIPE lipase hormone- sensitive; LPL lipoprotein lipase; CPT-1α carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1α; Fiaf fasting induced adipose factor; |
a−cWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
According to Table 8, sodium SCFAs significantly up-regulated the mRNA expressions of PGC-1α, NRF-1 and Tfam in epididymal fat of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding β-F1-ATPase, COX IV and Cyt-c (P > 0.05).
Table 8
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the mitochondrial biogenesis of epididymal fat in C57BL/6 mice
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
PGC-1α | 1.00b | 1.40a | 1.42a | 1.36a | 0.97b | 0.86b | 0.06 | 0.005 |
NRF-1 | 1.00c | 1.43ab | 1.66a | 1.45ab | 1.18bc | 1.11bc | 0.07 | 0.027 |
Tfam | 1.00c | 1.58ab | 1.75a | 1.60ab | 1.29abc | 1.19bc | 0.07 | 0.020 |
β-F1-ATPase | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.08 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.03 | 0.806 |
COX IV | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 1.04 | 1.24 | 1.03 | 0.07 | 0.757 |
Cyt-c | 1.00 | 1.18 | 1.34 | 1.17 | 1.03 | 1.40 | 0.09 | 0.752 |
PGC-1α PPARγ coactivator-1α; NRF-1 nuclear respiratory factor 1; Tfam mitochondrial transcription factor A; β-F1-ATPase b subunit of the mitochondrial H+ -ATP synthase; COX IV cytochrome c oxidase IV; Cyt-c cytochrome c somatic; |
a−cWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
As shown in Table 9, sodium propionate and butyrate significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of Tmem 26 in epididymal fat of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Sodium acetate and propionate also significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of CD137 in epididymal fat of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding TBX-1 (P > 0.05).
Table 9
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the beige adipocyte differentiation of epididymal fat in C57BL/6 mice
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
Tmem26 | 1.00bc | 1.35ab | 1.46a | 1.49a | 0.93c | 0.87c | 0.06 | 0.002 |
CD137 | 1.00c | 1.52ab | 1.65a | 1.41abc | 1.14bc | 1.17bc | 0.07 | 0.026 |
Tbx-1 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 0.05 | 0.969 |
Tmem26 transmembrane protein 26; CD137 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9; Tbx1, T-box1; |
a−cWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
The Mrna Expressions Of Related Genes In Gastrocnemius Muscle
According to Table 10, sodium acetate significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of PPAR in gastrocnemius of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Sodium butyrate also significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of LIPE in gastrocnemius of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding FAS, ACC, SREBP-1c, LPL and CPT-1α (P > 0.05).
Table 10
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the lipid metabolism of gastrocnemius muscle in C57BL/6 mice
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
FAS | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.07 | 0.91 | 1.15 | 1.17 | 0.04 | 0.509 |
ACC | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.16 | 0.92 | 1.13 | 1.04 | 0.03 | 0.261 |
SREBP-1c | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.16 | 0.97 | 1.02 | 1.12 | 0.03 | 0.454 |
PPAR | 1.00a | 0.73b | 0.88ab | 0.92ab | 1.12a | 1.11a | 0.04 | 0.014 |
LIPE | 1.00b | 1.18b | 1.22b | 1.61a | 1.17b | 1.12b | 0.05 | 0.015 |
LPL | 1.00 | 0.90 | 1.06 | 0.94 | 1.02 | 0.91 | 0.03 | 0.706 |
CPT-1α | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.17 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.09 | 0.04 | 0.485 |
FAS fatty acid synthase; ACC acetyl-CoA carboxylase; SREBP-1c sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c; PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; LIPE lipase hormone- sensitive; LPL lipoprotein lipase; CPT-1α carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1α; |
a−bWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
As shown in Table 11, sodium SCFAs significantly up-regulated the mRNA expressions of PGC-1α and COX IV in gastrocnemius of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Sodium propionate and butyrate also significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of NRF-1 in gastrocnemius of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Sodium acetate and propionate significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of Tfam in gastrocnemius of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding β-F1-ATPase and Cyt-c (P > 0.05).
Table 11
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the mitochondrial biogenesis of gastrocnemius muscle in C57BL/6 mice
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
PGC-1α | 1.00b | 2.07a | 2.17a | 1.70a | 0.97b | 0.94b | 0.11 | 0.001 |
NRF-1 | 1.00c | 1.31abc | 1.38ab | 1.40a | 1.02bc | 0.99c | 0.05 | 0.032 |
Tfam | 1.00c | 1.90ab | 2.17a | 1.70abc | 1.07c | 1.25bc | 0.11 | 0.004 |
β-F1-ATPase | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.20 | 0.92 | 1.19 | 1.04 | 0.04 | 0.136 |
COX IV | 1.00b | 1.63a | 1.59a | 1.58a | 1.01b | 1.22ab | 0.08 | 0.025 |
Cyt-c | 1.00 | 1.11 | 0.98 | 0.83 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.04 | 0.540 |
PGC-1α PPARγ coactivator-1α; NRF-1 nuclear respiratory factor 1; Tfam mitochondrial transcription factor A; β-F1-ATPase b subunit of the mitochondrial H+ -ATP synthase; COX IV cytochrome c oxidase IV; Cyt-c cytochrome c somatic; |
a−cWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
According to Table 12, sodium butyrate significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of MyHC Ⅱa, and down-regulated the mRNA expression of MyHC Ⅱb in gastrocnemius of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding MyHC Ⅰ and MyHC Ⅱx (P > 0.05).
Table 12
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoformse of gastrocnemius muscle in C57BL/6 mice
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
MyHC Ⅰ | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.20 | 1.13 | 0.04 | 0.781 |
MyHC Ⅱa | 1.00b | 1.08b | 1.27ab | 1.56a | 1.07b | 1.16b | 0.05 | 0.013 |
MyHC Ⅱb | 1.00a | 1.06a | 1.16a | 0.61b | 1.15a | 1.05a | 0.05 | 0.002 |
MyHC Ⅱx | 1.00 | 0.94 | 1.24 | 1.15 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.05 | 0.143 |
MyHC myosin heavy-chain; |
a−bWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
The Mrna Expressions Of Related Genes In Liver
According to Table 13, sodium propionate significantly down-regulated the mRNA expressions of ACC and SREBP-1c in liver of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Sodium butyrate also significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of CPT-1α in liver of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding FAS, PPAR, LIPE and LPL (P > 0.05).
Table 13
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the lipid metabolism of liver in C57BL/6 mic
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
FAS | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.32 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 0.06 | 0.720 |
ACC | 1.00ab | 0.71bc | 0.69c | 1.03a | 1.07a | 1.01ab | 0.05 | 0.050 |
SREBP-1c | 1.00ab | 0.71bc | 0.64c | 0.87abc | 1.02ab | 1.14a | 0.05 | 0.038 |
PPAR | 1.00 | 1.12 | 0.94 | 1.24 | 1.09 | 1.14 | 0.05 | 0.484 |
LIPE | 1.00 | 1.24 | 0.93 | 1.30 | 1.06 | 1.16 | 0.05 | 0.211 |
LPL | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.94 | 1.30 | 1.20 | 1.21 | 0.06 | 0.487 |
CPT-1α | 1.00b | 1.06b | 0.94b | 1.82a | 1.12b | 1.22b | 0.08 | 0.011 |
FAS fatty acid synthase; ACC acetyl-CoA carboxylase; SREBP-1c sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c; PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; LIPE lipase hormone- sensitive; LPL lipoprotein lipase; CPT-1α carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1α; |
a−cWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
As shown in Table 14, sodium propionate and butyrate significantly up-regulated the mRNA expressions of PGC-1α in liver of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding NRF-1, Tfam,β-F1-ATPase, COX IV and Cyt-c (P > 0.05).
Table 14
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the mitochondrial biogenesis of liver in C57BL/6 mic
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
PGC-1α | 1.00b | 1.68abc | 1.80ac | 1.91a | 1.21bc | 1.15bc | 0.11 | 0.047 |
NRF-1 | 1.00 | 1.53 | 1.60 | 1.30 | 1.17 | 1.10 | 0.08 | 0.138 |
Tfam | 1.00 | 1.34 | 1.33 | 1.17 | 1.11 | 1.04 | 0.08 | 0.729 |
β-F1-ATPase | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.01 | 1.32 | 1.05 | 1.15 | 0.07 | 0.752 |
COX IV | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 1.18 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.05 | 0.696 |
Cyt-c | 1.00 | 0.89 | 1.05 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 1.05 | 0.06 | 0.969 |
PGC-1α PPARγ coactivator-1α; NRF-1 nuclear respiratory factor 1; Tfam mitochondrial transcription factor A; β-F1-ATPase b subunit of the mitochondrial H+ -ATP synthase; COX IV cytochrome c oxidase IV; Cyt-c cytochrome c somatic |
a−cWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |
The Mrna Expressions Of Ffar2 And Ffar3
According to Table 15, sodium propionate and butyrate significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression FFAR3 in epididymal fat of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Sodium SCFAs also significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of FFAR2 in epididymal fat of C57BL/6 mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA expression of FFAR 2 of sodium SCFAs groups was significantly higher than that of pair fed groups (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the six groups regarding FFAR2 and FFAR3 in gastrocnemius muscle and liver (P > 0.05).
Table 15
Effects of dietary sodium acetate, sodium propionate and sodium butyrate supplementation on the free fatty acid receptors in C57BL/6 mic
| Control | Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Pair fed 1 | Pair fed 2 | SEM | P-value |
Epididymal fat |
FFAR3 | 1.00c | 1.54abc | 1.64ab | 1.74a | 1.19abc | 1.10bc | 0.09 | 0.046 |
FFAR2 | 1.00c | 1.35ab | 1.40a | 1.34ab | 0.91c | 0.85c | 0.06 | 0.002 |
Gastrocnemius muscle |
FFAR3 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.25 | 0.97 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 0.04 | 0.348 |
FFAR2 | 1.00 | 1.08 | 1.43 | 1.15 | 1.17 | 1.16 | 0.04 | 0.109 |
Liver |
FFAR3 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.44 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.07 | 0.215 |
FFAR2 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 1.21 | 1.36 | 1.16 | 1.15 | 0.06 | 0.661 |
a−cWithin a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). |