Table I: Summary of Data Used
Variables
|
Description
|
Unit
|
Obs.
|
mean
|
Std.Dev.
|
Min.
|
Max.
|
HYD
|
Total hydroelectricity consumption
|
Kilowatt-hours, million
|
26
|
6006.462
|
940.6272
|
4387
|
8234
|
FOC
|
Fuel oil consumption
|
Metric tons, thousand
|
26
|
2025.385
|
819.8746
|
406
|
3295
|
NGC
|
Natural gas (including LNG) - consumption
|
terajoules
|
26
|
766348.1
|
543474.4
|
152000
|
1660131
|
GOC
|
Gas Oil/ Diesel Oil - consumption
|
Metric tons, thousand
|
26
|
1588.038
|
729.5205
|
294
|
2604
|
FWC
|
Fuelwood consumption
|
Cubic metres, thousand
|
26
|
173201.1
|
51425.72
|
106405.6
|
259345.9
|
CCC
|
Charcoal consumption
|
Cubic metres, thousand
|
26
|
1932.615
|
1261.936
|
403
|
4005
|
CO2 Emissions
|
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
|
Metric tons per capita
|
26
|
90738.35
|
9458.72
|
68581
|
106124
|
GDP
|
Per Capita Gross Domestic Product
|
USD-Thousands
|
26
|
1572.405
|
1128.254
|
531.6433
|
3741.842
|
POP
|
Population growth
|
percentage
|
26
|
2.57
|
0.0728
|
2.49
|
2.68
|
CO2 emitted from Transport
|
CO2 emitted from Transport
|
Percentage of total combustion
|
25
|
47.1943
|
5.2723
|
35.38896
|
54.46346
|
CO2 emitted from Buildings
|
CO2 emitted from Residential Buildings and Commercial and Public Service
|
Percentage of total combustion
|
25
|
7.735964
|
3.993484
|
2.465234
|
15.0392
|
CO2 emitted from Manufacturing
|
CO2 emitted from Manufacturing Industries and Construction
|
Percentage of total combustion
|
25
|
9.406312
|
2.63584
|
4.249597
|
13.96855
|
CO2 emitted from Electricity and Heat
|
CO2 emitted from Electricity and Heat
|
Percentage of total combustion
|
25
|
32.10559
|
3.440673
|
24.40333
|
39.0625
|
CO2 emitted from other Sectors
|
CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services.
|
Percentage of total combustion
|
25
|
3.560977
|
3.860608
|
0.0276549
|
11.40592
|
Table II: ADF Test
Variables
|
Test
|
t-statistic
|
Critical Values
1% 5% 10%
|
Integration
|
CO2
|
Level
1st Difference
2nd Difference
|
-3.080
-5.147
-7.210
|
-3.750
-3.750
-3.750
|
-3.000
-3.000
-3.000
|
-2.630
-2.630
-2.630
|
I(1)
|
GDP
|
Level
1st Difference
2nd Difference
|
0.361
-3.894
-8.382
|
-3.750
-3.750
-3.750
|
-3.000
-3.000
-3.000
|
-2.630
-2.630
-2.630
|
I(1)
|
CCC
|
Level
1st Difference
2nd Difference
|
0.046
-4.872
-6.367
|
-3.750
-3.750
-3.750
|
-3.000
-3.000
-3.000
|
-2.630
-2.630
-2.630
|
I(1)
|
FWC
|
Level
1st Difference
2nd Difference
|
0.589
-3.865
-5.411
|
-3.750
-3.750
-3.750
|
-3.000
-3.000
-3.000
|
-2.630
-2.630
-2.630
|
I(1)
|
GOC
|
Level
1st Difference
2nd Difference
|
-1.887
-6.968
-8.215
|
-3.750
-3.750
-3.750
|
-3.000
-3.000
-3.000
|
-2.630
-2.630
-2.630
|
I(1)
|
NGC
|
Level
1st Difference
2nd Difference
|
-0.115
-5.321
-6.673
|
-3.750
-3.750
-3.750
|
-3.000
-3.000
-3.000
|
-2.630
-2.630
-2.630
|
I(1)
|
FOC
|
Level
1st Difference
2nd Difference
|
-2.268
-7.135
-9.258
|
-3.750
-3.750
-3.750
|
-3.000
-3.000
-3.000
|
-2.630
-2.630
-2.630
|
I(1)
|
HYD
|
Level
1st Difference
2nd Difference
|
-2.870
-6.267
-8.657
|
-3.750
-3.750
-3.750
|
-3.000
-3.000
-3.000
|
-2.630
-2.630
-2.630
|
I(1)
|
Note: *, ** and *** 10%, 5% and 1% level of significance respectively. CO2 = Total CO2 Emissions; GDP= Gross Domestic Product; CCC= Charcoal Consumption; FWC= Fuel Wood Consumption; GOC= Gas Oil Consumption; NGC = Natural Gas Consumption; FOC = Fuel Oil Consumption; HYD = Hydroelectricity Consumption.
Table III: Error Correction Model Estimating the Short-Run Effects and Speed of Adjustment
Variables
|
D_CO2
|
D_GDP
|
D_CCC
|
D_FWC
|
D_GOC
|
D_NGC
|
D_FOC
|
D_HYD
|
Ce1
L1
|
-0.1965
(0.1351)
|
-0.0111
(0.0042)
|
-0.0152**
(0.0062)
|
-0.2141
(0.1460)
|
-1.0237
(0.6587)
|
-7.3380**
(3.5041)
|
-0.0346**
(0.0161)
|
-0.0381***
(0.0144)
|
CO2
LD.
|
0.1850
(0.2368)
|
0.0038
(0.0074)
|
-0.0062
(0.0108)
|
-0.2523
(0.2559)
|
3.6560**
(1.6809)
|
-2.2317
(6.1418)
|
0.0561**
(0.0282)
|
0.0121
(0.0252)
|
GDP
LD.
|
-4.0877
(-4.0877)
|
0.4283
(0.3067)
|
-0.5931
(0.4499)
|
3.0989
(10.642)
|
273.092
(255.382)
|
-0.5641
(0.7680)
|
1.0416
(1.1728)
|
-1.3621
(1.0476)
|
CCC
LD.
|
25.2400
(18.0460)
|
1.1325
(0.5620)
|
0.6894
(0.8244)
|
-0.2616
(19.501)
|
604.9343
(467.865)
|
-0.2809
(0.9664)
|
3.7610*
(2.1491)
|
1.5556
(1.9196)
|
FWC
LD.
|
-0.4507
(0.5005)
|
0.0045
(0.0156)
|
-0.0214
(0.0229)
|
0.1113
(0.5409)
|
16.5742
(12.9800)
|
-1.3794
(3.3263)
|
-0.0615
(0.0596)
|
-0.0549
(0.0532)
|
GOC
LD.
|
-4.8350
(3.5182)
|
-0.0117
(0.1096)
|
-0.0102
(0.1607)
|
0.7952
(3.8019)
|
-40.5455
(91.2334)
|
-0.2696
(0.1638)
|
0.0720
(0.4190)
|
0.4162
(0.3742)
|
NGC
LD.
|
-0.0363
(0.0246)
|
-0.0019**
(0.0008)
|
-0.0005
(0.0011)
|
0.0121
(0.0266)
|
-0.7536
(0.6379)
|
0.3423
(0.3960)
|
-0.0051*
(0.0029)
|
-0.0001
(0.0026)
|
FOC
LD.
|
-1.7730
(2.8496)
|
-0.0004
(0.0887)
|
0.0375
(0.1302)
|
0.0210
(0.0353)
|
-4.2671
(73.8956)
|
0.2297
(2122)
|
-0.5964*
(0.3394)
|
-0.0314
(0.3031)
|
HYD
LD.
|
5.9796***
(1.6993)
|
0.0137
(0.0529)
|
0.0472
(0.0776)
|
0.3365
(1.8363)
|
77.8096*
(44.0656)
|
0.6218
(0.8160)
|
0.2941
(0.2024)
|
0.0039
(0.1808)
|
constant
|
-753.65 (2337.72)
|
-150.07**
(72.8054)
|
-28.1952
(106.793)
|
3.0989
(10.6424)
|
-41.6963
(60621.1)
|
-584.57**
(278.40)
|
-0.0533
(0.1434)
|
-124.287
(248.668)
|
Note: *, ** and *** 10%, 5% and 1% level of significance respectively. CO2 = Total CO2 Emissions; GDP= Gross Domestic Product; CCC= Charcoal Consumption; FWC= Fuel Wood Consumption; GOC= Gas Oil Consumption; NGC = Natural Gas Consumption; FOC= Fuel Oil Consumption; HYD= Hydroelectricity Consumption.
Table IV: Long-Run Estimation based on Johansen Normalization Restriction Imposed
Beta
|
Coef.
|
Std. Error
|
z
|
p>ǀzǀ
|
Ce1
|
|
|
|
|
CO2
|
1
|
|
|
|
GDP
|
42.4676***
|
6.9372
|
6.12
|
0.000
|
CCC
|
135.0096***
|
17.3925
|
7.76
|
0.000
|
FWC
|
-2.5091***
|
0.2600
|
-9.65
|
0.000
|
GOC
|
16.5264***
|
5.2230
|
3.16
|
0.002
|
NGC
|
-0.1504***
|
0.0288
|
-5.23
|
0.000
|
FOC
|
-7.5313***
|
3.4754
|
-2.17
|
0.030
|
HYD
|
14.2325***
|
6.9372
|
6.12
|
0.000
|
constant
|
-312.9974***
|
|
|
|
Note: *, ** and *** 10%, 5% and 1% level of significance respectively. CO2 = Total CO2 Emissions; GDP= Gross Domestic Product; CCC= Charcoal Consumption; FWC= Fuel Wood Consumption; GOC= Gas Oil Consumption; NGC= Natural Gas Consumption; FOC = Fuel Oil Consumption; HYD = Hydroelectricity Consumption.