Heavy Metals Accumulation
Several forms of manually contaminated poultry feed, such as C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, were fed to the eight experimental groups of chicken, and their levels of heavy metals were measured. Lead was found in none of the experimental groups C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, but not in C0. The amounts of this metal were 0.72 ± 0.20, 1.52 ± 0.11, 2.66 ± 0.66, 4.34 ± 0.06, 10.58 ± 3.83, 18.21 ± 4.54, and 46.14 ± 21.20 mgkg-1, respectively (Table 3.1). Additionally, cadmium was not detected in C0. However, various cadmium concentrations were recorded in C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, with values of 0.90 ± 0.53, 1.40 ± 0.07, 2.03 ± 0.03, 2.63 ± 1.37, 9.18 ± 2.84, 22.67 ± 9.15, and 40.46 ± 12.25 mgkg-1, respectively (Table 3.1). Conversely, chromium was obtained as follows: 0.88 ± 0.47, 1.77 ± 0.91, 2.29 ± 0.54, 2.96 ± 0.95, 3.64 ± 0.30, 10.86 ± 4.86, 24.37 ± 1.40, and 45.90 ± 20.08 mgkg-1 from C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively (Table 3.1). It was observed that C0 was solely displayed the Cr concentration. On the other hand, it was also noted that Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations climbed progressively from C0 to C7 (Table 3.1). Non-essential metals like lead and cadmium directly affect human and poultry health [34]. The European Commission recommends 5 mgkg-1 of Pb and 0.5 mgkg-1 of Cd, respectively. On the other hand, 0.1mgkg-1 is the maximum amount of chromium that is allowed in feed, under WHO guidelines [35].
Table 3.1
Heavy Metal Concentration in Manually Adulterated Feed &Total Feed Consumption (g) per birds
EG | The Concentration of Heavy Metals (mgkg− 1) | Duration |
Pb | Cd | Cr | Day 7 | Day 14 | Day 21 | Day 28 |
C0 | 0 | 0 | 0.88 ± 0.47c | 125 ± 23.51d | 525.00 ± 39.00b | 1331.25 ± 53.55a | 2792.50 ± 209.08b |
C1 | 0.72 ± 0.20b | 0.90 ± 0.53c | 1.77 ± 0.91c | 148.33 ± 42.52cd | 615.00 ± 70.88ab | 1548.33 ± 142.51a | 3495 ± 278.25a |
C2 | 1.52 ± 0.11b | 1.40 ± 0.07c | 2.29 ± 0.54c | 163.33 ± 20.82bcd | 580.00 ± 20.00ab | 1446.67 ± 53.46 a | 3351.67 ± 118.71 a |
C3 | 2.66 ± 0.66b | 2.03 ± 0.03c | 2.96 ± 0.95c | 118.33 ± 2.89d | 558.33 ± 32.53ab | 1408.33 ± 138.95a | 3341.67 ± 411.04a |
C4 | 4.34 ± 0.06b | 2.63 ± 1.37c | 3.64 ± 0.30c | 188.33 ± 27.54bc | 648.33 ± 50.08a | 1398.33 ± 88.93a | 3310.00 ± 119.48a |
C5 | 10.58 ± 3.83b | 9.18 ± 2.84c | 10.86 ± 4.86bc | 183.33 ± 37.86bc | 601.67 ± 80.83ab | 1328.33 ± 46.86a | 3277.33 ± 55.15ab |
C6 | 18.21 ± 4.54b | 22.67 ± 9.15b | 24.37 ± 1.40b | 251.67 ± 47.52a | 651.67 ± 93.05a | 1485.00 ± 317.53a | 3400.00 ± 550.61a |
C7 | 46.14 ± 21.20a | 40.46 ± 12.25a | 45.90 ± 20.08a | 205.00 ± 15.00ab | 631.6 ± 18.44a | 1298.33 ± 55.95a | 3223.33 ± 115.76ab |
Means containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance. |
Following a week, each group's intake of tainted food varied from 125 ± 23.51 to 251.67 ± 47.52 g. C6 and C0 consumed the largest and least amounts of contaminated feed, respectively, while the next day the birds' intake of the same meal was recorded at 525 ± 39 to 651.67 ± 93.05 g. It was observed that the groups C0 and C6 had the lowest and largest quantities taken. Conversely, following 21 days, the range of contaminated feed ingested was (1331.25 ± 53.55–1548.33 ± 142.51) g. Groups C0 and C1 were given the least and most contaminated feed, respectively. Additionally, over the course of the 28-day experiment, the average feed consumption per bird in each group varied from (2792.50 ± 209.08–3495 ± 278.25) g. Group C0 drank the least amount of the feed, whereas Group C1 consumed the most. While group C3 consumed 3341.67 ± 411.04 g of tainted feed, group C2 consumed 3351.67 ± 118.71 g. However, 3310 ± 119.48, 3277.33 ± 55.15, 3400 ± 550.61, and 3223.33 ± 115.76 g of tainted feed were given to groups C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively. (Table 3.1). Regarding the weekly intake of tainted feed, it was noted that group C1 consumed the most feed during the second week, while groups C0 and C6 consumed the least amount (Table 3.3). Groups C7 and C1 were given the least amount of contaminated feed (666.67 ± 40.41 g) and most amounts (933.33 ± 77.67 g) in the third week, respectively. Furthermore, during the fourth week, group C0 consumed a low quantity of contaminated feed (1461.25 ± 199.43 g), but group C5 consumed a considerable quantity (1949 ± 43.51 g) of the same feed (Table 3.2). Birds in the experimental groups consumed varying amounts of feed containing heavy metals. It was observed that the pace at which contaminated feed was consumed did not progressively alter as the concentration of heavy metals increased (Table 3.1& Table 3.2).
Table 3.2
Per Week Feed Consumption (g) & Total Weight Gain (g)
EG | Duration | Duration |
1st week | 2nd week | 3rd week | 4th week | Day 0 | Day 7 | Day 14 | Day 21 | Day 28 |
C0 | 125.00 ± 23.51d | 400.00 ± 16.10b | 806.25 ± 39.45abc | 1461.25 ± 199.43b | 38.75 ± 2.50 | 146.25 ± 13.77ab | 457.50 ± 65.38ab | 961.25 ± 146.82a | 1552.50 ± 245.41a |
C1 | 148.33 ± 42.52cd | 466.67 ± 47.26a | 933.33 ± 77.67 a | 1946.67 ± 142.24a | 40.00 ± 5.00 | 156.67 ± 20.21ab | 501.667 ± 57.74a | 1021.67 ± 83.86a | 1560.00 ± 124.90a |
C2 | 163.33 ± 20.82bcd | 416.67 ± 25.17ab | 866.67 ± 34.03ab | 1905.00 ± 164.16a | 40.00 ± 5.00 | 131.67 ± 28.43b | 375.00 ± 42.72bc | 915.00 ± 102.10a | 1468.33 ± 79.74a |
C3 | 118.33 ± 2.89d | 440.00 ± 30.00ab | 850.00 ± 138.92abc | 1933.33 ± 284.27a | 36.67 ± 2.89 | 145.00 ± 10.00ab | 456.667 ± 46.46ab | 935.00 ± 97.34a | 1450.00 ± 13.23a |
C4 | 188.33 ± 27.54bc | 460.00 ± 30.41ab | 750.00 ± 55.67abc | 1911.67 ± 190.42a | 43.33 ± 5.77 | 165.00 ± 13.23a | 440.00 ± 119.06ab | 961.67 ± 50.58a | 1446.67 ± 27.54a |
C5 | 183.33 ± 37.86bc | 418.33 ± 45.09ab | 726.67 ± 41.93bc | 1949.00 ± 43.51a | 43.33 ± 2.89 | 156.67 ± 11.55ab | 450.00 ± 35.00ab | 885.00 ± 5.00a | 1400.00 ± 52.20a |
C6 | 251.67 ± 47.52a | 400.00 ± 45.83b | 833.33 ± 225.46abc | 1915.00 ± 234.47a | 43.33 ± 2.89 | 145.00 ± 13.23ab | 375.00 ± 40.00bc | 713.333 ± 90.05b | 1150.00 ± 189.93b |
C7 | 205.00 ± 15.00ab | 426.67 ± 5.03ab | 666.67 ± 40.41c | 1925.00 ± 61.29a | 36.67 ± 7.64 | 136.67 ± 12.58ab | 300.00 ± 50.74c | 575.00 ± 101.49b | 925.00 ± 135.28b |
Means containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance. |
Table 3.3
Per Week Weight Gain (g) & Percentage of increasing weight of chicken
EG | Duration | Duration |
1st week | 2nd week | 3rd week | 4th week | Day 7 | Day 14 | Day 21 | Day 28 |
C0 | 146.25 ± 13.77ab | 350.00 ± 54.47ab | 650.00 ± 94.78a | 941.25 ± 152.56a | 277.23 ± 21.60a | 1046.88 ± 160.52ab | 2306.25 ± 364.36 a | 3784.38 ± 611.30 a |
C1 | 156.67 ± 20.21ab | 385.00 ± 52.68a | 676.67 ± 38.19a | 923.33 ± 97.51a | 299.67 ± 101.28 a | 1154.17 ± 144.88 a | 2454.17 ± 209.29 a | 3800.00 ± 309.49 a |
C2 | 131.67 ± 28.43b | 335.00 ± 39.05ab | 620.00 ± 67.27a | 888.33 ± 33.29a | 231.48 ± 75.84 a | 837.50 ± 119.24bc | 2187.50 ± 246.22 a | 3570.83 ± 188.05 a |
C3 | 145.00 ± 10.00ab | 348.33 ± 37.86ab | 623.33 ± 107.86a | 986.67 ± 27.54a | 297.02 ± 41.36 a | 1050.00 ± 114.56ab | 2245.83 ± 250.42 a | 3533.33 ± 36.08 a |
C4 | 165.00 ± 13.23a | 370.00 ± 27.84a | 635.00 ± 32.79a | 855.00 ± 30.00ab | 382.5 ± 20.46 a | 991.67 ± 288.40ab | 2295.83 ± 112.04 a | 3508.33 ± 71.08 a |
C5 | 156.67 ± 11.55ab | 336.67 ± 28.43ab | 591.67 ± 24.66ab | 851.67 ± 25.66ab | 362.04 ± 24.90 a | 1016.67 ± 81.33ab | 2104.17 ± 14.43 a | 3391.67 ± 137.69 a |
C6 | 145.00 ± 13.23ab | 273.33 ± 30.55b | 483.33 ± 62.92bc | 710.00 ± 129.33b | 334.72 ± 22.35 a | 829.17 ± 93.82bc | 1675.00 ± 219.02b | 2766.67 ± 469.26b |
C7 | 136.67 ± 12.58ab | 200.00 ± 49.24c | 411.67 ± 57.52c | 550.00 ± 82.61c | 278.57 ± 42.12 a | 658.33 ± 118.15c | 1345.83 ± 244.42b | 2220.83 ± 327.00b |
Means containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance. |
Following a 28-day treatment period, the average weight of chickens from groups C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7 was measured and found to be 1552.5 ± 245.41, 1560 ± 124.90, 1468.33 ± 79.74, 1450 ± 13.23, 1446.67 ± 27.54, 1400 ± 52.20, 1150 ± 189.93, and 925 ± 135.28 g. Group C7 had the lowest weight of chicken, whereas group C1 had the highest weight. It was observed that when the concentration of heavy metals increased, the weight of chicken declined steadily from group C0 to C7 (Table 3.2). Following a week, the growth rate of chicken was determined to be 277.23 ± 21.60 percent in group C0. In group C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, the corresponding growth rates were 299.67 ± 101.28, 231.48 ± 75.84, 297.02 ± 41.36, 382.5 ± 20.46, 362.04 ± 24.90, 334.72 ± 22.35, and 278.57 ± 42.12 percent (Table 3.3). After 14 days, the growth rate of chicken was recorded as follows: 1046.88 ± 160.52, 1154.17 ± 144.88, 837.50 ± 119.24, 1050.00 ± 114.56, 991.67 ± 288.40, 1016.67 ± 81.33, 829.17 ± 93.82 and 658.33 ± 118.15 percent, for groups C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively. Group C1 had the greatest growth rate, while group C7 had the lowest growth rate (Table 3.3). The growth rate of chicken, on the other hand, was 2306.25 ± 364.36 percent from group C0 after 21 days of treatment, followed by 2454.17 ± 209.29, 2187.50 ± 246.22, 2245.83 ± 250.42, 2295.83 ± 112.04, 2104.17 ± 14.43, 1675.00 ± 219.02, and 1345.83 ± 244.42 percent from groups C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively. Once more, after 28 days of nursing, the growth rates were determined to be 3784.38 ± 611.30, 3800.00 ± 309.49, 3570.83 ± 188.05, 3533.33 ± 36.08, 3508.33 ± 71.08, 3391.67 ± 137.69, 2766.67 ± 469.26, and 2220.83 ± 327.00 percent in groups C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively. It was observed that C1 had the highest growth rate among the treatment groups, whereas C7 had the lowest growth rate (Table 3.3). Over the course of the experiment, all treated groups' total growth performance grew steadily (Table 3.2&Table 3.3). However, after the whole study period, such as day 28 or the fourth week, the growth performance dropped from group C0 to C7 (Table 3.2& Table 3.3).
Eight experimental groups (C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7) had average total feed conversion ratios of 1.81 ± 0.14, 2.24 ± 0.08, 2.29 ± 0.0.19, 2.30 ± 0.28, 2.29 ± 0.06, 2.34 ± 0.10, 2.96 ± 0.06, and 3.53 ± 0.44 after 28 days of treatment. C0 and C7 had the lowest and highest total values of FcR, respectively, and these groups differed statistically from the other experimental groups. In addition, group C6 was unique from the others. The analysis showed that from group C0 to group C7, the overall FcR value grew gradually. However, Table 3.4 shows that the FcR differences for groups C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 were statistically similar. The chicken's low growth performance indicates the highest FcR. On the other hand, it was shown that elevating the amount of heavy metals in the feed that the various chicken experimental groups received increased the FcR. (Table 3.4). Conversely, following the fourth week, the weekly FcR was progressively raised for all experimental groups except C3. On the other hand, C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 showed statistically equivalent differences in weekly FcR. On the other hand, weekly FcR values for experimental groups C0, C6, and C7 were statistically different (Table 3.4).
Table 3.4
Average Total Feed Conversion Ratio & Average per Week Feed Conversion Ratio
EG | Duration | Duration |
Day 7 | Day 14 | Day 21 | Day 28 | 1st week | 2nd week | 3rd week | 4th week |
C0 | 0.85 ± 0.14e | 1.16 ± 0.16c | 1.41 ± 0.19b | 1.81 ± 0.14d | 0.85 ± 0.14d | 1.16 ± 0.17b | 1.26 ± 0.17c | 1.56 ± 0.13d |
C1 | 0.94 ± 0.19de | 1.23 ± 0.03c | 1.52 ± 0.06b | 2.24 ± 0.08c | 0.94 ± 0.19cd | 1.22 ± 0.08b | 1.38 ± 0.10c | 2.11 ± 0.11c |
C2 | 1.26 ± 0.13bc | 1.56 ± 0.23bc | 1.59 ± 0.13b | 2.29 ± 0.19c | 1.26 ± 0.13ab | 1.25 ± 0.16b | 1.41 ± 0.11bc | 2.15 ± 0.23c |
C3 | 0.82 ± 0.04e | 1.23 ± 0.06c | 1.51 ± 0.01b | 2.30 ± 0.28c | 0.82 ± 0.04d | 1.27 ± 0.07b | 1.37 ± 0.02c | 1.96 ± 0.31c |
C4 | 1.14 ± 0.08cd | 1.54 ± 0.37bc | 1.45 ± 0.02b | 2.29 ± 0.06c | 1.14 ± 0.08bc | 1.24 ± 0.05b | 1.37 ± 0.02c | 2.23 ± 0.15c |
C5 | 1.17 ± 0.23cd | 1.34 ± 0.14c | 1.50 ± 0.06b | 2.34 ± 0.10c | 1.17 ± 0.23bc | 1.24 ± 0.10b | 1.21 ± 0.02c | 2.29 ± 0.05c |
C6 | 1.73 ± 0.19a | 1.73 ± 0.06b | 2.07 ± 0.19a | 2.96 ± 0.06b | 1.73 ± 0.19bc | 1.46 ± 0.06b | 1.70 ± 0.26a | 2.72 ± 0.16b |
C7 | 1.50 ± 0.03ab | 2.15 ± 0.36a | 2.30 ± 0.35a | 3.53 ± 0.44a | 1.50 ± 0.03a | 2.23 ± 0.60a | 1.63 ± 0.13ab | 3.55 ± 0.48a |
Means containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance. |
Table 3.5 displays the amount of Pb found in the experimental hens' muscle, bone, liver, kidney, and lung, among other organs. It was observed that adding more of the same metal to the used feed progressively increased the amount of Pb deposited in the various organs. But in contrast to other organs, the highest concentration of lead was deposited in bone. For all organs whose value was not statistically comparable to that of other groups, experimental group C7 yielded the greatest concentration of lead. Again, in the case of every organ listed above, this metal was not derived from group C0. However, Pb was also absent from C0, C1, C2, C3, and C4 in the lung and kidney cases. In the case of muscle, Pb values were shown to be statistically different in C4, C6, and C7, but equivalent values were discovered in C3 and C5.
Table 3.5
deposition of heavy metals in different organs of experimental poultry group
EG | Concentration of Cd in Feed (mg/kg) | Deposition of chromium in several organs on dry basis (mgkg− 1) |
Muscle | Bone | Liver | Kidney | Lung |
C0 | <BDL | <BDL | <BDL | <BDL | <BDL | <BDL |
C1 | 0.90 ± 0.53c | 0.31 ± 0.17de | 0.65 ± 0.05ef | 1.09 ± 0.09e | <BDL | 0.10 ± 0.03d |
C2 | 1.40 ± 0.07c | 0.41 ± 0.06de | 0.81 ± 0.19ef | 1.91 ± 1.43f | <BDL | 0.16 ± 0.03d |
C3 | 2.03 ± 0.03c | 0.69 ± 0.19cde | 1.12 ± 0.20de | 3.50 ± 0.63d | <BDL | 0.19 ± 0.12d |
C4 | 2.63 ± 1.37c | 0.95 ± 0.27cd | 1.81 ± 0.28d | 4.11 ± 0.82d | <BDL | 0.25 ± 0.07d |
C5 | 9.18 ± 2.84c | 1.26 ± 0.15c | 5.66 ± 0.47c | 6.49 ± 0.50c | 2.63 ± 0.22c | 0.87 ± 0.26c |
C6 | 22.67 ± 9.15b | 3.93 ± 1.05b | 11.12 ± 1.00b | 20.62 ± 0.65b | 5.12 ± 0.65b | 1.62 ± 0.003b |
C7 | 40.46 ± 12.25a | 6.57 ± 0.31a | 20.72 ± 0.54a | 43.36 ± 0.63a | 8.72 ± 0.45a | 2.22 ± 0.45a |
A | - | 0.05 | - | 0.5 | 1 | - |
F | - | 0.05 | - | 0.5 | - | - |
B | 0.5 | 0.05 | - | 0.5 | - | - |
G | - | 0.05 | - | 0.5 | 1 | - |
EG | Concentration of Cr in Feed (mg/kg) | Deposition of chromium in several organs on dry basis (mgkg− 1) |
Muscle | Bone | Liver | Kidney | Lung |
C0 | 0.88 ± 0.47c | 0.23 ± 0.04f | 0.41 ± 0.01f | <BDL | <BDL | <BDL |
C1 | 1.77 ± 0.91c | 0.37 ± 0.05f | 0.60 ± 0.05ef | 0.32 ± 0.02ef | <BDL | 0.39 ± 0.07fg |
C2 | 2.29 ± 0.54c | 0.59 ± 0.03ef | 0.93 ± 0.03ef | 0.55 ± 0.03ef | <BDL | 0.63 ± 0.03ef |
C3 | 2.96 ± 0.95c | 0.97 ± 0.04e | 1.43 ± 0.05e | 0.68 ± 0.02e | <BDL | 0.96 ± 0.04e |
C4 | 3.64 ± 0.30c | 1.66 ± 0.03d | 2.61 ± 0.30d | 1.47 ± 0.06d | 3.91 ± 0.16c | 1.74 ± 0.02d |
C5 | 10.86 ± 4.86bc | 3.21 ± 0.31c | 5.45 ± 0.39c | 3.43 ± 0.19c | 4.66 ± 1.28bc | 3.69 ± 0.25c |
C6 | 24.37 ± 1.40b | 5.48 ± 0.34 b | 7.80 ± 1.24b | 5.57 ± 0.26b | 5.78 ± 1.34b | 5.64 ± 0.45b |
C7 | 45.90 ± 20.08a | 10.49 ± 0.63a | 15.82 ± 0.53a | 11.19 ± 0.83a | 12.66 ± 0.58a | 12.96 ± 0.56a |
D | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
E | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
EG | Concentration of Pb in Feed (mg/kg) | Deposition of lead in several organs on dry basis (mgkg− 1) |
Muscle | Bone | Liver | Kidney | Lung |
C0 | <BDL | <BDL | <BDL | <BDL | <BDL | <BDL |
C1 | 0.72 ± 0.20b | 0.26 ± 0.01f | 1.14 ± 0.11 b | 0.25 ± 0.01 f | <BDL | <BDL |
C2 | 1.52 ± 0.11b | 0.37 ± 0.05 f | 1.36 ± 0.98 b | 0.89 ± 0.04 e | <BDL | <BDL |
C3 | 2.66 ± 0.66b | 0.76 ± 0.04e | 2.18 ± 1.75 b | 1.61 ± 0.10 d | <BDL | <BDL |
C4 | 4.34 ± 0.06b | 2.24 ± 0.03d | 2.80 ± 0.56 b | 3.44 ± 0.30 c | <BDL | <BDL |
C5 | 10.58 ± 3.83b | 4.74 ± 0.07c | 12.66 ± 2.02 b | 3.79 ± 0.14 c | 3.04 ± 0.07c | 0.39 ± 0.09c |
C6 | 18.21 ± 4.54b | 8.03 ± 0.46b | 16.71 ± 7.36 b | 4.64 ± 0.35 b | 4.25 ± 0.26b | 1.51 ± 0.01b |
C7 | 46.14 ± 21.20a | 18.24 ± 0.36a | 41.40 ± 25.88a | 6.67 ± 0.59a | 9.30 ± 0.31a | 2.57 ± 0.07a |
A | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - |
B | 5 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - |
C | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - |
EG = Experimental Group; A = Export Inspection Council India, 2017; B = EC, 2006; C = Australia New Zealand Food Authority, 2015; D = WHO/FAO, 2011; E = WHO; F = FAO/WHO, 2002; G = Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009. Means containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance. |
The Pb content in bone varied from 0 to 41.40 ± 25.88 mgkg-1. The amount in C0 was the lowest, and the amount in C7 was the largest. The liver's Pb content ranged from 0 to 6.67 ± 0.59 mgkg-1. In the case of liver, groups C0 and C1 displayed statistically identical Pb values, while groups C2, C3, C6, and C7 displayed statistically divergent Pb values. Moreover, Pb readings in experimental groups C4 and C5 were found to be statistically similar. Group C7 had the highest Pb concentrations in the kidney and lung, measuring 9.30 ± 0.31 mgkg-1 and 2.57 ± 0.07 mgkg-1 respectively. These values were statistically different from those of the other groups. Furthermore, different Pb values were observed in C5 and C6 for both organs (Table 3.5). According to FAO/WHO, 2002 guidelines, the acceptable level of Pb in chicken organs is 0.1 mgkg-1. Export Inspection Council India, 2017. Australia New Zealand Food Authority, 2015, European Communities, 2006 and the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009 recommends a maximum Pb level of 0.1 mgkg-1 (Table 3.5).
According to the calculations, the content of chromium in muscle was 0.23 ± 0.04 mgkg-1, 0.37 ± 0.05 mgkg-1, 0.59 ± 0.03 mgkg-1, 0.97 ± 0.04 mgkg-1, 1.66 ± 0.03 mgkg-1, 3.21 ± 0.31 mgkg-1, 5.48 ± 0.34 mgkg-1, and 10.49 ± 0.63 mgkg-1, in that order. Compared to the other organs, the amount of Cr deposited in bone was the highest. In bone, Cr concentrations ranged from 0.41 ± 0.01 mgkg-1 to 15.82 ± 0.53 mgkg-1, with C7 and C0 having the highest and lowest values, respectively. Cr was not discovered in group C0 in the liver, kidney, or lung, though. Furthermore, in the renal example, the concentration of Cr was not acquired from C0, C1, C2, or C3. Group C7 had the greatest Cr content in their livers (11.19 ± 0.83 mgkg-1). Conversely, with regard to the kidney, the concentration of Cr was found to be 3.91 ± 0.16 mgkg-1, 4.66 ± 1.28 mgkg-1, 5.78 ± 1.34 mgkg-1, and 12.66 ± 0.58 mgkg-1 for groups C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively (Table 3.5).
In groups C6 and C7, the variation in Cr concentrations was statistically different. However, concerning the lung, the concentration of Cr was determined to be 0.39 ± 0.07 mgkg-1 in C1, 0.63 ± 0.03 mgkg-1 in C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, 0.96 ± 0.04 mgkg-1, 1.74 ± 0.02 mgkg-1, 3.69 ± 0.25 mgkg-1, 5.64 ± 0.45 mgkg-1, and 12.96 ± 0.56 mgkg-1, respectively. According to a report, the values of Cr in muscle, bone, liver, and lung were shown to differ in C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7. However, as the concentration of the same metal in utilized poultry feed increased the content of Cr rose progressively. According to WHO/FAO, 2011 guidelines, the maximum limit of Cr in chicken muscle and liver is 1.0 mgkg-1(Table 3.5) [36]. Moreover, a maximum of 1.0 mgkg-1 of chromium may pose a risk to consumers [37].
The results revealed that the concentration of Cd in the muscle for group C1 was 0.31 ± 0.17 mgkg-1, while the values for C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7 were 0.41 ± 0.06 mgkg-1, 0.69 ± 0.19 mgkg-1, 0.95 ± 0.27 mgkg-1, 1.26 ± 0.15 mgkg-1, 3.93 ± 1.05 mgkg-1, and 6.57 ± 0.31 mgkg-1 respectively. Conversely, bone contained cadmium in concentrations ranging from 0 to 20.72 ± 0.54 mgkg-1. Group C1 had a low concentration of cadmium (0.65 ± 0.05 mgkg-1), while group C7 had a high concentration. It was noted that none of the organs in group C0—including the muscle, bone, liver, kidney, and lung—had any cadmium. Furthermore, in the renal case, cadmium was not detected in groups C1, C2, C3, or C4. However, the amounts of this metal in the liver for C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7 were 1.09 ± 0.09 mgkg-1, 1.91 ± 1.43 mgkg-1, 3.50 ± 0.63 mgkg-1, 4.11 ± 0.82 mgkg-1, 6.49 ± 0.50 mgkg-1, 20.62 ± 0.65 mgkg-1, and 43.36 ± 0.63 mgkg-1, respectively. Regarding the kidney, the values for C5, C6, and C7 were 2.63 ± 0.22 mgkg-1, 5.12 ± 0.65 mgkg-1, and 8.72 ± 0.45 mgkg-1, in that order. In contrast, the lung group C1 had cadmium measurements of 0.10 ± 0.03 mgkg-1, which were followed by groups C2 and C3 with 0.16 ± 0.03 mgkg-1 and 0.19 ± 0.12 mgkg-1, C4 with 0.25 ± 0.07 mgkg-1, C5 with 0.87 ± 0.26 mgkg-1, C6 with 1.62 ± 0.003 mgkg-1, and C7 with 2.22 ± 0.45 mgkg-1. It was observed that, for every organ, including muscle, bone, liver, kidney, and lung, the varying cadmium values in groups C5, C6, and C7 were statistically different. However, in the case of muscle and bone, the varying values of cadmium in groups C1 and C2 were statistically similar, while the cadmium concentrations obtained from groups C3 and C4 were nearly same in the case of these two organs. On the other hand, in the liver, the variations in cadmium between C3 and C4 were statistically equivalent. However, in the case of the lung, the cadmium values in groups C1, C2, C3, and C4 were likewise comparable. It was noted that increasing the quantity of the same metal in poultry feed administered to several experimental chicken groups resulted in an increase in the concentration of cadmium in multiple groups (Table 3.5). According to the recommendations of Export Inspection Council India, 2017, FAO/WHO, 2002, European Communities, 2006 and the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009, the acceptable level of Cd in chicken muscle and liver is 0.05 mgkg-1 respectively. Again 1.0 mgkg-1 Cd in kidney is recommended by European Communities, 2006 and the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009 (Table 3.5).