To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the relation between DM and CL as evaluated by clinical and systematic intrinsic factors in recent years in the world. Patients with DM contract infections more frequently than those without DM [20, 21]. The risk of many serious health problems and infectious diseases is significantly increased in patients with a history of chronic diseases such as DM, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and opium addiction [22, 23]. Some of these infections have a complicated course in patients with DM in comparison to patients without DM [24]. The present study showed that there was a positive association between CL and two factors namely; female and DM as analyzed by the multivariate model. Previous reports showed that distinct risk determinants in opium-addicted participants in terms of size, number, and duration of the CL lesion were more severe than the non-opium-addicted group [13]. In our study, the lesions in terms of duration and size were significantly more severe and the duration of the lesion was three times longer in patients with DM compared to the patients without DM. The possible reasons for the difference are intrinsic evidence supporting the idea that DM induces direct impairment of cell-mediated immune response. This might in turn lead to the chronicity and severity of the lesions [20]. In mixed infections, the burden of both diseases increases. It is obvious that there are some levels of immune suppression in patients with DM. These may provide a suitable condition for the proliferation of the superimposed CL causative agent. Therefore, it is possible to explain such interactions in terms of the effect of the Leishmania species on the immune system. These include parasite-induced immune depression, as translated via cytokines generation[25]. Indeed, the importance of these interactions is extremely harmful and induce some disorders for co-infected patients. In addition, Leishmania species are able to produce secretory and excretory factors that can intensify the multiplication rate in an immunosuppressed individual as documented in HIV/AIDS and DM co-infections [22]. In our study, the risk of CL affliction in females and elderly people was highest and this could be attributed to the incidence of some chronic diseases such as DM. This caused defects in cellular innate immunity more frequently in female and elderly subjects compared to others [26].
During the early invasion by Leishmania parasite, the T cells and the resultant cytokines play a critical role in determining the nature of the immune response and the outcome of the infection. In experimental leishmaniasis, the cure is related to the predominance of a Th-1 response, as this progresses to the production of IFN-γ and stimulation of amastigote infected macrophages. In contrast, disease progression is associated with the development of the Th-2 response. Consequently, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-ß are generated and leading to the inactivation of infected macrophages [27–31].
Several investigations have reported that cytokine imbalance is enhanced in type 2 diabetes [32]. This disease is mainly involved with Th-2 to Th-1 immune response trend [33]. IL-4 is a Th-2 cytokine that suppresses cellular immunity [34]. In contrast, IFN-γ is a Th-1 cytokine tsupports the immune system to perform cytolysis of the target cells [35]. In this study, the immunological examination of IL-4, IFN- γ, TGF-ß were significantly different between the groups. DM patients co-infected with CL and DM had the lowest level of IFN- γ compared to other groups, therefore the odds of infection in DM co-infected with CL group are higher than the other groups. The levels of IL-4 and TGF-ß were increased in CL patients and DM co-infected with CL. The reason for this variation is not well understood; although, it could be related to the effect of parasite infection in CL patients.
In a hematology examination, only hemoglobin was at a significant level between different groups as patients with CL and DM had the least level. Females had the lowest level of hemoglobin in comparison to men [36]. Biochemical parameters including ALP, ALT, and AST were significantly different among groups. The exact reason for such differences is not well-known. However, the variability could be explained by the complexity of the natural interaction between diseases [21].
The causative agent in the areas under study was L. tropica causing ACL which is transmitted via an anthroponotic cycle. Essentially, DM co-infected with ACL patients can lead to clinical and epidemiological changes that modify the routine patterns of CL. Co-infected patients harbor many organisms in their skin lesions. Therefore, DM patients co-infected with ACL become a highly infectious reservoir of CL disease and ultimately resulting in increased risks of future epidemics.
The strength of this study was the diabetic and CL treatment centers with strong registry systems and appropriate infrastructures, which manage the patients via a team of expert and well-trained, physicians and experienced health surveillance personnel and with highly equipped diagnostic laboratory services. There are certainly a few inevitable potential limitations regarding the possibility of residual cofounders to this study such as other chronic diseases that might coexist with DM, logical reasons for not entering all biological intrinsic factors (immunological, biochemical, and hematological parameters) in the logistic regression models.