The study found that 78% of the respondents suggested the app needs help tracking daily and weekly self-care management and important regimes such as food intake, nutrition, exercise, medicine tracking, key diabetes information, and WhatsApp integration. Additionally, 83% of the participants preferred frequent asked questions (FAQs) to demystify myths and that the application should be in Hindi for better understanding. The study also found that 88% of the respondents preferred daily tracking or a digital diary to assist them in following self-care management goals.
The study analyzed the data using NVIVO software and a structured approach consisting of six steps.
Themes
Three major themes emerged from the qualitative investigation:
The study found that focusing on more than one aspect of Type 2 diabetes self-care management led to a significant 5.1% improvement in self-care management, indicating a positive effect on diabetes self-care and management. Gender had a statistically significant but minor impact. This study examines the associations between a number of variables, including age, gender, diabetes status, marital status, diabetes in other household members, work hours, educational attainment, preferred language, preferred religion, special dietary preferences, chronic complications, diabetes health attitude, medical history, family history of the disease, healthy eating habits, and additional procedures.
The study followed 55 users over four months to determine if using health apps helped with self-care, diabetes type 2 management, and Hb1AC improvement. The results showed that 93.8% of respondents followed a healthy diet, with 91.2% choosing Hindi. The most popular religion preference was Hindu, with 76% of respondents claiming to be Hindu. Marital status was the most common, with 93.1% being married. In terms of medical history, 74.9% of respondents answered "yes" while 25.1% said "no." In terms of diabetes health attitude, 93.8% had a positive attitude. The study found that Christians have the highest level of religious preference, followed by Hindus and Muslims. Those without a medical history had a higher preference. People who follow good eating habits enjoy them more than those who do not. Both Hindi speakers and non-Hindi speakers scored equally.
Table No.:2 Qualitative study
| | Total sample (N = 18) | | | |
Gender: Male Female | | 10 (55%) 8 (45%) | | | |
Age, years | | 50 ± 10 | | | |
Socio-economic status | BPL | 3(21%) | | | |
| Above BPL | 15 (35%) | | | |
| Own mobile(android) | 18(100%) | | | |
Education, highest level: | Matric | 3 (19%) | | | |
Intermediate | 8 (41%) | | | |
Graduate/post-graduate | 7 (39%) | | | |
Diabetes duration, years | | 5 ± 7 | | | |
Working Non-working | | 75% 25% | | | |
HbA1c: unknown | | 70% | | | |
HbA1c self-reported %(mmol/mol) | | 30% | | | |
Registration Currently Swayam Diabetes app(s)for self-care management Yes Daily diary filled (daily/ weekly) | | 100% 55% | 1 | | |
The study analyzed the impact of a two-way ANOVA on the improvement of HB1AC through two variables. The results showed that 93.8% of participants followed a healthy diet, with 91.2% choosing Hindi as their language preference. The most common religious preference was Hindu, with 18.5% of respondents identifying as such. Most respondents were married, with 74.9% reporting improvement in their HbA1c over the period of 6 months.
Table 3
Frequency of the sample Quantitative study
Parameters | Variables | Frequency | % | % valid |
Eating Healthy | No | 17 | 6.2 | 6.2 |
Yes | 258 | 93.8 | 93.8 |
Preference of the local languages | Hindi | 252 | 91.2 | 91.2 |
Other | 23 | 8.4 | 8.4 |
Preference on Religion | Christian | 3 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
Other | 51 | 18.5 | 18.5 |
Hindu | 209 | 76.0 | 76.0 |
Muslim | 11 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
Panjabi | 1 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Status marital | Married | 256 | 93.1 | 93.1 |
Single | 8 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
Unmarried | 11 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
History (medical | NO | 69 | 25.1 | 25.1 |
YES | 206 | 74.9 | 74.9 |
Attitude on self care management | NO | 17 | 6.2 | 6.2 |
YES | 258 | 93.8 | 93.8 |
The study also found that a significant 5.1% increase in overall health knowledge and attitude reported in self-care management goals was observed. Notable improvements in healthy eating and diabetes health attitude were also found to have led to better results. Language preference had a negligible impact.
Table-4 Testing of the variables.
| Subgroup | Mean | SD | 95% CI | Testing Value |
Religion Preference | Christion | 0.8451 | 0.0070 | 0.062 ± 0.082 | chi-value = 2.0145, p-value = 0.0001 |
Other | 0.1452 | 0.0058 | 0.068 ± 0.084 |
Hindu | 0.1254 | 0.0086 | 0.063 ± 0.082 |
Muslim | 0.0114 | 0.0058 | 0.073 ± 0.082 |
Punjabi | 0.1433 | 0.0058 | 0.073 ± 0.082 |
Medical History | NO | 0.89741 | 0.0063 | 0.058 ± 0.082 | chi-value = 21.1105, p-value = 0.0000 |
YES | 0.1236 | 0.0093 | 0.073 ± 0.080 |
Diabetes Health Attitude | NO | 0.8974 | 0.0070 | 0.062 ± 0.085 | chi-value = 4.0744, p-value = 0.0052 |
YES | 0.1423 | 0.0062 | 0.067 ± 0.078 |
Healthy Eating | No | 0.7856 | 0.0086 | 0.063 ± 0.079 | chi-value = 3.0145, p-value = 0.0012 |
Yes | 0.1483 | 0.0058 | 0.073 ± 0.079 |
Language Preference | Hindi | 0.1447 | 0.0056 | 0.058 ± 0.080 | chi-value = 2.0145, p-value = 0.0012 |
Other | 0.1483 | 0.0087 | 0.064 ± 0.082 |
Age | 20 TO 35 | 0.5741 | 0.0078 | 0.058 ± 0.080 | chi-value = 6.1452, p-value = 0.0001 |
36 TO 50 | 0.4571 | 0.0095 | 0.056 ± 0.081 |
51 TO 65 | 0.2631 | 0.0062 | 0.056 ± 0.083 |
66 TO 80 | 0.124 | 0.0063 | 0.062 ± 0.084 |
According to the above-mentioned chi-square test, Christians have the highest level of religious preference (mean = 0.8451), followed by Hindus (mean = 0.1452) and Muslims (mean = 0.0114). Those without a medical history had a higher preference (mean = 0.89741) than those with one (mean = 0.1236). Respondents who do not have a favourable attitude towards their diabetic health have a higher preference (mean = 0.8974) than those who do (mean = 0.1423). People who follow good eating habits enjoy them more (mean = 0.1483) than those who do not (mean = 0.7856). Both Hindi speakers and non-Hindi speakers scored equally (mean = 0.1483). Preference ratings are higher for younger age groups (20 to 35) and older age groups (36 to 50) (means = 0.5741 and 0.4571, respectively).
Table 5
ANOVA testing of two-way HBA1C improvement.
Item | DF | SS | MS | T-test | P-value |
correct Model | 5 | 2141 | 428.2 | 78.53 | < 0000 |
Intercept | 1 | 5412 | 5412 | 9145.25 | < 0000 |
Gender | 1 | 1250 | 1250 | 0.582 | 0.0042 |
Hb1AC improvement | 2 | 129 | 64.5 | 18952 | < 0000 |
Gender*Hb1AC improvement | 2 | 1464 | 732 | 7.264 | < 0000 |
Error | 263 | 7812 | 29.70342 | | |
Total | 274 | 18208 | | | |
The two-way ANOVA table (Table 1.3) presents the findings of assessing the improvement in HB1AC through two variables. The exact model has a mean square (MS) of 428.2 and shows considerable variance (p 0.0000). With an MS of 5412, the intercept likewise showed a large variance (p 0.0000). Gender had a statistically significant but somewhat small influence (p = 0.05). MS = 1250). The part that improved Hb1AC showed a very significant impact (p 0.05, MS = 64.5. Moreover, a statistically significant interaction was seen between gender and Hb1AC improvement (p 0.05, MS = 732). The misplaced phrase's MS was 29. 70342.With a total of 18208 squares, 274 degrees of freedom were employed in the study.
The cumulative improvements in these variables led to a significant 5.1% increase in overall health knowledge and attitude reported in self-care management goals. The Swayam Diabetes app was evaluated using a system usability scale with n = 55 participants three months after using the app. The SUS Tools research evaluated the efficacy of mobile health informatics and nutrition interventions for type 2 diabetes self-care and at-home care using qualitative techniques. Using a Likert scale, the 10-item System Usability Scale (SUS) was straightforward. According to the research, regular journal reminders can enhance self-care management techniques and general health.
The SUS form was used to assess a total of 55 users of the Swayam Diabetes app. The total SUS score for this application's usefulness and simplicity of use. X = 5, which is the total number of points for all odd-numbered questions. When the scores for all questions have an even number of answers, you get Y = 25, or 25. [14,16]. The SUS score is 2.5 times (X + Y). X = 16.6 + Y + 17.1 = 33.7 * 2.5 = 84.25. The total score is a Grade A, which is excellent.
SUS users discover health applications that are intended to be useful, simple to use, and beneficial. The fact that utility and usability ratings surpass 80 on the scale [4] demonstrates this. 14.1 out of n = 55 reported improvement in Hb1AC over the period of 6 months. 1.1% suggested daily diary to be in translated language. 3.2% overall improvement was reported in Healthy eating due to daily diary and 5.1% Overall improvement was reported in n = 55 selfcare management using Swayam Diabetes app.