Effect of GA3 and NAA growth attributes
Application at several levels GA3 and NAA had a significant influence on okra plant height, leaf surface area, number of leaves, internode number, length, number of branches, and number of buds [Table 1]. The findings demonstrate that in 1st year and 2nd year the tallest plant (114.40 cm, 137.90 cm), the most significant number of leaves (57.03, 58.10), and the largest number of branches plant-1 (5.43, 5.46), were identified in 150 ppm NAA + 150 ppm GA3 respectively. In contrast, the lowest values were obtained in the control in 1st year 95.70 cm, 42.20, 3.23 and in 2nd year 114.87 cm, 41.70, 3.10 respectively). Similarly, during 1st year leaf area, internode number, internode length and number of buds were also found to be superior in those plants that were exposed to 150 ppm NAA + 150 ppm GA3 and were 56.54%, 32.15%, 35.34% and 31.44% as well as in the next year the results were 62.4%, 35.76%, 42.68% and 31.17% respectively higher compared to control.
Table 1
Effect of GA3 and NAA on growth parameters of okra
Treatments | Plant height (cm) | Number of leaves | Number of Branches | Leaf area (cm2) | Number of Internode plant− 1 | Internode length (cm) | Number of buds plant− 1 |
1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year |
N0G0 | 95.70 g | 114.87 f | 42.20 f | 41.70 f | 3.23 f | 3.10 e | 71.61 d | 70.81 d | 19.22 f | 19.04 f | 15.76 e | 15.86 e | 38.90 g | 38.20 e |
N0G1 | 112.20 b | 134.30 b | 51.93 cd | 52.96 c | 4.26 b | 4.30 b | 94.58 b | 96.46 b | 23.99 b | 24.20 b | 18.33 c | 19.70 b | 45.50 bc | 46.90 b |
N0G2 | 101.83ef | 124.37de | 48.73 e | 49.63 e | 3.60 de | 3.66 cd | 90.90 c | 92.74 c | 21.55 e | 29.91 e | 16.83 d | 18.26 cd | 43.13 f | 44.63 d |
N1G0 | 109.03 c | 132.17 c | 52.13 bc | 53.16 bc | 4.13 b | 4.30 b | 93.40 b | 95.37 b | 22.99 c | 23.35 bc | 18.36 c | 19.30 b | 44.83 cd | 46.26 bc |
N1G1 | 114.40 a | 137.90 a | 57.03 a | 58.10 a | 5.43 a | 5.46 a | 112.10 a | 115.54 a | 25.40 a | 25.85 a | 21.33 a | 22.63 a | 51.13 a | 52.40 a |
N1G2 | 103.33 d | 125.70 d | 51.10 d | 52.06 d | 4.03 bc | 4.23 b | 90.50 c | 92.33 c | 22.59 cd | 23.01 cd | 20.66 b | 22.03 a | 45.80 b | 46.53 bc |
N2G0 | 101.47ef | 124.03 e | 48.26 e | 49.16 e | 3.56 de | 3.66 cd | 90.44 c | 92.28 c | 21.73 de | 21.63 e | 16.83 d | 17.60 d | 44.43 de | 45.23 cd |
N2G1 | 102.07 e | 124.60de | 52.93 b | 54.00 b | 3.80 cd | 3.93 bc | 90.17 c | 91.88 c | 22.25cde | 22.55cde | 18.20 c | 19.53 b | 45.50 bc | 46.53 bc |
N2G2 | 100.97 f | 124.13 e | 48.46 e | 49.36 e | 3.40 ef | 3.53 d | 89.85 c | 91.77 c | 22.07 de | 22.16 de | 16.60 d | 18.40 c | 43.83 ef | 44.40 d |
F-values (NAA) | 493.67** | 230.03** | 268.36** | 340.27** | 79.33** | 56.09** | 452.66** | 366.81** | 37.81** | 43.23** | 330.77** | 135.46** | 220.45** | 99.39** |
F-values (GA3) | 614.57** | 265.73** | 343.15** | 428.13** | 69.92** | 40.69** | 505.57** | 400.65** | 55.01** | 57.09** | 152.47** | 98.16** | 219.38** | 109.79** |
F-values (NAA* GA3) | 241.65** | 133.58** | 46.30** | 73.30** | 10.93** | 6.14** | 250.73** | 204.13** | 15.04** | 13.61** | 10.62** | 5.10** | 42.34** | 27.94** |
In a column, means with a similar letter (s) are not significantly different by LSD at a 5% level of significance. G0: 0 ppm GA3 (control), G₁: 150 ppm GA3, G₂: 250 ppm GA3, N0: 0 ppm NAA (control), N₁: 150 ppm NAA, N₂: 250 ppm NAA. ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05. |
Effect of GA3 and NAA on yield and yield attributes
The okra plants treated to varying concentrations of GA3 and NAA had a substantial influence on yield and yield-related characteristics [Table 2]. In 1st year plants exposed to 150 ppm GA3 + 150 ppm NAA increased yield-related okra attributes such as number of pods (24.63), pod length (15.93 cm), pod diameter (2.02 cm), dry matter content of pod (21.33%), and thousand seeds weight (75.80 g) by 60.35%, 27.84%, 32.89%, 35.34%, and 27.76%, respectively, similarly in case of 2nd year the number of pods, pod length, pod diameter, dry matter content of pod and thousand seed weight are 35.79%, 27.84%, 22.72%, 29.54% and 20.89% respectively, compared to the control group. In contrast, in the 1st year highest yield (419.93 g) was found in 150 ppm GA3 + 150 ppm NAA while minimum (310.87 g) from control and in 2nd year highest yield (404.43 g) was found while minimum (404.43 g) from control. The results show that using 150 ppm GA3 and 150 ppm NAA together enhanced yield in both years by 35.08% and 27.01% respectively, compared to the control group.
Table 2
Effect of GA3 and NAA on yield and yield attributes of okra
Treatment | Pods no. plant-1 | Pod length (cm) | Pod diameter (cm) | Dry matter content of pod (%) | Yield plant− 1 (g) | 1000 seeds weight (g) |
1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year |
N0G0 | 15.36e | 18.80 d | 12.46d | 12.46 d | 1.52d | 1.54 e | 15.76e | 15.33 d | 310.87g | 318.40 e | 59.33f | 61.46 e |
N0G1 | 22.43 b | 23.46 b | 15.80 a | 15.80 a | 1.84 b | 1.81 b | 18.33 c | 17.56 b | 377.50 b | 375.80 b | 74.90 ab | 73.63 a |
N0G2 | 18.60 d | 20.70 c | 13.50 c | 13.50 c | 1.6 c | 1.64 d | 16.83 d | 15.96 cd | 324.47 de | 329.77 de | 68.46 d | 68.46 cd |
N1G0 | 21.83 b | 23.06 b | 15.36 a | 15.36 a | 1.77 b | 1.76 bc | 18.36 c | 17.30 b | 372.47 b | 373.13 b | 74.13 b | 73.33 a |
N1G1 | 24.63 a | 25.53 a | 15.93 a | 15.93 a | 2.02 a | 1.89 a | 21.33 a | 19.86 a | 419.93 a | 404.43 a | 75.80 a | 74.30 a |
N1G2 | 21.96 b | 23.83 ab | 14.50 b | 14.50 b | 1.81 b | 1.77 bc | 20.66 b | 19.66 a | 351.63 c | 347.17 c | 71.00 c | 70.33 bc |
N2G0 | 18.36 d | 20.90 c | 13.50 c | 13.50 c | 1.74 b | 1.73 c | 16.46 d | 16.56 bcd | 320.50 ef | 335.30 cd | 67.83 d | 68.03 d |
N2G1 | 20.66 c | 22.43 bc | 14.36 b | 14.36 b | 1.74 b | 1.74 bc | 18.20 c | 17.70 b | 329.67 d | 338.80 cd | 71.50 c | 71.06 b |
N2G2 | 19.03 d | 21.3 c | 13.50 c | 13.50 c | 1.63 c | 1.66 d | 16.60 d | 16.70 bc | 315.50 fg | 331.97 d | 66.86 e | 67.50 d |
F-values (NAA) | 154.42** | 23.11** | 26.28** | 26.36** | 28.22** | 24.93** | 330.77** | 28.73** | 605.42** | 83.83** | 305.50** | 37.30** |
F-values (GA3) | 139.52** | 17.43** | 31.98** | 32.08** | 27.37** | 26.62** | 152.47** | 14.85** | 836.60** | 71.53** | 388.22** | 46.90** |
F-values (NAA* GA3) | 19.65** | 1.75** | 8.15** | 8.18** | 5.66** | 7.03** | 10.62** | 2.05 ns | 68.47** | 18.24** | 163.67** | 20.51** |
In a column, means with a similar letter (s) are not significantly different by LSD at a 5% level of significance. G0: 0 ppm GA3 (control), G₁: 150 ppm GA3, G₂: 250 ppm GA3, N0: 0 ppm NAA (control), N₁: 150 ppm NAA, N₂: 250 ppm NAA. ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05. |
Effect of GA3 and NAA on quality attributes
The application of GA3 and NAA had a substantial impact on okra's qualitative qualities [Table 3]. Results revealed that in 1st and 2nd year maximum vitamin C (8.28 mg and 8.23 mg respectively) and was found in 250 ppm GA3 + 0 ppm NAA while minimum (6.45 mg) in 150 ppm GA3 + 250 ppm NAA and (6.58 mg) in 0 ppm GA3 + 250 ppm NAA treatment combination. When okra plants were exposed to GA3 and NAA @ 150 ppm, TSS, β–carotene, magnesium and zinc increased in 1st year by 81.2%, 31.74%, 22.73% and 21.43%, respectively, and in 2nd year TSS, Potassium, Calcium, magnesium and zinc increased by 50.57%, 5.26%, 9.41%, 18.07% and 33.33% respectively, compared to control. In contrast, potassium and calcium were gradually decreased in 1st year and in 2nd year β–carotene was decreased with increasing the levels of GA3 and NAA compared to control.
Table 3
Effect of GA3 and NAA on quality attributes of 100 g fresh pod of okra
Treatment | Vit-C (mg/100g) | TSS (% Brix) | β-Carotene (mg/100g) | K (mg/100g) | Ca (mg/100g) | Mg (mg/100g) | Zn (mg/100g) |
1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year |
N0G0 | 6.94 cd | 6.70 e | 2.50 f | 2.63 d | 52.73 d | 50.38 c | 60.97 a | 58.01 a | 22.20 a | 25.13 a | 20.19 e | 20.03 d | 0.14 cd | 0.12 d |
N0G1 | 7.83 b | 7.62 bc | 4.13 b | 3.50 c | 47.02 e | 45.86 de | 41.77 f | 42.29 e | 20.80 de | 19.22 c | 21.87 d | 22.14 b | 0.15 bc | 0.14 bc |
N0G2 | 8.28 a | 8.23 a | 3.50 e | 3.53 c | 53.58 c | 44.44ef | 42.96 e | 42.96 de | 21.26bcd | 21.66 b | 22.56 c | 22.15 b | 0.15 bc | 0.14 b |
N1G0 | 8.02 b | 8.01 ab | 3.70 d | 3.66 bc | 47.25 e | 57.90 b | 52.08 c | 52.08 b | 20.87cde | 21.29 b | 18.99 g | 22.14 b | 0.131 cd | 0.13 c |
N1G1 | 6.88 d | 7.23 cd | 4.53 a | 3.96 a | 69.46 a | 65.78 a | 41.43 f | 42.40 e | 20.36 e | 21.03 b | 24.78 a | 23.65 a | 0.17 a | 0.16 a |
N1G2 | 6.45 e | 6.84 de | 3.93 c | 3.83 ab | 43.24 g) | 51.77 c | 55.39 b | 40.28 f | 21.72 ab | 22.09 b | 19.76 f | 20.77 cd | 0.13 d | 0.14 bc |
N2G0 | 6.80 d | 6.58 a | 3.46 e | 3.46 c | 52.73 d | 43.24 f | 47.61 d | 47.37 c | 19.11 f | 20.81 b | 23.18 b | 22.72 b | 0.16 ab | 0.15 a |
N2G1 | 7.15 c | 7.32 c | 3.50 e | 3.50 c | 59.08 b | 46.95 d | 40.35 g | 42.77 de | 21.49 bc | 22.17 b | 19.61 f | 20.81 cd | 0.13 d | 0.13 c |
N2G2 | 7.15 c | 7.31 c | 3.50 e | 3.50 c | 45.42 f | 52.03 c | 40.52 g | 43.69 d | 21.66 ab | 21.47 b | 19.70 f | 21.30 c | 0.13 d | 0.13 c |
F-values (NAA) | 74.84** | 6.33** | 116.24** | 45.75** | 1326.96** | 127.53** | 1185.70** | 495.20** | 20.07** | 1.00 ns | 37.84** | 0.71 ns | 1.09** | 7.43** |
F-values (GA3) | 9.41** | 4.62* | 152.72** | 24.94** | 4128.22** | 331.26** | 1799.04** | 203.83** | 32.86** | 14.84** | 185.15** | 11.19** | 4.23** | 7.00** |
F-values (NAA* GA3) | 86.69** | 20.87** | 50.21** | 11.44** | 533.60** | 43.81** | 880.57** | 170.57** | 70.74** | 9.87** | 683.80** | 27.74** | 10.87** | 26.93** |
In a column, means with a similar letter (s) are not significantly different by LSD at a 5% level of significance. G0: 0 ppm GA3 (control), G₁: 150 ppm GA3, G₂: 250 ppm GA3, N0: 0 ppm NAA (control), N₁: 150 ppm NAA, N₂: 250 ppm NAA. ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05. |