Daniel et al., 1993
|
Prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in Gongola State of Northern Nigeria
|
To assess the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Karim Lamido and Numan local government areas of Gongola State.
|
Adamawa: Formerly Gongola (Karim Lamido and Numan LGAs)
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Cattle
|
1065
|
Bovine trypanosomiasis
|
A total of 42 (3.9%) Cattle were found to be infected with trypanosomes. Out of which 27 (64.3%) were due to T. vivax, 13 (31%) to T. congolense and 2 (4.8%) to T. brucei.
|
3.90%
|
Microscopy
|
T. vivax
T. congolense
T. brucei
|
Daniel et al., 1994
|
Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in sheep and goats in a region of northern Nigeria
|
To investigate the sensitivity of four techniques currently in use for the parasitological diagnosis of trypanosomosis.
|
Bauchi (Alkaleri and Gombe LGAs)
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Sheep
Goat
|
615 (258 sheep and 357 goats)
|
Animal African trypanosomiasis
|
A total of 19 (7.4%) sheep and 18 (5.0%) goats were positive giving a total infection rate of 37 (6.0%), 22 being positive with T vivax, 9 with T. congolense and 6 with T. brucei
|
6%
|
Microscopy
|
T. vivax
T. congolense
T. brucei
|
Enwezor et al., 2009
|
Survey of bovine trypanosomosis in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, Kaduna State, Nigeria
|
To assess the prevalence of trypanosomes in cattle at the Kachia Grazing Reserve (KGR)
|
Kaduna
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Cattle
|
1293
|
Bovine trypanosomiasis
|
A total of 109 cattle were infected with trypanosomes giving an overall prevalence of 8.4%. Out of these, 105 (96.3%) was due to T. vivax, 2 (1.9%) to T. congolense, 1 (0.9%) to T. b. brucei and a mixed infection of T. congolense and T. vivax 1 (0.9%).
|
8.40%
|
Microscopy
|
T. vivax
T. congolense
T. brucei brucei
|
Enwezor et al., 2019
|
Investigation of livestock for presence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense In Tafa Local
Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria
|
Aimed at screening livestock for possible presence of T. b. gambiense within Tafa Local Government Area (LGA) of Niger State, Nigeria.
|
Niger
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Local dogs
Monkey
|
460 animals (177 cattle, 209 sheep, 61 goats, 12 local dogs and 1 monkey)
|
Animal African trypanosomiasis
|
A total of 10 animals were positive for trypanosomes with an overall prevalence of 2.17%. The morphological identification indicated the presence of T. brucei, T. vivax and a mixed infection of T. brucei and T. congolense. Details by animal species showed 3 cattle (1.69%), 6 sheep (3.02%) and 1 goat (1.64%) infected with trypanosomes. Neither the dogs nor the monkey was positive for trypanosomes.
|
2.17%
|
Microscopy
|
T. brucei
T. congolense
T. vivax
|
Habeeb et al., 2021
|
Molecular identification and prevalence of trypanosomes in cattle distributed within the Jebba axis of the River Niger, Kwara state, Nigeria
|
To investigate the prevalence of trypanosome infection in cattle, and molecularly identified the species of trypanosomes in infected cattle and the spatial distribution of trypanosome-infected herds along the Jebba axis of the River Niger.
|
Kwara
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Cattle
|
398
|
Bovine trypanosomiasis
|
A total of 3 Cattle were positive by microscopy, representing 0.8% prevalence, while 12 samples representing 3.0% tested positive by nested PCR. With T. congolense more prevalent (50.0%).
|
Microscopy: 0.8%
PCR: 3.0%
|
PCR
Microscopy
|
T. theileri
T. evansi
T. simiae
T. congolense
T. brucei
T. vivax
|
Kalu et al., 1996
|
Observations on the epidemiology of ruminant trypanosomosis in Kano State, Nigeria
|
To evaluate the prevalence of trypanosomosis among ruminants in Kano State and to elucidate aspects of the disease transmission in the area
|
Kano
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Ruminants (Cattle, sheep, goat)
|
1424 (1106 cattle and 318 small ruminants)
|
Animal African trypanosomiasis
|
59 cattle were infected with trypanosomes giving a prevalence of 5.3% with a confidence interval of ± 1.3.
Three out of 318 small ruminants sampled were infected (prevalence 0.9% ± 1.0).
|
Cattle: 5.3% (95% CI: 4.0–6.6%)
Small ruminants (95% CI: -0.1–1.9%)
|
Microscopy
|
T. vivax
T. congolense
T. brucei
|
Karshima et al., 2016
|
Silent Human Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Infections around the Old Gboko Sleeping Sickness Focus in Nigeria
|
To conduct an active screening of T. b. gambiense in humans in the old Gboko sleeping sickness focus in Nigeria and characterized isolates using TgsGP-polymerase chain reaction.
|
Gboko
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Humans
|
1200
|
Human African trypanosomiasis
|
Out of sampled people, a total of 28 were found positive. The CATT revealed an overall infection rate of 1.8% of the 1200 samples studied. PCR revealed an overall infection rate of 0.6% of the 1200 samples analysed. Tryypanosmes (TbG) was isolated from 7 of the samples
|
CATT: 1.8%
PCR: 0.6%
|
CATT
PCR
|
T. b. gambiense
|
Karshima et al., 2016
|
Animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense around the old Gboko sleeping sickness focus in Nigeria
|
To ascertain the possible role of animal reservoirs in the epidemiology of the parasite in the old Gboko sleeping sickness focus in Nigeria and characterized isolates using TgsGP polymerase chain reaction.
|
Gboko
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Cattle
Pigs
|
1200 (600 Cattle, 600 Pigs)
|
Animal African trypanosomiasis
|
A total of 118 animals were positive (46 cattle, 72 pigs). The overall infection rates for the CATT and TgsGP-PCR were 8.9 and 0.9%, respectively. Trypanosomes of animal origin identified by ITS 1 PCR were T. brucei (4.2%), T. congolense forest (3.2%), T. congolense savannah (2.0%), T. vivax (2.2%) and mixed infections (1.5%) in cattle as well as T. brucei (4.8%), T. congolense forest (1.8%), T. congolense savannah (1.0%) and mixed infections (1.2%) in pigs. T. brucei gambiense and other animal trypanosomes were identified among animals in the focus, indicating the existence of animal reservoirs of human infective T. b. gambiense.
|
CATT: 8.9%
PCR: 0.9%
|
CATT
PCR
|
T. brucei (T. b. gambiense)
T. congolense forest
T. congolense savannah
T. vivax
|
Majekodunmi et al., 2013
|
A longitudinal survey of African animal trypanosomiasis in domestic cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: Prevalence, distribution, and risk factors
|
To determine seasonal variations in the prevalence of AAT across the Jos Plateau
|
Jos
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Cattle
|
7143
|
Bovine trypanosomiasis
|
3, 342 cattle were found positive. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis was found to be high at 46.8% (39.0–54.5%) and significant, seasonal variation was observed between the dry and the end of the wet season. T. b. brucei was observed at a prevalence of 3.2% (1% – 5.5%); T. congolense at 27.7% (21.8% − 33.6%) and T. vivax at 26.7% (18.2% − 35.3%).
|
46.8% (39.0–54.5%)
|
PCR
|
T. congolense
T. vivax
T. b. brucei
|
Nmorsi et al., 2010
|
Human African trypanosomiasis in endemic focus of Abraka, Nigeria
|
To investigate the prevalence of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in an endemic focus of Nigeria, as it relates to age, sex and occupational differences.
|
Abraka, Delta
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Humans
|
474
|
Human African trypanosomiasis
|
Of the 474 screened, 44(9.3%) were seropositive with seroprevalence of 22(9.6%) in Urhouka, 14(9.5%) in Umeghe and 8(7.9%) for Ugonu.
|
9.30%
|
Microscopy
CATT
|
T.b.gambiense
|
Omeke, 1994
|
Pig trypanosomosis: prevalence and significance in the endemic Middle Belt zone of southern Nigeria
|
To determine the prevalence of trypanosome species pathogenic to pigs and the significance of pig trypanosomosis in the Middle Belt zone of Southern Nigeria.
|
Anambra and Benue states
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Pigs
|
1954
|
Porcine trypanosomiasis
|
524 (26.8%) were positive for trypanosome infections, 348 (66.5%) of which had a mixed T. brucei and T. congolense burden, while 125 (23.9%) and 43 (8.2%) others had single T. brucei and T. congolense infections respectively.
|
26.80%
|
Microscopy
|
T. congolense
T. brucei
|
Onah and Ebenebe 2004
|
Isolation of a human serum-resistant Trypanosoma brucei from a naturally infected pig in the Nsukka area of Enugu State
|
To re-evaluate the role of domestic pig as a reservoir for T. b. gambiense
|
Enugu
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Pigs
|
85
|
Porcine trypanosomiasis
|
19 positive cases were identified from the 85 sampled pigs. 15 (78.96%) were identified as single infection because of T. brucei. While the remaining 4 (21.05%) were due to mixed infections of T. brucei and T. congolense.
|
22.35%
|
Microscopy
|
T. brucei gambiense
T. congolense
|
Takeet et al., 2013
|
Molecular survey of pathogenic trypanosomes in naturally infected Nigerian cattle
|
To determine the prevalence and characteristics of trypanosome species and strains in Nigerian cattle using PCR for the first time.
|
Ogun and Kaduna states
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Cattle
|
411
|
Bovine trypanosomiasis
|
Parasite detection by microscopy observation showed 62 samples infected by one or more species of Trypanosomes, for a prevalence of 15.1% (95% CI, 12–18%).
PCR detection showed 262 samples infected by one or more species of Trypanosoma, for an overall prevalence of 63.7% (95% CI, 59.4–68.8%) and T congolense was the most prevalent 48.7% (95% CI, 4.2–54.3), followed by T. vivax 26.0% (95% CI, 21.8–31.1%) and T. brucei 4.4% (95% CI, 3.3–7.1%).
Prevalence of mixed infections was 13.9% (95% CI, 10.6–17.4%) being co-infection by T. congolense and T. vivax.
|
Microscopy: 15.1% (95% CI, 12–18%).
PCR: 63.7% (95% CI, 59.4–68.8%)
|
Microscopy
PCR
|
T. brucei
T. vivax
T. congolense
|
Uba et al., 2016
|
Knowledge and prevalence of human african trypanosomiasis among residents of kachia grazing reserve, Kachia local government area, Kaduna state, Nigeria, 2012
|
To determine the knowledge, practices and prevalence of HAT among residents of the grazing reserve.
|
Kaduna
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Humans
|
300
|
Human African Trypanosomiasis
|
Of the 300 respondents that were examined and screened for HAT, none had palpable cervical lymph nodes enlargement, and none tested positive on CATT; hence HAT prevalence was zero.
|
0.00%
|
CATT
|
T. b. gambiense
|
Umeakuana et al., 2019
|
Identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in naturally infected dogs in Nigeria
|
To determine which trypanosome species, cause canine trypanosomosis in the Nsukka area of Nigeria and whether any dogs harbor the human-infective trypanosome, Tbg1.
|
Nsukka
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Dogs
|
19
|
Canine African Trypanosomiasis (CAT)
|
All 19 dogs sampled had canine trypanosomosis caused by trypanosomes of the T. brucei group. Two of the dogs were shown to be infected with the human pathogen T. b. gambiense Group 1 (Tbg1).
|
Tbg: 10.52%
|
PCR
|
T. b. gambiense
|
Wayo, 2017
|
Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in sheep in the Kachia grazing reserve, Kachia, Kaduna State, Nigeria
|
To update information on the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in small ruminants in the area, to allow for proper planning of control activities and serve as valuable scientific data.
|
Kaduna
|
Cross-sectional Survey
|
Sheep
|
110
|
Animal African trypanosomiasis
|
A total of 45 (40.9%) animals were found positive. The trypanosomes observed were T. congolense (40.0%), T. Brucei (28.8%), T. vivax (17.7%) and mixed infections (13.3%)
|
40.9
|
Microscopy
|
T. brucei
T. vivax
T. congolense
|