The Role of Information Technology in Sustainable Urban Mobility Development

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4351903/v1

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The Role of Information Technology in Sustainable Urban Mobility Development

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4351903/v1

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The exponential growth of the population living in urban centers has contributed to intensifying problems related to various aspects of mobility. In this context, information technology has been widely used as an important resource for building solutions aimed at overcoming infrastructure and urbanism deficiencies, collecting information in its multiple contexts, and constructing tools for management, planning, and other resources necessary for the development of smarter forms of mobility. This qualitative article was conducted through research and bibliographic analysis where, through a systematic literature review (SLR), it investigated the different IT solutions applied in mitigating the consequences of urban mobility problems. 400 studies analyzing 72 distinct approaches to mobility were identified and classified into 16 application groups. The objective was to map the multiple aspects of sustainable urban mobility researched by the academic community in recent years. Additionally, the article highlights the Mobility as a Service (MaaS) approach.

Technology

Information

Mobility

Urban

Sustainable

Smart

MaaS e ICT

Urban mobility is a complex system that encompasses a variety of interrelated and interconnected human activities and interactions [1], posing significant challenges for urban managers and planners [2] and undergoing profound transformations [3]. Much of these transformations stem from the impact of technology itself, whose role is to provide solutions to these problems and has been evolving to address these human challenges [4]. The major challenges urban mobility faces include environmental impact and traffic congestion, resulting from the increasing number of vehicles circulating in increasingly scarce public space. This process begins with the travel decision dilemma between individual and collective transportation, with the latter's quality being compromised by competition among different mobility services [5], leading users to prefer individual transportation. Furthermore, there is a lack of agile and decisive public policies that promote adequate sizing between supply and demand, as well as a shortage of information and support for users seeking mobility options suitable for their needs [1].

In this context, information technology encompasses various approaches that, when analyzed from different perspectives, aim to propose solutions to enhance performance and create usability conveniences, stimulate interest in mobility services, and strengthen the pillars of sustainability [6]. From non-mobility, or the encouragement of reducing the need for travel, a concept that views mobility as a necessary evil for accessibility and proposes tools geared towards remote activities [7–9], to the conception of intelligent systems, with the development of solutions aimed at meeting the diverse needs inherent in urban mobility. Thus, these solutions aim to mitigate the consequences of problems related to mobility activity and offer satisfactory, qualified, and more suitable options for urban travelers [10].

Therefore, to contribute to the process of transforming urban mobility, the present research conducts its studies based on the following research question: "How can Information Technology mitigate the consequences of urban mobility problems and improve its sustainability conditions?" In answering this question, the study aims to achieve the objective of "mapping the main approaches of Information Technology applied in sustainable urban mobility." To develop this investigation, the study conducted a systematic literature review in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The objective was to identify the role of IT in the development of sustainable urban mobility and identify possible research gaps related to the topic.

The research is justified by the significant relevance of this urban activity, which has significantly influenced the quality of life of urban populations. Making urban mobility sustainable is a challenge that urban authorities have been facing for a long time, where the search for solutions to limited capacities and substantial demands, resulting from the significant growth of the urban population [11], continues to be a reality today. Furthermore, considering that "cities will play a decisive role in reducing resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by 2050" [12] (p.1), every effort to achieve this goal becomes relevant. This includes the development of studies for the use of Information Technologies, which have great potential to optimize the management of complex systems and encourage sustainable development models.

Due to the large volume of related studies that emerged from the research and the breadth of the themes found, this article provides an overview describing a summary of the groups formed by these studies, whose main research approaches are convergent. However, the study delves deeper into the analysis of the results focusing on the Mobility as a Service (MaaS) category, as this concept, to some extent, represents a strong proposal for sustainable urban mobility development. Additionally, MaaS encompasses some aspects of all the solutions and approaches identified in this research.

After this brief introduction, the article presents the methodological procedures used to extract its results from the systematic literature review, which consist of descriptions of the concepts identified regarding sustainability, the approaches identified in the resulting studies researching IT solutions applied in the development of sustainable urban mobility, and the concept of MaaS, an approach that this study deepened its analysis on. Following these topics, the conclusions are presented, and finally, the references.

The study theme follows the PRISMA flowchart [13], which aims to help authors improve reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The procedure determines and selects studies based on four stages: Identification, Eligibility, Selection, and Inclusion. To apply the PRISMA flowchart [13], a first stage was determined which establishes the selection of published scientific literature, aiming to gather a base of selected articles through the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases.

The definition of criteria and the research were conducted between May 9, 2022, and May 15, 2022. During this period, it was possible to search the Web of Science (WoS) and SCOPUS databases on the selected topics using the search term "sustainable AND urban AND mobility AND ((intelligence OR MaaS OR ICT) OR (technology AND information))" for both databases. The searches were conducted considering title, abstract, and keywords, without exclusion criteria for period, file type, or area of interest.

The research in Web of Science found 229 works, and the results of the search in SCOPUS brought 426 works related to the researched topic. From the 655 results, 165 duplications were identified, resulting in 490 works. Among these works, 16 were "Conference Review" that did not present abstract data and could not be accessed, which is why they were excluded from the sample. This resulted in 474 works. After an analysis of the abstracts, 74 works were found that did not simultaneously address the topics of urban mobility and IT, leaving 400 works for evaluation, which were used for the research results based on the reading of their abstracts and introductions. However, only 36 of the 400 works that specifically addressed the MaaS approach were fully read and used for the results of the RSL related to MaaS. The Fig. 1, indicated below, presents the PRISMA flowchart [13] with the research results.

Results found in the research

3.1. Challenges of Sustainable Urban Mobility

One of the most cited definitions of sustainability is described in the Brundtland Report [14] (p.50), where the authors state that "sustainable development seeks to meet the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability to meet the needs of the future." However, the report acknowledges that the problems of poverty and underdevelopment cannot be solved without economic growth, which, in turn, carries risks of environmental damage. Aligned with this concept, the three pillars of sustainability [15] - economic, environmental, and social - serve as indicators of sustainable development.

In the context of Mobility, Lam and Head [16] (p.339) define sustainable urban mobility as "the ease, convenience, and accessibility of traveling to a destination with minimal impact on the environment among others." They highlight the social aspect of mobility usability, related to the availability of necessary means for citizens of all social classes to have convenient and easy access to their destination [17], whether for daily activities or leisure.

Another aspect presented by Lam and Head [16] is the environmental aspect, which relates to the consequences caused by urban mobility activity on the environment, such as environmental pollution, CO2 emissions, the use of non-renewable energy resources, and interference in the natural environment through excessive use of public spaces [18,19]. In this sense, private automobiles, despite being the preferred mode of transportation for their convenience in point-to-point travel, have been blamed for the majority of environmental pollution and congestion in urban mobility [20]. In response, several cities are planning to ban the use of this mode of transportation in various urban environments as a way to mitigate the problem [21].

Chakroborty [22] emphasizes the economic aspect of the word sustainable, which presents characteristics supporting the processes of collecting the necessary resources for the maintenance of activity and habitat. According to the authors, this aspect determines the efficiency of the system, and in this context, it is worth noting the dissociation between urban planning and mobility, which needs to adapt to the growing spatial dispersion that has formed in urban areas [21].

Therefore, the development of sustainable urban mobility must consider the economic, environmental, and social aspects of sustainability, and their implications, aiming to promote "social and economic well-being in a safe and efficient manner, without damaging the environment or depleting environmental resources" [1] (p.21).

3.2 Information Technology Applied to Urban Mobility

“Mobility is a fundamental aspect of the economic and social life of every community" [23] (p.1). Because it is involved in a diversity of activities related to its exercise, urban mobility encompasses multiple areas of research, each with its specific characteristics. Therefore, with the purpose of identifying theoretical frameworks for the application of IT in urban mobility in a broad way, an exploratory study was conducted to map the distinct approaches that academic literature has used to study and promote the development of its applications in urban mobility. The documents resulting from this study were grouped based on the main content and specific focus of each research. The selection was made through the analysis of the abstract and introduction of each article, allowing the mapping of the various areas of study with a broad, albeit superficial, view of the role of Information Technology in the development of sustainable urban mobility.

Classification of Approaches in Study Groups

Table 1 - Classification of Addressed Themes - Author's Source

Table 1 presents the identified study groups, indicating the quantity of documents related to each category (shown in the Doc. column) and the number of subcategories into which each category unfolded (related in the Sub. Cat. column). Within some study categories, several subgroups were found, classified according to the similarity of their research objects. In turn, Table 2 provides a detailed list of the subcategories identified in the classification of documents. Below the presentation of the tables, there follows a brief description of the approaches that each category indicated in Table 2 represents. This clarifies the criteria adopted by the research for mapping the studies developed by the scientific community in recent years.

Subgroups of IT Studies Applied in Sustainable Urban Mobility

Table 2 - Approaches in IT for Urban Mobility - Author's Source

Group 01 - BIG DATA encompasses studies dedicated to collecting multiple sources of data with the aim of creating insights and supporting decision-making, as well as developing strategies and planning for mobility [24-32].

Group 02 - Passengers and Information, is one of the groups that presented the third highest number of associated studies and unfolded into the largest number of subgroups. It addresses the exchange of information between management platforms and passengers, both in terms of informing and interacting with users and in terms of collecting direct, voluntary, or involuntary information to apply in the management and planning of urban mobility. Within this group, we find studies that deal with delivering mobility information to passengers [33-37], studies on the accessibility of specific groups such as the elderly [38-44], children [45], people with special needs [46-48], studies related to travel decision-making [49-51], tools to encourage passengers to use more sustainable modes of transportation [52-65], systems to stimulate passenger awareness with gamification-focused apps [66-71], apps to encourage walking [72-75] and user behavior change towards more sustainable modes of mobility [76-81]. Additionally, the group also includes studies related to behavioral analysis based on social networks [82-84], creation of density maps using cell phone data [85,86], studies on population participation in mobility management decisions [87-89], and the development of crowdsourcing and crowdsensing practices [90-100].

Group 03 - Non-Mobility, addresses mobility only as an accessibility problem [7-9], where studies present solutions for users to access desired locations without the need to physically move to them. Group 04 - Different Modes, encompasses studies related to IT applications focused on different public mobility options than conventional public mass transit, such as urban buses, trains, and subways. In this group, IT applications for modalities in differentiated mobility concepts are explored, such as in the case of the Mobility as a Service (MaaS) concept, which will be detailed more specifically in this study in the section below. Additionally, studies are presented on demand-responsive public transportation, a way to enhance the quality of the conventional public transportation model [101-107], ride-sharing systems [108-112], micro-mobility [113], including electric scooters [114], scooters [115,116], and bicycles [117-125], as well as car-sharing [126-129], taxis [130,131], cycle rickshaws [132], autonomous vehicles [133-136], and unmanned aerial vehicles [137].

Groups 05, 06, 07, and 08 are interconnected as they address aspects that complement each other in applications related to urban mobility. Group 05 - GIS (Geographic Information Systems), focuses on IT applications with a georeferencing focus, used for planning [138-142], public transportation route planning [143], stop sizing [144,145], and travel time analysis [146]. Group 06 - ICT presents studies that use the approach of Information and Communication Technology to qualify the management and planning of mobility and electric fleets [147-151], creating information to facilitate travel decision-making [3,152-157], incentives and promotion of multimodality [4-158-167], and improvements in passengers' relationship with public transportation through management resources [22,23,168-174], planning [1,2,5,10,175-183], and the integration of various distinct systems as a solution [184-191].

Group 07 - ITS presents studies related to Intelligent Transportation Systems, a reference concept for conventional public transportation management. It addresses topics such as technological implementation barriers of ITS [192], ITS planning [193-195], traffic light control based on ITS [196,197], and traffic monitoring using ITS [198-203]. On the other hand, Group 08 - IoT, covers studies on the application of the Internet of Things in urban mobility management [204]. This includes the concept of AVL (Automatic Vehicle Location), which involves fleet tracking for management purposes [205-211], applications of people flow sensors [212-214], fleet traffic monitoring [215-219], and the use of low-power networks for local data collection [220].

Group 09 - Artificial Intelligence encompasses studies that explore the application of AI in sustainable mobility management processes [221-227], including data mining for decision support [226,227], and decentralized intelligence in data fog on vehicle interconnection networks [228,229]. On the other hand, Group 10 - Smart Cities, is the group with the largest number of related studies, but most broadly address aspects of Smart Cities, with partial emphasis on mobility. However, 12 of the studies identified in this group focus specifically on the use of IT to solve problems related to sustainable urban mobility [11,230-240]. This group also addresses studies on the application of digital technologies in the urban context.

Group 11 - Multiple Approaches does not have a specific application focus. It encompasses studies on consulting, training, and specific research, such as identifying drivers with the greatest potential to increase urban mobility intelligence, identifying appropriate policies and methods for sustainable mobility development, and the relationship between citizens and car usage [241-249]. Group 12 - Prospecting, presents studies related to future projections regarding sustainable urban mobility [250-255]. Group 13 - focuses on studies on infrastructure for Electric Vehicles - EV [256-267]. Group 14 - deals with parking-related studies [268], and Group 15 - addresses studies on IT applied to the railway sector [269,270]. Group 16 - Goods Mobility, presents studies on the use of IT for goods mobility logistics considering sustainable urban mobility [271-274].

A MaaS approach is detailed in Group 4, item 4.2 Mobility as a Service. Being the central theme of the present study, it is important to emphasize that MaaS has the characteristic of aggregating all mobility modes and access means as fundamental resources for the provision of its services [275]. Therefore, all identified IT approaches presented in this theoretical framework are relevant studies for the development of the MaaS proposal.

3.3 MaaS - Mobility as a Service

The concept of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) formalized itself in the first subscription-based mobility trial in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 2013. However, it was in 2016 that it operated for the first time via a mobile app, in Helsinki, Finland [276-279]. In Sweden, the system called UbiGo simplified the administrative part of trips through monthly invoices and offered mobility service provision, with guaranteed improved travel, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week [280].

According to the results of the 6-month trial conducted by UbiGo, by transforming the concept of transportation into accessibility [281], the new business model showed initial success in reducing private vehicle ownership, which is a central objective of the MaaS concept [280]. The elements of MaaS include services that focus on users' needs through the integration of transportation services, information, reservations, payments, and all resources necessary for personalized service. MaaS offers mobility and access instead of transportation [280,277]. The results show that this business model can be significant for the development and sustainability of mobility. However, being such a recent solution, there remain a series of doubts, uncertainties, and discussions regarding the MaaS concept and its potential outcomes. Below, Table 3 presents some aspects related to researchers' discussion on the concept of MaaS.

Discussion on the Concept of MaaS

Table 3 - Discussion on MaaS Concepts - Author's Source

Concept
Still not clearly defined and contextualized, making it very difficult to assess how MaaS can affect travel behavior and how it can help shape the future [282]
There is a definitional gap in terms of what MaaS is and what it aims to achieve; many see it as a technology or product, while others perceive it as a definitive vision for cities. [283]
There's still a lack of unified definition; the concept of MaaS is often confused with Shared Mobility [284]
The research shows that there is no consensus on a unequivocal definition of MaaS nor a universal best way to assess and compare MaaS schemes. [285]
While there is ongoing debate about what constitutes MaaS, the core elements include: providing a service that focuses on the transportation needs of the user; offering mobility and access rather than just transportation; and providing integration of transportation services, information, booking, payment, etc.[286,277]

MaaS has the potential to fundamentally change people's behavior and reduce dependence on car ownership by providing easy and on-demand access to the mobility services they need. [104]
The MaaS concept regards travel as a disutility for the traveler, motivated solely by the destination. MaaS focuses on meeting the needs of the traveler's origin and destination, offering a range of options varying in terms of mode, timing, and cost. [287,288]

In the MaaS ecosystem, the mobility customer should be at the center of the process, receiving services according to their particularities and individual needs and having options for flexible travel packages. To meet this demand, the MaaS provider must have the ability to aggregate and combine various public and private transportation solutions to provide a door-to-door mobility service [104].

A MaaS provider, besides integrating various suppliers of different modes of transportation to provide door-to-door mobility services, also needs to orchestrate the entire MaaS ecosystem and provide users with access to information, which is one of the fundamental aspects of this management. However, governments face challenges in incorporating these new data and new forms of citizen engagement into their practice [96,289,290], as data has become a strategic issue for mobility operators and different suppliers request open public data with the interest of producing new urban mobility services [96], which tend to offer competition to current mobility services. For this reason, there is a discussion where some believe that the government is the entity that should organize and regulate the introduction of one or more digital platforms that integrate services [291].

One of the major challenges faced by the MaaS concept is related to one of the key issues in current city mobility structures. Each mobility service is provided by different suppliers, and there is no easy way to make them share data, budgets, and commitments with a broader vision of sustainable mobility [293]. Public transportation is in competition with some shared modes of transportation, while the relationship with other modes [294] seems to be more complementary [96]. Policy formulation, through research and development activities and tests, therefore needs to address these cooperation problems by providing definitive answers about the ideal MaaS model. In this game of interests, the promises of "efficiency" seem not to be possible without intervention.

The table 4 below lists some of the most popular MaaS applications that are being developed around the globe

Most popular MaaS pilot application projects

Table 4 - Most Popular MaaS Pilot Application Projects - Source: Zhang & Zhang [278]

This study was developed with the aim of identifying how Information Technology can mitigate the consequences of urban mobility problems and improve its sustainability conditions. By mapping 400 studies investigating this issue through various approaches, some answers were provided for the development of sustainable urban mobility. Therefore, based on these studies, it can be concluded that Information Technology plays a fundamental role in this context. It can help mitigate problems and enhance the conditions of sustainable urban mobility in various ways.

IT can contribute by collecting BIG DATA to support decision-making and optimized service planning. Additionally, IT provides tools for interacting with transportation system users, identifying their needs, and enhancing their accessibility and participation in transportation infrastructure planning decisions. It also contributes by positively influencing their travel decisions towards more sustainable modes, providing tools aimed at reducing the need for travel, facilitating the sharing of different transportation means, such as on-demand public transportation, which improves public transportation quality, and micro-mobility, which, among other factors, promotes ecological preservation.

Additionally, IT can contribute to the development of sustainable urban mobility by using intelligent systems for effective management of public transportation operations, employing cartographic systems and IoT (Internet of Things) for real-time data collection, implementing intelligent traffic light management based on traffic monitoring, utilizing artificial intelligence for analysis of multiple factors that can influence a traffic prediction and management program, generating management tools, automation, and interaction with users of smart cities to create facilities and optimize resource usage, providing necessary information for the development of policies that favor sustainability in urban mobility, enabling the creation of infrastructure and information for electric vehicle users and smart parking management, railway networks, mobility of goods, among other applications, proposing tools for data collection and support for methodologies for prospective analyses of urban mobility.

This study also delved into an exploratory analysis of the Mobility as a Service (MaaS) model, which has generated high expectations of becoming a model capable of bringing significant results in the development of sustainability and the improvement of urban mobility. In this context, information technology can mitigate the consequences of urban mobility problems and improve its sustainability conditions, being the fundamental infrastructure of this model.

MaaS is a mobility distribution model that utilizes all available services to offer suitable and personalized mobility options for each of its users. For this reason, all mobility-related approaches and technologies are of interest to MaaS, directly or indirectly, as MaaS needs to orchestrate the operation of these various mobility providers to achieve its results. MaaS has the potential to minimize citizens' preference for traveling by private vehicle, which can consequently reduce the number of vehicles circulating on public roads and, thus, reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and all the negative externalities peculiar to intense traffic in urban centers.

In this study, a systematic literature review was conducted using widely-used academic databases such as Web of Science (WoS) and SCOPUS. For this purpose, the PRISMA flow diagram [13] was utilized, which allowed verifying the existence of research located exclusively in one of the research platforms. This finding justified conducting the research across multiple databases, aiming to favor diversity of information and encompass a broader spectrum of relevant studies.

Regarding academic contributions, this exploratory study provides a mapping and classification of the themes studied in recent years by the scientific community, related to the role of information technology in sustainable urban mobility processes. It highlights the identification of areas with the highest concentration of studies and the various approaches evaluated by the scientific community as a way to mitigate the consequences of mobility problems, aiming to promote sustainability and improve urban mobility conditions.

One of the limitations of this study was the restriction in the search, which focused only on two databases to find research related to the subject. Other databases could have revealed works not considered in this research. However, the most significant limitation arises from the breadth of the approaches of the solutions found and the consequent volume and variety of studies that emerged from the research. This made it difficult to delve deeper into each of the specific approaches identified, which would have allowed for a more detailed analysis of research gaps related to the topic.

Therefore, suggestions for future studies begin with deepening research related to each of the various groups of approaches identified in this study. These studies aim to find information technology solutions for the various problems mapped in sustainable urban mobility, which, with the exception of MaaS, have not been adequately explored. Such deepening should also clarify a series of relevant aspects not addressed in this research, related to the MaaS concept. In its basic structure, MaaS integrates various modes of transportation to achieve its goal, and for this reason, there are vast research challenges necessary to expand the concept and understand the MaaS solution more deeply in relation to the institutional, commercial, operational, and public acceptance aspects that involve the solutions proposed in this approach to sustainable urban mobility.

MaaS is still a concept in development, and its academic research is in its early stages, as are its practical experiences. It is essential to map the elements of motivation for interest in the MaaS business proposal, both in a free-market environment and at various levels of government intervention. Properly assessing the market is crucial for designing the regulatory frameworks and political measures necessary to guide market forces. Additionally, it is necessary to assess competition among mobility service providers, necessary infrastructure, and public subsidies, among other incentive aspects. For the model to be sustainable, MaaS operators need to be profitable and reliable.

On the other hand, it is necessary to identify potential users for MaaS services, understand their difficulties in more detail, as well as their limitations and the motivational elements needed for them to choose MaaS in their travel decisions. Additionally, it is crucial to assess to what extent the structure proposed by MaaS can serve a population with limited resources or accessibility issues. Finally, considering the concepts that define MaaS today, it is important to identify what improvements can be implemented for its evolution, even in less favorable environments, so that the MaaS concept can play its role in contributing to the development of a more sustainable urban mobility.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, writing—original draft, D.P; Supervision, project administration, writing-review A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published

Funding

“This research received no external funding”

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Acknowledgments

The authors’ special thanks go to all reviewers of the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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No competing interests reported.

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The Role of Information Technology in Sustainable Urban Mobility Development

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