A total of 410 individuals participated in the study. Their mean ± SD age was 58.62 ± 12.11 years and more than half of the sample were women (52.9%). The majority of participants were married (77.6%), employed in the non-medical field (92.2%), and had higher educational attainment, specifically a university degree (60.2%; Table 1).
Mean scores of the assessed health-related scales including LMAS-14, the DPC, WHO-5 Well-being index, and health literacy are presented in Fig. 1.
Linear regression
Table 6 represents the models of linear regression. In the first model, advanced age (B = 0.093, p = 0.049), university education (B = 2.872, p = 0.017), a history of prior surgery (B = 2.317, p = 0.021), and a medium income level (B = 3.605, p = 0.006) were significantly associated with higher adherence to lipid-lowering medications, as indicated by the LMAS-14 scale. A higher doctor-patient communication score was related to higher adherence (B = 0.166, p = 0.003), while cigarette smoking (B=-3.854, p = 0.001) and having health insurance (B=-2.146, p = 0.039) showed lower overall adherence.
Table 6. Linear regression.
Model 1: Taking LMAS-14 mean scores as the dependent variable.
|
LMAS-14 score
|
|
Unstandardized B
|
p-value
|
95% CI
|
Age
|
0.093
|
0.049
|
0.000 0.186
|
Educational level (university degree vs no*)
|
2.872
|
0.017
|
0.508 5.236
|
Monthly income (Medium vs. low*)
|
3.605
|
0.006
|
1.027 6.182
|
Cigarette smoking (yes vs. no*)
|
-3.854
|
0.001
|
-6.084 -1.624
|
Health insurance (yes vs. no*)
|
-2.146
|
0.039
|
-4.184 -0.107
|
Doctor-Patient Communication score
|
0.166
|
0.003
|
0.056 0.276
|
Previous surgery (yes vs, no*)
|
2.317
|
0.021
|
0.349 4.284
|
Variables entered: socio-demographics (age, BMI, household crowding index, employment status, work field, education, monthly income, cigarette smoking, waterpipe smoking), medical history (previous surgeries, history of cardiovascular diseases, history of other diseases, health insurance), Doctor-Patient Communication score, and Health literacy scale score.
*stands for the reference group.
Model 2: Taking the Doctor-patient communication scale mean score as the dependent variable.
|
Doctor patient communication scores
|
|
Unstandardized B
|
p-value
|
95% CI
|
Age, in years
|
-0.074
|
0.069
|
-0.154 0.006
|
Gender (females vs males*)
|
1.635
|
0.064
|
-0.097 3.367
|
Household crowding index
|
-2.204
|
0.002
|
-3.599 -0.809
|
LMAS-14 score
|
0.119
|
0.006
|
0.034 0.203
|
Health literacy scale score
|
0.079
|
0.065
|
-0.005 0.163
|
Variables entered: socio-demographics (age, gender, employment status, work field, education, household crowding index), medical history (history of cardiovascular diseases), LMAS-14 scores, Health literacy scale.
*stands for reference group.
Model 3: Taking the WHO wellbeing index mean scores as the dependent variable.
|
WHO wellbeing scores
|
|
Unstandardized B
|
p-value
|
95% CI
|
Age, in years
|
0.278
|
0.017
|
0.049 0.506
|
Marital status (married vs single*)
|
6.737
|
0.047
|
0.085 13.389
|
Health insurance (yes vs. no*)
|
8.080
|
0.006
|
2.356 13.804
|
Health literacy scale score
|
0.330
|
0.021
|
0.050 0.610
|
Variables entered: socio-demographics (age, marital status, monthly income, BMI, alcohol intake), medical history (health insurance), and Health literacy scale score.
*stands for reference group.
Model 4: Taking the Health literacy scale mean scores as the dependent variable.
|
Health Literacy scores
|
|
Unstandardized B
|
p-value
|
95% CI
|
Marital status (married vs. single/divorced/widowed)
|
-2.271
|
0.057
|
-4.606 0.065
|
Educational level (university degree vs no*)
|
2.237
|
0.065
|
-0.136 4.609
|
Health insurance (yes vs. no*)
|
-1.784
|
0.096
|
-3.887 0.318
|
Cigarette smoking (yes vs. no*)
|
-2.023
|
0.070
|
-4.209 0.164
|
Doctor-Patient Communication score
|
0.117
|
0.042
|
0.004 0.231
|
WHO-5 well-being index score
|
0.032
|
0.062
|
-0.002 0.066
|
Variables entered: sociodemographic (age, marital status, work field, education, monthly income, smoking cigarette, household crowding index), medical history (history of cardiovascular disease, health insurance), LMAS-14 score, Doctor-Patient Communication score, WHO-5 well-being index.
*stands for reference group.
Higher LMAS-14 adherence scores (B = 0.119, p = 0.006) were significantly related to a higher doctor-patient mean scores, whereas a higher household crowding index (B=-2.204, p = 0.002) was significantly related to lower doctor-patient communication scores (Model 2).
Model 3 showed that older age (B = 0.278, p = 0.017), being married (B = 6.737, p = 0.047), having health insurance (B = 8.080, p = 0.006), and having higher health literacy scores (B = 0.330, p = 0.021) were all significantly associated with higher WHO-wellbeing scores.
Model 4 shows that married individuals had significantly lower health literacy scores than single ones (B=-2.271, p = 0.05). Having a higher doctor-patient communication score was significantly related to higher health literacy (B = 0.117, p = 0.042).