Nanotechnology is an emerging field of research that focuses on the creation and applications of nano particles in various domains such as catalysis, electrochemistry, biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, sensors, food technology and cosmetics etc. [1–5]. It is a revolutionary field that has been integrated into various domains of our daily life, many products contain nanomaterials as well as applications-based nanoparticles have emerged [6]. Nanotechnology is a key enabling technology that can offer new and innovative medical solutions for unmet medical needs so far. Nanomedicine is the term that describes the use of nanomaterials for diagnosis, monitoring, control, prevention and treatment of disease [7]. Metallic nanoparticles can be synthesized using plant extracts which is a green and safe approach [8]. The silver Nano particles produced by this method have various properties such as high chemical stability, catalytic activity and many therapeutic activities [9]. Nanomaterials have different properties and interactions depending on their size. As particle size became smaller SA\V increases which can significantly enhance the reactivity. This means that nanomaterials have surface area per unit volume which makes them more reactive, soluble and bio available than their bulk counterparts [10].
Urolithiasis commonly known as kidney stones, is indeed a multifactorial disorder characterised by the formation of urinary calculi within the renal tubules [11]. the pathogenesis of these stones is complex, involving a combination of factors such as anatomical abnormalities, metabolic disorders, and dietary habits [12]. The increased concentration of unbound ions, particularly calcium and phosphate in the urine can lead to the precipitation of these salts, farming calculi [13]. The presence or absence of endogenous inhibitors like citrate and magnesium, which prevent the stone formation, also plays a crucial role [14]. The majority of urinary calculi are composed of calcium oxalate, which accounts for approximately 75% of cases followed by struvite, uric acid and cystine stones [15]. Risk factors for urolithiasis include low fluid intake certain urinary tract malformations, urinary tract infections and dietary facts such as high sodium intake and high dietary oxalate. Management of the condition often involves increasing fluid intake, dietary modifications, and in some cases medical or surgical intervention to remove the stones. Preventative strategies are tailored to the type of stones and underlying risk factors identified in each individual case [16–17].
Ammonium magnesium phosphate known as struvite is produced rapidly as a result of urinary tract infection caused by the urease producing bacteria [18]. these struvites are difficult to treat because of the complications associated urolithiatic microorganisms [19]. The struvite stones account for 17% of all urinary stones and are reported to be distinctive due to their rapid growth rate persistence and high degree of recurrence (50%) [20]. The worldwide increasing in the incidences of urolithiasis and many studies has also reported that calcium oxalate stones constitute about 79% of the kidney stone disease. [21]. pathogenesis of calcium oxalate stone formation involves a series of physicochemical events which include the nucleation of the crystals, the growth and aggregation of the crystals and finally the retaining of crystal aggregates on the epithelial cell linings of the Renal tubules [22].
Cocculus hirsutus also known as broom keeper is a versatile herbal medicine used in folk medicine for various conditions such as Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Skin diseases, Dyspepsia, Pruritus [23]. The phytochemical composition and potential bioactive compounds of Cocculus hirsutus plant leaves have been the subject of study. Tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins were found to be present in the leaves of Cocculus hirsutus. Notably, the leaves were found to contain two major copmounds:5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4’-hydroxybenzyl) chromone and kaempferide-3-O-α-rhamnosyl-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside, which belong to the homoisoflavones and flavanol triglycerides, respectively [24–25]. Another research endeavour focused on the leaves of Cocculus hirsutus discovered that the acetone extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. It was further determined that O-ethyl hydroxyl amine,2-ethyl heptanoic acid and 1-nonyl cycloheptane were responsible for this observed activity [26]. Furthermore, an investigation into the potential anti-COVID-19 activity of Cocculus hirsutus identified betulin, coclaurine, and quinic acid as compounds with notable binding affinity to the main proteases of SARS-CoV-2[27]. These findings indicate that Cocculus hirsutus leaves possess a diverse range of phytochemicals with potential bioactive and therapeutic properties.
The sensible and sustainable chemistry is essential for our ever-changing environment. consequently, synthesis of chemical substances started to follow green chemistry principles in recent years, Microwave assisted synthesis of Nano particles is a rapid and efficient method for producing nanostructured materials [28]. This technique offers advantages such as rapid volumetric heating, higher reaction rates, shorter reaction times, and higher product yields compared to conventional heating methods [29]. It has been applied to the synthesis of various nanoparticles including silver nanoparticles, ceria-zirconia Nano particles and iron oxide nanoparticles [30–31]. The microwave heating process allows for the control of particle size and morphology, resulting in nanoparticles specific properties [32]. For instance, the microwave assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mint leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent showed a higher peak height and smaller particle size compared to conventional heating methods [33].
Recent studies have reported the green synthesis of AgNPs using the extracts of Lantana camara, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Azadirachta Indica and Geranium leaf [34–36]. The method involves the role of plant secondary metabolites as surface active molecules which are potent reducing and capping agents involved in the formation of stable nanoparticles. The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of diseased condition has been preferred as it is considered to be safe, with minimal or less side effects. The literature attracted us to use silver nanoparticles and Cocculus hirsutus leaf extract combination for treatment of anti-struvite.