Effect of beta-glucan on oxidative stress, inflammation, hormonal and histopathological changes in dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovary syndrome

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4448893/v1

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Effect of beta-glucan on oxidative stress, inflammation, hormonal and histopathological changes in dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovary syndrome

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4448893/v1

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A class of dietary fibers and biologically active polysaccharides from natural sources, beta-glucans (βTGs) have bioactive capabilities. The anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, anti-obesity, anti-allergic, anti-microbial, antiviral, anti-osteoporotic, and immunomodulating effects of βTGs are well documented. Although many biological activities of βTG have been proven, its mechanism in DHEA-induced PCOS has not been investigated. We aimed to investigate the protective effects of βTG treatment on PCOS and its capacity to reverse PCOS-induced changes. Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups at random (n = 8): control, PCOS, PCOS + βTG, and βTG groups. Biochemical markers linked to oxidative stress, antioxidant state, inflammation, cytokines, and hormone levels were assessed. Analyses using immunohistochemistry and histopathology were also carried out. Membrane array analysis detected growth factors, cytokine, and chemokine protein profiles. βTG did not cause any change in body, uterus, and ovarian weights in rats. βTG normalized the deviations in the oestrus cycle caused by PCOS. It was observed that βTG had a positive effect on the reproductive system. βTG can reduce the inflammatory response in PCOS rats by decreasing inflammatory cytokines. Oxidative stress was significantly reduced, whereas antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly elevated in the βTG group. βTG also prevented histopathological alterations. βTG induced the expression of some essential proteins, including bNGF, TIMP-1, Agrin, CINC-1, BDNF, and FGF-2 (bFGF). The results of this study showed that treatment with βTG protects against oxidative stress, inflammation, hormone imbalance, and histopathological damage in ovarian tissue caused by PCOS.

antioxidant

beta-glucan

dehydroepiandrosterone

inflammation

oxidative stress

polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), whose incidence has increased in recent years, is a gynecological disease and also an endocrine disease that negatively affects fertility and paves the way for the formation of many different diseases. Polycystic ovary, which is common, especially among women of reproductive age, causes infertility by causing ovulation disorder. In addition, if untreated, it progresses and leads to many secondary diseases, such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.¹ Objective of PCOS treatment: reducing the effects of androgen-related symptoms, treatment of menstrual cycle and related irregularities, and infertility treatment. Symptoms and severity differ in each woman. Therefore, treatment methods are determined individually for each patient. It is now widely acknowledged that oxidative stress plays a crucial part in the pathogenesis of numerous illnesses,^2–4 including PCOS. Although the production and spread of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are tightly regulated by extremely sophisticated antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems,⁵ understanding oxidative stress mechanisms is crucial for developing PCOS prevention and treatment strategies.⁶

PCOS presents diagnostic difficulties due to the incomplete explanation of its etiology and phenotypic diversity. The diagnosis of PCOS is usually based on subjective criteria such as clinical and ultrasonographic findings. First of all, the fact that AMH measurements used to determine ovarian reserve are higher than usual in hyperandrogenism cases has attracted attention, leading to the thought that AMH measurements may have a place in the diagnosis of PCOS. AMH is inhibitory in folliculogenesis, explaining the cause of PCOS anovulation. This is the key to high AMH in PCOS. It is natural for women with PCOS to have an increase in LH, and this is in parallel with the AMH level. However, unlike LH, AMH level indicates increased antral follicle number and has diagnostic value in PCOS.^7,8 Recent research has demonstrated a link between PCOS incidence and low-grade chronic inflammation.⁹ Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1, as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), are crucial mediators indicating the existence of inflammation.¹⁰ TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 are important in reproductive physiology. Events such as ovarian steroid production, fertilization, implantation, follicular maturation, and ovulation are all affected in women with PCOS.¹¹

The protective effects of natural compounds on diseases have been the subject of many studies.^12–15 (Beta-glucans (βTGs) are a class of polysaccharides derived from numerous species of fungi, mushrooms, and cereal grains. They have various pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, free radical scavenging, anti-lipid, immunomodulation, antifungal, and radioprotective activities.¹⁶ Previous research has shown that βTG has various pharmacological effects, but the impact of βTG on a rat PCOS model has not been examined. First, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first study to assess the regressions of oxidative stress, inflammation, sexual cycles, and histopathological damage due to βTG treatment in PCOS. In our previous study, we found that PCOS is not only related to reproductive pathology but also a systemic complication whose etiopathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated and that nerolidol is effective in controlling the biochemical, apoptotic, histopathological, and metabolic changes in PCOS.¹⁷

2.1. Drugs and chemicals

We purchased beta-glucan from Sigma (9012-72-0; St. Louis, MO) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) from Avanti, Polar Lipids, INC. in the United States (Cas no: 53-43-0). All chemicals that we used for the biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses were provided by Sigma. The Millipore Autopure WR600A system was used to purify the water used to make the solutions (Millipore, Ltd., Burlington, MA).

2.2. Animals and experimental protocol

Thirty-two female Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 21 days) were used in the study, which the Experimental Animals Institute at İnönü University conducted. The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the same university (Approval no. 2020/2–8). A 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle, 40–60% relative humidity, and an ambient temperature of 20–24°C were all maintained for all animals in a well-ventilated setting.

Four experimental groups of eight SD pre-pubertal rats each were randomly assigned. Control group: sesame oil per day was injected subcutaneously at 0.2 ml for 21 days. PCOS group: 60 mg/kg/day DHEA diluted with 0.2 ml sesame oil was injected subcutaneously for 21 days.¹⁸ P + βTG group: 60 mg/kg/day DHEA was injected subcutaneously for 21 days, and βTG was given orally at 50 mg/kg/day 22 days later for 21 days. βTG group: Rats were treated orally with βTG (50 mg/kg/day) dissolved in 0.2 ml sesame oil for 21 days. At the end of the treatment period, ketamine/xylazine anesthesia was administered to all rats.

2.3. Estrous cycles, ovarian, uterus, and body weights

The body weights of the rats were weighed every day during the experiment. After sacrification, the ovarian and uterine tissues of the rats were weighed. Three different types of vaginal epithelial cells controlled the estrous cycle.¹⁹ Every day between 9:00 and 10:00, vaginal smears were performed. The method of Giemsa staining was employed to analyze cell morphology.

2.4. Biochemical analysis

Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were quantified using commercially available ELISA kits.

2.5. Determination of oxidative stress

Yagi's approach was used to determine the lipid peroxidation index.²⁰ After centrifuging for 10 minutes while cooling at 3000 rpm, the tissue homogenate was precipitated with 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes. TBA was added to the supernatant and then incubated for 50 minutes at 95°C. At 532 nm, the pink color complex's absorbances were determined spectrophotometrically. Nmol/mg protein was used to express the results.

2.6. Determination of GSH levels and SOD, CAT, and GPx activities

Superoxide dismutase activity was determined according to the method of Sun et al.²¹ Catalase activity was assayed by the method developed by Aebi²². The glutathione content was determined using the Sedlak and Lindsay method.²³ Glutathione peroxidase activity was measured using the Paglia and Valentine method.²⁴

2.10. Histopathological assay

The ovarian tissue samples were embedded in paraffin and treated in 10% formalin to be examined under a light microscope. Sections of tissues fixed in paraffin were cut into 5 µm thick pieces. They were captured on slides and hematoxylin-eosin stained (H-E).²⁵

2.11. Immunohistochemical analysis

Ovarian tissue samples were fixed in neutral formalin for caspase 3 immunoreactivity studies. After routine tissue follow-ups, paraffin sections 5 µm thick were taken from paraffin-embedded tissue samples to polylysine-coated slides. The antigens were then exposed by placing the sections in a citrate solution (pH 7.6) and heating them for 20 minutes in a microwave. It was chilled for 20 minutes, and then the sections were incubated in 0.3% H2O2 for 7 minutes. Then, the sections were washed with PBS. After carefully wiping and drying around each section, the blocking solution (Ab4051, Abcam, USA.) was dripped onto it to prevent nonspecific binding and incubated for two hours. Following a PBS rinse, they were treated with biotinylated goat anti-polyvalent and streptavidin peroxidase. Slides were dehydrated and counterstained for 1 minute with Mayer's hematoxylin before being stained for 15 minutes with chromogen + substrate. The caspase-3 kit was used following the manufacturer's instructions.

2.12. Rat growth factor chemokine and cytokine analysis

Growth factor, chemokine, and cytokine analysis of ovarian tissues were examined using protein-membrane arrays. Protein isolation was conducted using the Lysis Buffer of the array kit, and protein concentrations were measured by bicinchoninic acid assay. An equal amount of protein samples were administered to the membranes and incubated in the blocking buffer for 30 min. Membranes were washed t times after overnight incubation with protein samples. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to membranes for 2 hours at room temperature, after which a chemiluminescent system was used to detect the presence of a protein (Bio-Rad Biotechnology Inc., USA). The Image Lab software measured protein intensities.²⁶

2.13. Statistical analysis

For all statistical calculations, GraphPad Prism version 8.0.0 for Windows was used. ClustVis (https://biit.cs.ut.ee/clustvis/) was used to create the principal component analysis (PCA) for all experiments.²⁷ Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess fit for normal distribution. Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Conover, and Friedman tests were used for statistical analysis. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3.1. Effects of beta-glucan on ovarian, uterus, and body weights

The right ovary weight, uterine weight, and total genital weight of the PCOS group were significantly higher than those of the control group. The uterus and ovarian weights of the control, PCOS, P + βTG, and βTG groups did not differ statistically (Fig. 1).

3.2. Effects of beta-glucan on estrous cycle

The fractional survival data between the groups shows that the sexual cycles obtained proceed in a particular order. There was no deviation in the control, βTG, and PCOS + βTG groups. A significant deviation was observed in the PCOS group (Fig. 2).

The estrous cycle is examined in four consecutive periods. In the first period (proestrus), nucleated epithelial cells are dense. These cells can be seen together or separately. In some areas, cornified cells can be seen. The second period (estrus) is characterized by cornified squamous epithelial cells. Cells often appear in clumps. In the third period (metestrus), leukocytes are usually dominant. A collection of cornified cells with a few nucleated epithelia is seen. In the fourth period (diestrus), leukocytes increase (Fig. 3).

3.3. Effects of beta-glucan on hormone levels

Reproductive hormone levels were determined to examine the relationship between βTG and PCOS further. AMH has the feature of inhibiting follicle formation and causes androgen production indirectly by inhibiting FSH activity or by blocking aromatase activity. Thus, the concentration of AMH in the serum is proportional to the number of antral follicles and menstrual disorders. AMH levels are high in women with PCOS. Serum levels of AMH, T, and LH were significantly higher in the PCOS group than in the control group. The increased levels of LH, testosterone, and androstenedione in the serum, yet low or normal FSH levels and abnormal estrogen secretion, have created an endocrine profile accepted by many researchers in PCOS. In this study, we found a significant decrease in serum levels of FSH in the PCOS group compared to the control group. The PCOS group significantly increased AMH, LH, and T serum levels. Serum levels of FSH were found to be substantially reduced in the PCOS group compared with the P + βTG and βTG groups. The prevalent PCOS symptoms of hyperandrogenism and excessive LH production are signs that the PCOS model was developed successfully in the current study. In PCOS rats, treatment with βTG dramatically decreased the LH, AMH, and T blood levels, demonstrating that βTG could raise the levels of PCOS' reproductive hormones (Fig. 4). These findings suggested that βTG might have a correcting impact on a female's reproductive endocrine.

3.4. Effects of beta-glucan on cytokines

It was discovered how βTG affected the expression of inflammatory cytokines (Figure. 5).

3.5. Biochemical results

In Table 2, the biochemical outcomes were displayed. SOD activity and TBARS levels between the control and βTG groups, as well as between the PCOS + βTG groups, were not significantly different. TBARS was considerably lower in the control group compared to the PCOS group. In comparison to the PCOS group, SOD activity was noticeably higher in the control group. The control, PCOS + βTG, and βTG groups all had considerably higher GSH and CAT levels and GPx activity than the PCOS group (Fig. 6).

3.6. Histopathological results

Table 3 provides the histopathologic damage score. The treatment groups' ovarian morphologies varied significantly from one another.

Table 3

The difference in ovarian tissue's histological grade between the groups.
Groups	Histopathological score (Mean ± SE)
Control	0.30 ± 0.07^a
PCOS	2.04 ± 0.12^b
PCOS + βTG	1.20 ± 0.08^c
βTG	0.77 ± 0.06^a

The treatment groups' ovarian morphologies varied significantly. The histological appearance of the ovaries in the control (Fig. 7A, 7B) and βTG (Fig. 7C, 7D) groups was normal. In the control and βTG groups, various follicle types and corpus luteum were seen in the ovary with a normal histological appearance. Secondary follicles (Fig. 7A, 7C) and multilaminate primary follicles (Fig. 6B, 6D) were observed in the control and βTG groups.

Atretic follicles were found (thick black arrows) (Fig. 8A, 8C, 8D), vascular congestion (black asterisks) (8A, 8B, 8C, 8D), mononuclear cell infiltration (white asterisks) (Fig. 8B, 8D), vacuolization (Fig. 8D, 8E), edema (Fig. 8D), hemorrhage in corpus luteum (Fig. 8E) were observed.

As opposed to the PCOS group, the PCOS + βTG group had significantly worse ovarian follicle shape, fewer mononuclear cell infiltration, atretic follicles, vacuolization, vascular congestion, edema, and bleeding. Different secondary follicles (white arrows) (Fig. 9A, Fig. 9B) were observed in the PCOS + βTG group.

3.7. Immunohistochemistry results

Figure 10 shows the immunohistochemistry expression of caspase-3. The PCOS + βTG group had fewer stained (positive) cells than the PCOS group.

3.8. Protein array results

Protein profiles of rat growth factor, cytokine, and chemokine arrays in control, PCOS, P + βTG, and βTG groups were analyzed (Fig. 11). Cluster analysis of all proteins revealed that the controls, PCOS, P + βTG and βTG clustered together (Fig. 11A). Principal component analysis showed a separate distribution for PCOS and all the other experimental groups (PC1: 50.7% and PC2: 26.4%) (Fig. 11B). Correlation coefficient analysis was used to demonstrate the beneficial activity of βTG. Compared to the control, the stand-alone βTG application exhibited correlation coefficient values of 0.72 and 0.75, respectively (Fig. 11C).

The chemokine profile demonstrated a separation of PCOS from other experimental groups (Fig. 12A). Similar outcomes for principal component analysis were attained (PC1: 59% and PC2: 39.1%) (Fig. 12B). Control and P + βTG had a 0.71 correlation coefficient value (Fig. 12C), confirming the cluster and PCA analysis.

P + βTG was separated from all experimental groups according to the cluster analysis in the growth factor array (Fig. 13A). Similar results (PC1: 92.2% and PC2: 5.7%) were attained (Fig. 13B). Correlation coefficient analysis demonstrated the beneficial effect of βTG. Stand-alone P + βTG and βTG had a 0.78 correlation coefficient value (Fig. 13C).

In the cytokine 1 array analysis, the groups’ control, PCOS, P + βTG, and βTG were all grouped (Fig. 14A). Similar outcomes for principal component analysis were attained (PC1: 71.5% and PC2: 18.4%) (Fig. 14B). Control and P + βTG had a 0.84 correlation coefficient value (Fig. 14C).

PCOS group was separated from all experimental groups in the cytokine 2 array (Fig. 15A, 15B). Control was clustered separately (PC1: 66.7% and PC2: 22.7%) (Fig. 15B). According to correlation coefficient analysis, experimental groups did not correlate (Fig. 15C).

βTG adminisration increased bNGF, TIMP-1, TNF-α, CINC-1, BDNF and bFGF leves in ovary tissues. βTG treatment decreased CTACK, LIX, and PDGF-AA (Fig. 16).

Oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant capacity cause toxicity in many organ systems.²⁸ Oxidative stress, which is involved in many pathologies, also plays a role in initiating and exacerbating the pathological process of PCOS.²⁹ Increased antioxidant enzyme activity, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione, may help prevent oxidative stress in PCOS. The decrease in antioxidants such as SOD, CAT, GSH, and GPx may affect the physiological processes of the ovary, such as ovulation and egg development.³⁰ Antioxidant enzyme activities, such as CAT and GPx, are detected at increased levels in growing follicles to preserve ovarian function.³¹ Increased ROS levels in women with PCOS are accompanied by low GSH levels.³² In the ovaries of PCOS patients, GSH levels, CAT, SOD, and GPx are found in the ovaries. A decrease in endogenous antioxidant levels is observed due to oxidative stress triggered by PCOS.³³ However, some researchers have observed different results. In the study of Nawrocka-Rutkowska et al., while MDA levels, an indicator of oxidative stress, were found to be high in women with PCOS, CAT levels were also found to be high.³⁴ While Sabuncu et al.³⁵ found SOD levels higher in women with PCOS than in the control group. On the other hand, Zhang et al. found low SOD levels in PCOS.³⁶

Luteinizing hormone and FSH are secreted by the pituitary gland and promote ovulation. While LH levels increase in patients with PCOS, FSH levels decrease.³⁷ Contrary to previous studies^38,39, in our study, we observed a significant decrease in serum FSH levels and an increase in LH levels in rats with the PCOS model. We observed elevated serum levels of AMH and T in PCOS rats. Specifically, we found that serum sex hormone levels, including T, AMH, LH, and FSH, were similar in the βTG-treated group to those in the control group. These results emphasized that βTG positively affects hormones by normalizing the changes in serum sex hormone levels in PCOS.

Administration of βTG brought the protein profile of the target tissue closer to the control samples. Standalone βTG or βTG + PCOS groups exerted a similar protein profile compared to the baseline in cluster analysis. In addition, βTG induced the expression of some essential proteins, including bNGF, TIMP-1, Agrin, CINC-1, BDNF, and FGF-2 (bFGF). A previously published study observed decreased expression of TIMP-1 PCOS patients ⁴⁰ TIMP-1 increase in response to βTG supplementation might be related to the potential therapeutic activity of βTG. In a previously published report, FGF-2 injection had protective effects in a mouse model of PCOS⁴¹, which is consistent with our results that βTG increased the FGF-2 expression. Although there was no significant relation between PCOS and CTACK (cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine), according to the literature,42 βTG decreased the CTACK, an inflammatory regulator. Suppression of inflammation by βTG might contribute to the treatment process of PCOS.

Taken together, all the results of this study showed that treatment with βTG stabilizes serum sex hormones and normalizes the abnormal oestrus cycles that are a hallmark of PCOS. These results suggest that βTG has a protective role in PCOS. In our literature review, we came across several studies that tested the effect of natural compounds in treating PCOS. However, we have not previously come across a study investigating the relationship between βTG and PCOS. In this respect, our study will be the first to investigate the effects of βTG on PCOS.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

FUNDING

The İnönü University Department of Scientific Research Projects funded this study (Project number: TCD-2020-2090).

Author Contribution

N.B.T, M.A., O.Ç. conceptualized and designed. A.T., H.Y., S.Ş., D.A.Ö., S.A. carried out the experiments. A.D. examined the information. S.Ü. wrote the manuscript.

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No competing interests reported.

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Effect of beta-glucan on oxidative stress, inflammation, hormonal and histopathological changes in dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovary syndrome

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Abstract

Figures

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Drugs and chemicals

2.2. Animals and experimental protocol

2.3. Estrous cycles, ovarian, uterus, and body weights

2.4. Biochemical analysis

2.5. Determination of oxidative stress

2.6. Determination of GSH levels and SOD, CAT, and GPx activities

2.10. Histopathological assay

2.11. Immunohistochemical analysis

2.12. Rat growth factor chemokine and cytokine analysis

2.13. Statistical analysis

3. RESULTS

3.1. Effects of beta-glucan on ovarian, uterus, and body weights

3.2. Effects of beta-glucan on estrous cycle

3.3. Effects of beta-glucan on hormone levels

3.4. Effects of beta-glucan on cytokines

3.5. Biochemical results

3.6. Histopathological results

3.7. Immunohistochemistry results

3.8. Protein array results

4. DISCUSSION

5. CONCLUSION

Declarations

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

FUNDING

Author Contribution

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1