Phytochemical Study of Some Plant Extracts to Assess their Synergistic Corrosion Inhibition Performance-A Comparative Analysis

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4498767/v1

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Phytochemical Study of Some Plant Extracts to Assess their Synergistic Corrosion Inhibition Performance-A Comparative Analysis

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4498767/v1

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This work presents a phytochemical study of selected plants extracts to evaluate their potential synergistic corrosion inhibition performance. It was observed that the dominant phytochemicals derived from ten plant leaves and seeds can be synergies in group to enable better understanding of their inhibitory mechanism, which is a potentially significant gap in knowledge. Based on the results of phytochemical screening using FTIR, GC-MS, VU-VIS, and further analysis of the active and predominant phytochemicals, their reaction complex, inhibitor compatibility and other physical and chemical properties as reported in literature, the plant extracts have been grouped into three Organic Green Corrosion inhibitor (OGCI) formulations. Group 1-Greentreat-1234, Group 2-Greentreat-95627 and Group 3-Greentreat-85. The inhibitor adsorption is via, Pie -bond orbital adsorption, Electrostatic adsorption, Chemisorption and Physisorption as reported in literature. The implication of this study is that OGCI has the potential to control wet corrosion of carbon steel.

Physical sciences/Materials science

Physical sciences/Materials science/Soft materials

Physical sciences/Materials science/Soft materials/Organic molecules in materials science

Plant extracts

phytochemicals

synergistic effects

Bitter kola

Hisbiscus flower

Jatropha

Moringa

Orange bush

yellow bush

Golden Palm

Neem

Palm tree and Sour Sop

The shift from synthetic corrosion inhibitors to more environmentally friendly alternatives has spurred the exploration of phytochemicals for potent inhibitory applications. Research indicates various parts of plant have different phytochemicals and functional groups, contributing to anti-corrosion properties ¹. Research work based on FTIR, GC-MS and UV-VIS revealed the presence of bioactive compounds in leaves and flowers of Spermadictyon Suaveolens, suggesting their potential for diverse applications ². Similar studies on soursop leaves, peels and seeds have identified rich reserves of phenolic compounds with numerous applications ^3–6. In vitro and vivo studies indicate sour sop’s antimicrobial, antioxidant, and medicinal attributes ^7–9. Further analyses using FTIR, GC-MS and UV-VIS revealed the phytochemical profiles of various plant, for example bitter leaf extract exhibits both free radical scavenging and inhibitory properties^10.Palm tree leaves from species of Babaçu (A. speciosa), Buriti (M. Flexuosa), and Macaúba (A. Aculeata) contain an array of organic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, catechins, steroids, triterpenes, and saponins offering various applications¹¹. Hibiscus Asper leaves contains several bioactive compounds, with the predominant been 9,12,15-octadecatrien-1-ol, n-Hexadecanoic acid, octadecatrienol acid, methyl palmitate, and phytol with wide industrial and medical applications ¹². Similarly, Jatropha carcus latex contains phytochemicals and antibacterial agents ¹³, while moringa exhibited a plethora of bioactive compounds suitable for various industrial applications ¹⁴. Azadirachta indica seed extract and orange peel oil has also been shown to contain numerous phytochemicals suitable for medical, commercial, and industrial application ¹⁵. The phytochemical analysis of Orange Peel oil reveals it contains fifteen (15) compounds, and D-Limonene used as in the food industry as a favouring agent, and in the chemical and ago-allied and pharmaceutical industries ¹⁶. The different forms of yellow bush, green bush (Fabaceae) studied using GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eighty-nine (89) phytochemicals having a wide range of applications ¹⁷.

The degradation of materials due to corrosion constitutes a significant threat to people, the environment, company assets and reputation. Recent data from Association of Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP) indicate that the global annual cost of steel corrosion is $ 2,500 billion, emphasizing the urgent need for cost-effective corrosion control practices ^1,18–24. Conventional corrosion inhibitors used for inhibiting corrosion of oil and gas production and transportation facilities are made from long chain (C12-C18) nitrogenous organic materials, mainly, aliphatic fatty acids derivatives, imidazolines and derivatives, quaternaries, and rosin derivatives. Organic Green Corrosion Inhibitors (OGCI) have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional corrosion inhibitors, which have been banned by the Oslo and Paris Commission due to non-compliance with the threshold limits of toxicity, biodegradation, and bioaccumulation ²⁵. With renewed interest in corrosion control, attention has shifted to phytochemicals obtained from plant extracts. These compounds offer non-toxic, renewable, and environmentally friendly properties making them suitable for diverse applications.

Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola) is a flowering plant found within the Clusiaceae or Guttiferae family. It is commonly used in Nigeria to make traditional medicine for treatment of ailments such as coughs, arthritis, bacterial infections, and viral infections ^26–28. The bitter kola seeds used for the study were collected from Okene; Kogi State, Nigeria. This plant contains phytochemicals such as tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenol, bioflavonoids, garcina acids, arcinoic acids, amentoflavones, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates ²⁹, making it a promising candidate for OGCI development³⁰. Investigation of the anticorrosion properties of Bitter Kola leave (Garcina Kola) as a surface additive to inhibit mild steel corrosion in H₂SO₄ solution reveal 93 % efficiency at 0.9 g/L of the extract concentration¹⁰. Golden Palm (Dypsis lutescens) a member of the Aceraceae family is a flowering plant found in rain forest belt of Nigeria. Extracts from its leaves and seeds have been studied for their corrosion efficacy on X60 carbon steel in 15 % HCl solution at 25 – 60 °C ³¹. The Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in extracts concentration up to 60 ^oC, highlighting the potential of palm extracts as inhibitors. Phytochemical screening of Golden Palm reveals the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides in the extract. Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is a flowering plant grown in warm regions of Nigeria. Its flowers and leaves are traditionally used for various medicinal purposes such as loss of appetite, nerve and heart diseases, fluid retention, gentile laxative, reduce blood pressure, sore throat, reduce high cholesterol, promote weight loss, stifle bacteria growth, and as a diuretic to increase the urine output. Studies have shown that extracts from hibiscus plants can effectively inhibit corrosion of mild steel in sulfuric acid, suggesting their potential as organic green corrosion inhibitor. With its widespread availability and diverse medicinal properties, hibiscus presents an attractive option for corrosion control in acidic media ³². Jatropha curcas, a species of the flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceous is commonly found in Nigeria and used for live fences and as hedge plants. Commercially, it is used to produce biodiesel and medically for treatment of digestive, muscle pain, bacteria, and fungi infectious, cancer, skin, respiratory diseases²⁷. Its leaves and seeds are rich in secondary metabolites and have been investigated for their corrosion inhibitory properties. Previous investigations on mild steel in simulated 3.5 % NaCl Solution showed that the inhibition efficiency of Jatropha Curcas and Hibiscus Sabdariffa Calynx increases with increase in inhibitor concentrations ³³. Moringa oleifera is a fast-growing tree found in different parts of Nigeria and known for its medicinal properties and nutritional value. It is rich in vitamins, proteins and active in phytochemicals, such as, alkaloids, protein, quinine, saponins, flavonoids, tannin, steroids, glycosides, and fats ³⁴. Moringa Oleifera leaf has been studied for its corrosion inhibition potential in seawater and the results indicate an increase in inhibition efficiency with increase in extract concentration up to 1000 ppm ³⁵. Azadirachta indica, commonly known as Neem, belongs to the Mahogany family Meliaceae. It is a versatile plant with vast therapeutic and corrosion inhibition properties. It is found mainly in northern and middle belt regions of Nigeria ^36,37. Orange is in the Rutaceae family, a citrus species. The fruit is cultivated in north, western and eastern part of Nigeria. Research on corrosion inhibitory effect and adsorption behaviour of orange peel, on mild steel in 1 M HCl at room temperature reveals a maximum inhibitor efficiency of 99.19 % at 0.25 % concentration. Studies also show that orange peel in hexane, methanol and acetone extracts are rich in nutrients and phytochemicals, such as tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids. Based on these studies, it was observed that the best solvent for orange peel extract is methanol ³⁸. The palm tree belongs to the family Palmae or Palmaceae and Genus Elaeis. It is grown in twenty-eight (28) states in Nigeria, including Lagos, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Ekiti, Edo, Delta, Rivers, Cross Rivers, Akwa Ibom, and Imo state. The common uses of palm tree parts in Nigeria are as Palm oil, Wood or planks, Broom, Wine, Kernel, Fond stall, Mats, and Basket. For medicinal purposes, it is used to treat infections, infestations, and disorders in the digestive, genito-urinary, respiratory, dermal, endocrine, and cardiovascular system ³⁹. Investigative studies revealed that oil palm leaves, and empty fruits bunch have corrosion inhibitory properties ^40–44.

The yellow Bush also known as Lupinus arboreus belongs to the legume family Fabaceae. It is an evergreen shrub that grows to a height of 2 m and is capable of tolerating temperatures up to -12 ^oC. This flowering plant is cultivated in several parts of Nigeria for ornamental purposes. Investigated Taxus Baccata (Green Bush) leaves extract have been investigated and found to be eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl with a maximum inhibitor efficiency of 98 % at 1.0 g/L concentration of the extract ⁴⁵.

The physical adsorption of the inhibitor on mild steel obeyed Langmuir isotherm. Morphological study of the steel surface using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), revealed the formation of protective layer on steel surface and Gas Chromatography revealed the dominance of Diisooctyl phthalate (17.22%), Bicyclo [4.4.0] dec-2-ene-4-ol,2-methyl-9-(prop-1-en-3-ol-2-yl) (16.43%), Methanesulfonicacid,4 oxoadamantan-2-yl ester (8.75%), and Diethyl phthalate (8. 31 %). Taxus baccata (Green Bush) was investigated as an organic green corrosion inhibitor (OGCI)³⁹, for carbon steel in 1M HCl using ammonia as extraction medium, and it was reported to have a maximum inhibition efficiency of 83.85 % at 200 ppm at 293 K⁴⁰. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in inhibitor concentration and decreased with an increase in temperature ⁴⁶. The results indicated that Lupinus arboreus contains mainly, Saponins (16.8 %), Glycosides (16.5 %), Flavonoids (15.9 %), Steroids (15.8 %), Terpenes (16.2 %), Tannins (4.2 %), Resins (4.1 %), Protein (3.8 %), Reducing Sugar (3.8 %) and Alkaloids (1.05 %) ⁴⁶. Soursop, commonly referred to as Annona muricata or Graviola is genius that belongs to the family of Annonaceae. It is a tropical and subtropical flowering semi deciduous evergreen tree with broad leaves. It grows as a tree with edible fruits. Its leaves are glossy with dark green colour. It is grown mainly in the southern and middle belt states, namely Plateau and Benue States, in Nigeria. Juice of soursop fruit is used as a diuretic to cleanse the gastrointestinal tract and for removal of excess salt and toxins from the body. It is used medicinally for the treatment of diabetes by inhibiting enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase), cancer, tumour, oxidative stress, reduction of cholesterol, and blood pressure. It has a high therapeutic and nutritional value and is considered a major component for the development of nutraceuticals and medicines. Investigation into Annona muricata linn as OGCI for produced water revealed a maximum efficiency of 88.52 %. It was reported that inhibition was due to the attachment of non-polar and polar Annona muricata linn functional groups (C=O, C-C and -O-H) ⁴⁷.

Comparative study of the inhibitory effects of various parts of plants (leaves, fruits, barks, nuts, and seeds) have been conducted on mild steel, and stainless steel in acidic, alkaline, and neutral media using Gravimetric methods (weight loss), Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques ^43–45. These studies have reported high inhibition efficiencies with inhibition efficiency increasing with increasing inhibitor concentration ^40,48–53 . Prior work indicates that the adsorption of plant extracts on mild and stainless-steel takes place by either physisorption and/or chemosorption depending on the plant extract phytochemicals and the corrosive media ^31,42,54,55. Existing studies have also highlighted the need for more investigative work on the contributions of phytochemicals in the overall corrosion inhibition process ^56–61.

However, despite the numerous investigative studies on the inhibition properties of various plant extracts, there is insufficient research that focuses on the synergism of the different plant extracts vis-a-vis their dominant phytochemicals. There is also a lack of understanding on how the various phytochemicals derived from plant extracts influence corrosion inhibition and its associated properties. Previous research studies have not investigated how the dominant phytochemicals in plant extracts can be combined to design OGCI based on the unique synergistic effects. Hence, this study focuses on the study of phytochemicals obtained from Palm Tree leave (Palmaceae, Genus Elaeis), Hibiscus Flower (Malvaceae), Soursop leave (Annona muricata also known as Graviola), Jatropha carcus leave and seeds (Euphorbiaceous), Neem leave (Azadirachta indica, Meliaceae), Moringa leave (Wet and Dry) (Moringa oleifera ), Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola), Golden Palm leaves (Dypsis lutescens), Yellow Bush leaves (Lupinus arboreus), and Orange Peels (Rutaceae) to enable better understanding of their inhibitory properties and adsorption mechanisms. The study seeks to enhance the design and development of high-performance corrosion inhibitors with high bonding strength (), improved layer compactness, excellent cross linking of the molecules, high inhibitor protection, improved inhibitor complex and high inhibitor solubility. Ultimately, this research will enable better prediction of corrosion inhibitor performance based on phytochemical composition and synergies, paving the way for the advancement of OGCI technology and the mitigation of corrosion-related risks in various environments.

Overview of Research Method

Samples were collected from the nine different plants, followed by sample preparation, characterization using FTIR, GC-MS and UV-VIS, data analysis, interpretation, and reporting. The research methodology is presented in Fig 1

Materials and Equipment

Laboratory grade methanol (99 % pure) was supplied by Allschoohlabs in compliance with ASTM D1152-1997. Other materials and equipment used are distil water, filter paper, funnel, vibrator, oven, heavy duty electric blender, mortar and pistol, sample bottle, digital weight balance, conical flask, beaker (various sizes), and a dropper (Pasteur Pipette). The plants used are, Palm tree (Azadirachta indica) leaves, Golden Palm leaves, Yellow Bush leaves, Orange Peel, Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) flowers, Soursop leaves, Jatropha curcas leaves and seeds, Bitter Kola seeds, Moringa oleifera leaves. All the specimen collected from the various sources were identified and authenticated with the aid of preserved specimen in the herbarium of African University of Science and Technology, AUST, Abuja, Nigeria. The fresh specimen was hand-picked, washed using running tap water, air-dried in an aerated room for seven (7) weeks. The specimen was further dried in an oven for 48 hours at 39 ^oC. The dried leaves, seeds and nuts were ground to fine powder with Waring commercial 700 G blender and sieved using 150 microns (0.150 mm) particle size in conformance to ISO STD 656-1990. All the specimens were sieved to 150 microns (0.150 mm) to obtain fine powder particles with required sizes.

Extraction Process

The extraction was carried out using methanol (≥ 99 % grade) with controls as per FPA 704-2006. Twelve (12) grams each of the different plant specimens were weighed and transferred into a beaker containing 100 ml of methanol. Methanol is predominantly used for the extraction of phytochemicals from plant specimen because of its high yield attributed to its polarity, and high volatile nature ^45,62–64. After transferring each extract into the 250 ml beaker, they were placed on a vibrator rated 80 RPD for 10 min. They were subsequently removed from the vibrator and placed in a preheated oven at 35 ^oC for 30 min and stored in the vibrator for 24 h at room temperature to obtain high phytochemicals yield. After 24 h, a funnel with 125 mm filter paper size was used to filter the active ingredients from the specimen. After extraction of the phytochemicals, 10 ml each was collected from the twelve extracts for GC-MS, FTIR and UV-VIS analysis. The flow chart for sample preparation shown in Fig 2.

Characterization of the filtrates

Quantitative analysis was carried out using FTIR, GC-MS and UV-VIS to determine the functional groups, and phytochemicals present in each extract. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) uses infrared light to scan the sample to detect the chemical properties (functional groups). Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry (GC MS) is an analytical technique used for identification of phytochemical present in a sample. The plant extract sample is injected into the chromatograph and vaporizes the specimen to gas phase, while separating into components with a coated capillary column having a stationary phase consisting of liquid or solid. The separated components are passed through a mass selective detector for identification of individual component from system library. UV-Vis spectrophotometers utilize a light source to illuminate a plant extract sample with the light ranging from UV to visible wavelength (range 190 to 900 nm). The light absorbed or transmitted by the sample is measured by the instrument for each wavelength.

Ethical approval

The authors confirm that the research complies with all relevant ethical regulations; AUST, Abuja, approved the study protocol; and that ARRIVE guidelines is not applicable to this study.

Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR)

The FTIR results revealed the characteristics peaks and functional groups that are present in samples shown in Fig 3 and 4 (a), Fig 3 and 4 (b) and Fig 3 and 4 (c). The spectra indicated the methanol extract of Golden Palm ( Dypsis lutescens) leaves, Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola) Nuts, Sour Sop (Annona muricata) leave, and Moringa (Moringaceae) Dry (Fig 3 (a) and 4 (a)) and Table 1, and Jatropha curcas Leaves, Neem (Azardirachta indica), Moringa Wet before dry leaves and Hibiscus flower (Fig 3 and 4 (b)) and Table 2 and Jatropha Seeds, Yellow Bush leaves, Orange Peel and Palm tree leaves (Fig 3 and 4 (c)) and Table 3 have multiple peaks with high degree of similarities in peak patterns. This indicates that methanol extracts of the nine (9) different plants contain different compounds, have a complex nature and have similar functional groups. The functional groups identified is based on the FTIR spectra band identified and compared to those obtained from the literature. The functional groups indicated that the extracts contain, C-O (Alcohols), C–H Bend (Alkanes (methyl)), C=C stretch (Alkene), C≡ C stretch (Alkyne), N–H stretch (1°, 2° amines and amides), O-H (Carboxylic acids), and O–H stretch (Alcohols, phenols (hydrogen bonding). Based on the FTIR spectra, only Yellow Bush (Fabaceae), with vibration bond at 775.3 and 92.733, 872.2 contain C–X (Chloride), and C–H (Aromatic (out-of-plane bend)). General typical organic compounds have functional groups that consist of C- O Stretching (Alcohol), N=O Stretching (Nitro compounds), C–H Bending (Alkane (Methyl), C=C Stretching (Alkene), C≡ C Stretching (Alkyne), C=O Stretching (Amide), O-H Stretching (Carboxylic Acids), N–H stretching (Nitro (R–NO2)) and O-H Stretching (Phenols (Hydrogen Bonding). FTIR spectra peaks for the ethanol extracts, revealed they contain several functional groups, are complex in nature and could be exploited in a synergistic way.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

The GC-MS results revealed the compounds eluted at different retention times with varying mass spectra that correlate to the compound present. Details is presented in Table 4, Fig 5 (a-f) and Fig 5 (g -l). The results indicates that all the 12 plant extracts are rich in different phytochemicals and have a complex nature. The results also confirm the initial findings from FTIR, as the various compounds identified are in agreement with findings from FTIR spectra band. Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola), contains majorly, Oleic Acid, n-Hexadecenoic acid, and 1-Nonadecene. Golden Palm contains majorly, D-Limonene, 6,11-Dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol, 22 Heptadecyl heptafluorobutyrate, 17-Pentatriacontene, Tetradecanoic acid, 12-methyl-, methyl ester, (S)-, and 1-Docosene, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, and 9-Eicosene, (E)-. Hibiscus contain majorly, D-Limonene, and 1,5-Pentanediol, 2TBDMS derivative. Jatropha Leave contains majorly, D-Limonene, 9-Octadecenamide, and Mercaptoacetic acid, 2TMS derivative. Jatropha Seeds contains majorly, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Dibutyl phthalate, 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)), and Phytol. Moringa Dry contains majorly, H₂-Butenoic acid, 3-methyl-2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-, trimethylsilyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid, Methyl ester and Limonene. Moringa Dry contain majorly Hexadecanoic Acid, Methyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic Acid (Z), Methyl ester and Methyl Stearate. Neem contains, Z-2-Octadecen-1-ol, Phytol, Tetradecanoic acid, 12-methyl-, methyl ester, (S), and Tetradecanal. Orange Peel major phytochemicals are, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 1,5,9-Undecatriene, 2,6,10-trimethyl-, (Z), Methyl stearate and Terpineol. Yellow Bush majorly contains Hexadecanoic acid, Methyl ester, 1,5,9-Undecatriene, 2,6,10-trimethyl-, (Z), Methyl stearate, and Terpineol. Palm Tree contains majorly D-Limonene Heptadecanal and Silane, [[(3.beta.,11.beta.,20S)-pregn-5-ene-3,11,17,20-tetrayl]tetrakis(oxy)]tetrakis[trimethyl.

Ultraviolet (UV)

UV Visible spectroscopy revealed the twelve (12) plant extracts contains Flavonoids, Tannins, Terpenoids, Carotenoids, and Chlorophyll. The details of the various phytochemicals and their wave numbers and absorbance (a.u.) is presented in Table 5. Bitter kola contains Flavonoids which are strong conjugated aromatic systems, that show strong absorption bands in the visible light spectrum ⁶⁵.

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with a C15 (C6C3C6) framework. They have chroman ring (C-ring) with a second aromatic ring (B-ring) at the C-2, C-3, or C-4 position. They have a heterocyclic six-membered C-ring which is sometimes replaced by a five-membered ring (e.g., aurones) or the acyclic form (chalcones) is also present 400-450 nm (carotenoids). The results for Golden palm revealed the presence of Flavonoids, Tannins (350-500 nm), Terpenoids (400 - 450 nm), and Carotenoids (400-450 nm) ^17,66. Hibiscus UV-VIS revealed the significant presence of Flavonoids and confirmed by literature ^17,66. Jatropha leaves and seeds contain Flavonoids, and aligned with literature findings ^17,66. Qualitative analysis revealed Jatropha leaves contains tannins, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides and saponins ⁶⁵. Moringa dry and wet before dry GC MS analysis indicate it contains flavonoids, and terpenoids⁶⁷. Neem leaves data revealed the presence of flavonoids, and terpenoids⁶⁷ . Orange Peel revealed the presence of flavonoids, and terpenoids⁶⁵. Orange peel reveal the presence of lemon oil, D-limonene, Vitamin-C, and pectin's ⁶⁸, Yellow Bush revealed the presence of flavonoids, and terpenoids⁶⁷. Qualitative studies revealed Yellow Bush leave contains, flavonoids, glycoside, and saponins in abundant quantity, resin, protein and reducing sugar in moderate quantity and alkaloid in trace amounts ⁶⁹. These results also show that Palm Tree Fronts have an absorbance of 1.387 and at wavelength of 268 nm, an indication of the presence of flavonoids⁶⁵. Soursop revealed an absorbance (a.u.) of 0.604 at a wavelength of 432 nm, characteristic of flavonoids. Qualitative studies revealed that Soursop leave has acetogenins, alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, vitamins, carotenoids, amides, and cyclopeptides constituents, Tannins, reducing sugar, terpenoid, glycoside, and saponin ⁷⁰. There is a general agreement between the FTIR, GC-MS and UV-VS results obtained for all the plants extracts.

FTIR, GC-MS and UV-VIS for selected plant extracts

The FTIR, GC-MS and UV-VIS revealed that the selected plant extracts are rich in various phyto-chemicals and are suitable candidates for modelling and developing OGCI for specific industrial environments as discussed herein and summarized in Table 6. Based on the FTIR data, Bitter Kola contains Alcohols, Phenols (Hydrogen Bonding), 1°, 2° Amines and Amides, Alkanes, Alkenes, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Ethers functional groups. The GC-MS analysis revealed that Bitter Kola contains 65 phytochemicals. The major phytochemicals based on area distribution are Oleic acid (14.1%), n-Hexadecenoic Acid (9.2 %), 1-Nonadecene (6.4 %), and 1-Docosene (5. 1 %). The UV-VIS results revealed it contains Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Phenolics, Phytates, Saponins, Tannins and Cardiac glycosides. Bitter Kola has a high percentage of phytochemicals with excellent inhibition properties. These phytochemicals can effectively inhibit corrosion by increasing the corrosion potential, polarization resistance of carbon steel and charge transfer resistance. The Golden Palm contains Alcohols, Phenols (Hydrogen Bonding), 1°, 2° Amines and Amides, Alkanes, Alkenes, Carboxylic acids, Esters, and Ethers functional groups with 25 phytochemicals with strong corrosion inhibitors at a higher percentage. The major phytochemicals based on area distribution are 6,11-Dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol (76.7 %), D-Limonene (45.55 %), Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester (35.5 %), Heptadecyl heptafluorobutyrate (27.8 %), 17-Pentatriacontene (24.4 %), 1-Docosene (23.64 %), 9-Eicosene, (E) (15.8 %), Tetradecanoic acid, 12-methyl-methyl ester, (S) (12.4 %), Undec-10-ynoic acid, tetradecyl ester (9.98 %), 6-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z) (9.7 %), and Aspidospermidin-17-ol, 1-acetyl-19,21-epoxy-15,16-dimethoxy (8.8 %). The UV-VIS results revealed that it contains Flavonoids and Carotenoids. The Hibiscus Flower contains Acids, Alcohols, Aliphatic (Alkane, Alkene, and Alkyne), Carboxylic Acids, Organic, Amines and Amides and Aromatic functional groups. Hibiscus Flower contains ~25 phytochemicals that have been investigated and found to inhibit corrosion with strong physisorption. The major phytochemicals based on area distribution are D-Limonene (60.7 %), and 1,5-Pentanediol, 2TBDMS derivative (36. 4 %). The other phytochemicals have an average coverage percentage of less than 2.0 %. The UV-VIS results revealed that it contains Flavonoids, Alkaloids, and Phenolic. The Jatropha Leave and Seeds investigated contains Acids, Alcohols, Aliphatic (Alkane, Alkene, and Alkyne), Amines and Amides and Aromatic functional groups. The GC-MS analysis revealed that Jatropha Leave extracts contain 27 phytochemicals. The major phytochemicals based on area distribution are D-Limonene (70.5 %), Mercaptoacetic acid, 2TMS derivative (19.8 %) and 9-Octadecenamide, (Z) (3.2 %). The other phytochemicals have an average coverage percentage that is less than 1 %. The GC-MS analysis revealed that Jatropha Seeds extracts contain 52 phytochemicals. The major phytochemicals based on area distribution are Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (12.5 %), 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z) (8.7 %), Methyl stearate (8.02 %), Phytol (6.12 %), 7-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z) (6.0 %), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z), methyl ester (5.2 %) and Dibutyl phthalate (5.04 %). The area concentration of active phytochemicals in Jatropha Seeds are evenly distributed and no particular phytochemical exert dominant effect to the overall properties of the extract. The other phytochemicals have an average coverage percentage that is less than 4 %. The UV-VIS results revealed that Jatropha Leave and Seeds contains Flavonoids, Alkaloids, and Phenolic compounds. Moringa Oleifera dry and wet before dry Leaves, both contains Acids, Alcohols, Aliphatic (Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne), Nitro, Aldehyde, Amines, and Amides. The GC-MS analysis revealed that Moringa Oleifera dry Leave extracts contains 47 phytochemicals, with major constituents been Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (27.9 %), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (12.12 %), Methyl stearate (11.3 %), 1,3-dicyclohexylpropene (5.7 %), Decanoic acid, methyl ester (4.6 %) and Tridecanoic acid, methyl ester (4.2 %). The other phytochemicals have an average coverage percentage that is less than 3.0 %. The GC-MS analysis revealed that Moringa Oleifera wet and dry extracts contains 60 phytochemicals. The major phytochemicals based on area distribution are 2-Butenoic acid, 3-methyl-2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-, trimethylsilyl ester (14.7 %), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (7.8 %), Pentasiloxane, dodecamethyl (6.12 %), Limonene (5.5 %), Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl) (S) (5.0 %). The remaining phytochemicals have an average coverage percentage that is less than 8 %. The UV-VIS indicates it contains Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, and Phenolic compounds.

Furthermore, collated data revealed that, Neem Leave (Dry) contains Acids, Alcohols, Aliphatic (Alkane, Alkene, and Alkyne), Nitro, Carboxylic acids, Amines, and Amides functional groups. The GC-MS analysis revealed that Neem Leave (Dry) extracts contains 38 phytochemicals, with major constituents been Z-2-Octadecen-1-ol (14.4 %), Phytol (11.5 %), Tetradecanoic acid, 12-methyl-, methyl ester, (S) (10.4 %), Tetradecanal (6.0 %), (Z)-Methyl heptadec-9-enoate (5.4 %), 2-Methyl-Z, Z-3,13-octadecadienol (5.2 %). The remaining phytochemicals are present in less than 4.5 %. The UV-VIS indicates it contains Flavonoids, Terpenoids. While the Orange Peel also contains Acids, Alcohols, Aliphatic (Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne), Nitro, Carboxylic Acids, Amines, and Amides functional groups. The GC-MS analysis revealed that Orange Peel extracts contains 51 phytochemicals, with major constituents been Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (15.34 %), 1,5,9-Undecatriene, 2,6,10-trimethyl-, (Z) (12.4 %), Terpineol (12.1 %), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z), methyl ester (7.7 %), Methyl stearate (6.3 %), and remaining are less than 3.3 %. The UV-VIS results revealed it contains Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Phenolic compounds. The Palm Tree leaves contains Acids, Alcohols, Aliphatic (Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne), Amines and Amides functional groups. The GC-MS plot and analysis of Orange Peel extracts is presented in Table 4 Fig 5 (g-l), revealed that it contains 39 phytochemicals, majorly D-Limonene (42.4 %), D-Limonene (23.6), Heptadecanal (6.2 %), Silane, [[(3.beta.,11.beta.,20S)-pregn-5-ene-3,11,17,20-tetrayl]tetrakis(oxy)] (3.6 %) and n-Hexadecanoic acid (3.5 %). The UV-VIS results contain Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Phenolic compounds. The Yellow Bush contains Acids, Alcohols, Aliphatic (Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne), Chloride, Nitro, Amines, and Amides functional groups. The GC-MS analysis revealed that Yellow Bush leave extracts contains 51 phytochemicals, with major constituents been Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (15.3353 %), D1,5,9-Undecatriene, 2,6,10-trimethyl-, (Z) (12.4115 %), Terpineol (12.1382 %), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (7.729 %), Methyl stearate (6.2501 %). The other phytochemicals are present in less than 3.3 %. The UV-VS data revealed it is rich in Flavonoids and other phytochemicals. The data show that Sour Sop has Alcohols, Phenols (Hydrogen Bonding), 1°, 2° Amines and Amides, Alkanes, Alkenes, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Ethers functional groups. The GC-MS analysis revealed that Sour Sop leave extracts contains 40 phytochemicals, with major constituent been D-Limonene (94.61 %). The UV-VIS data revealed it contains Flavonoids and Carotenoids.

OGCI Synergism and Modelling Proposals

The analysis of FTIR, GC-MS and UV-VIS results reveal that the twelve (12) different plant extracts have a wide range of phytochemicals and similar functional groups that is a characteristic of organic compounds. The proposed OGCI dominant phytochemical synergism and structures is presented in Table 6,7 and 8 for nine (9) plants extracts, viz, Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola), Golden Palm leave (Dypsis lutescens), Hibiscus Flowers (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), Jatropha curcas leave and seeds, Moringa oleifera leave, Azadirachta indica (Neem) leave, Orange Peel, Palm tree leave, Yellow Bush leave and Sour Sop. Based on the results of phytochemical screening, and further analysis of the active and predominant phytochemicals, their reaction complex, inhibitor compatibility and other physical and chemical properties, the plant extracts have been grouped into three organic green corrosion inhibitor (OGCI) formulations.

Group 1 - Greentreat-1234: High concentration of Oleic acid, n-Hexadecenoic acid, Methyl Ester, Methyl Stearate, Alkene and Cyclohexene. The GC-MS and FTIR plots are presented in Fig 6 (a,b,c) respectively.
Group 2 - Greentreat-95627: High concentration of D-Limonene, High concentration of Alcohol, Organic Acid, Aldehyde, Alkene, Amide, Silane and Methyl Ester. The GC-MS and FTIR plots are presented in Fig 7 (a,b,c) respectively.
Group 3- Greentreat-85: High concentration Z-2-Octadecen-1-ol, Hexadecenoic Acid, D-Limonene, Methyl Ester, 6,11-Dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol, and Methyl Ester. The GC-MS and FTIR plots are presented in Fig 8 (a,b,c) respectively.

The adsorption of the inhibitor mechanism is via, -bond orbital adsorption, Electrostatic adsorption, Chemisorption and Physisorption as reported in literature^{49,50,58,71–74} .The organic inhibitor will be designed to decrease aqueous corrosion in carbon steel by increasing corrosion potential, increasing polarization resistance, dissolution of FeS scale or other corrosion products in the system, and increasing charge transfer resistance. The target OGCI should possess high inhibition efficiency and be effective at low concentration (Between 1ppm to 150 ppm) for the different systems categorized below:

Water injection, produced water and transfer lines: The effective inhibitor concentration in water phase based on industry practice varies from 10 ppm to 100 ppm.
Stabilized crude oil and product transfer pipelines including treated main oil pipelines transferring crude oil to refineries and export terminals: The effective inhibitor concentration in water phase based on industry practice varies from 2 ppm to 30 ppm.
Three phase crude oil pipelines, Wet gas and condensate pipelines: The effective inhibitor concentration in water phase based on industry practice varies from 10 ppm to 50 ppm .
Dry Gas pipelines experiencing internal corrosion due to operation below dew point or due to atmospheric conditions: The effective inhibitor concentration in water phase based on industry practice varies from 20 ppm to 50 ppm.

Implications

The implication of the study presented are quite profound.

The results suggest that plant extracts and their phytochemicals can be combined in specific but tested proportion to develop unique and proprietary OGCI products that would address various inhibitor challenges in different operating environment.
The study suggests that better understanding of plant extracts and their predominant phytochemicals and synergies would improve overall OGCI design and development.
The study highlights the need for more investigative studies on plant extracts and characterisation to gain more knowledge and understanding on phytochemicals and their synergistic effects
The study highlights the possibility that phytochemicals from plant extracts can be combined together in parts to enhance corrosion inhibition properties, viz, adsorption, temperature stability, hydrodynamic and pressure stability, solubility, and efficiency
The study has opened new prospects for the design and development of organic green corrosion inhibitors (OGCI) tailored to specific industry needs thereby addressing the long-standing problem with poor adoption of OGCI in the wide industry operating environment.
Based on these results, the onus is on the oil and gas and heavy metal industry, relevant stakeholders including governments and the academia worldwide to form a synergy that would advance further research to exploit the rich content of these plant extracts to enable additional prequalification test to be conducted for the different phytochemicals present in plant extracts.

Analysis of FTIR, GC-MS and UV-VIS results, revealed out of the twelve (12) plant extracts (Palm Tree leave (Palmaceae, Genus Elaeis), Hibiscus Flower (Malvaceae), Soursop leave (Annona muricata), Jatropha carcus leave and seeds (Euphorbiaceous), Neem leave (Azadirachta indica, Meliaceae), Moringa leave (Wet and Dry) (Moringa oleifera), Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola), Golden Palm leaves (Dypsis lutescens), Yellow Bush leaves (Lupinus arboreus), and Orange Peels (Rutaceae), nine (9) can be combined in specific targeted way to design and develop unique inhibitor formulations suitable for specific industrial and field application. This nine are selected due to their predominant phytochemicals and synergies. This was achieved by exploiting the synergistic effects of the various selected dominant phyto-compounds based on an understanding of their synergistic effects. This qualitative study has enhanced the likelihood of predicting accurately the performance of OGCI at the design phase, pre-laboratory studies thereby optimizing the cost of inhibitor design and development. The methodology adopted would also advance OGCI technology, product design, development and commercialization.

Future Study

In the next stage of this study, the adsorption behaviour and inhibition mechanism of the nine (9) dominant phytochemicals derived from twelve (12) plant extracts would be investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo simulations. The DFT studies on molecular structures and electronic properties, viz, EHOMO, ELUMO, energy gap, and dipole moment would be investigated to understanding their influence on the properties that influence inhibition. The simulated results would form the basis for designing the laboratory experiment to validate simulated results with actual laboratory scale experiments.

Data availability

Datasets will be made available upon request.

The authors were granted the permission to collect plants mentioned in this study by AUST, Abuja, Nigeria.

All request for datasets to be addressed to E.J : [email protected]

Permission to collect plants

The authors were granted the permission to collect plants mentioned in this study by AUST, Abuja, Nigeria.

Acknowledgements

The authors declare they did not receive any funding for this work

Author contributions

E.J and N.F designed the research, research methods and identification of materials requirements. E.J carried out the FTIR, GC MS and VI-VIS. Both E.J and N.F contributed towards the project planning and data analysis. B.A, O.A and A.V contributed significantly and equally towards the review of the draft. All authors approved the final draft.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Tables 1-8 is available in the Supplementary Files section.

No competing interests reported.

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Phytochemical Study of Some Plant Extracts to Assess their Synergistic Corrosion Inhibition Performance-A Comparative Analysis

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Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Overview of Research Method

Materials and Equipment

Extraction Process

Characterization of the filtrates

Ethical approval

Results

Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR)

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Ultraviolet (UV)

Discussion of Results

FTIR, GC-MS and UV-VIS for selected plant extracts

OGCI Synergism and Modelling Proposals

Implications

Conclusion

Future Study

Declarations

References

Tables

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

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