The study findings suggest that the presence of CCHD in children has a negative impact on their health-related quality of life. Parents of CCHD children reported the health-related QoL of their children to be reduced in the domains of general health, physical health capacity, health problems, treatment status, and psychological status. When the QoL scores of the children with CCHD were evaluated in our study, it was observed that they had poorer QoL in terms of total QoL scores (Mr = 124) compared to healthy children (Mr = 277) and overall health conditions in the presence of CCHD. It was thought that this could be related to severe symptoms, a higher rate of drug use, and limitations in daily life in CCHD. The finding of our study is compatible with Raj et al. 2019 in India, who found that most CHD children had significantly impaired QoL (Raj et al., 2019). Also along study of Egyptians that reported cyanotic CHD has bad QoL(Emteres & Sharawy, 2021). Eslami et al. 2015 in Tehran-Iran is compatible with our study finding (Eslami et al., 2015). Furthermore, our result agrees with a study conducted in the United Kingdom that revealed cyanotic CHD have lower QoL (Lane et al., 2002). At the same time, Amedro et al. (2015) found that in France, parents-reported scores for CHD children were lower than in controls in some dimensions of QoL (Amedro et al., 2015). On the contrary, Abassi et al. 2020 in France, mentioned that QoL in CHD children aged 5 to 7 years was good and similar to that of healthy controls (Abassi et al., 2020). The current study compared the QoL of CCHD and healthy children based on their age. According to the study, children with CCHD aged 3 to 6 years had lower scores for overall QoL dimensions than children aged 6 to 7 years and older.
We also found that families with lower SES were substantially correlated to the risk of CCHD, and income inequality has adverse effects on CCHD because parents with low income cannot make more investments in their health through the benefit of medical care services, nutrition, and a safe environment. In addition, we observed mothers’ education, mainly illiterate and primary education positively contributed to CCHD inequality, while fathers’ education negatively contributed to this outcome. In terms of mothers’ occupations, housewives play an essential role in CCHD inequality. It seems that housewives do not have enough affordability to experience safe pregnancy, which could increase CCHDs among their children. In addition, fathers who have free work and are employed have to share CCHD inequality possible of exposure to a hazardous substance, unsafe workplace, and insufficient income. Our findings are consistent with those of studies conducted in Iran by Amini-Rarani et al. 2021 (Amini-Rarani et al., 2021), Pabayo et al. 2015 in the United States (Pabayo et al., 2015), and Vukojević et al. 2017 in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Vukojević et al., 2017). Another explanation of the SES inequalities in CCHD children might be dangerous lifestyle behaviors such as using alcohol and smoking and families living in rural areas have less knowledge about the importance of prenatal care services and the benefit of using supplements that can be linked between SES and the risk of CCHD. Lifestyle behaviors such as smoking and alcohol had a positive impact on the inequality of CCHD, which was consistent with previous research (Zhang et al., 2020). Due to social and cultural norms, rural families in Iraq prefer to have more children that also can be liked with SES inequality and CCHD.
Additionally, our findings indicated that CCHD and healthy children had significantly different growth in the criterion (weight for age) (P = 0.001). Children with CCHD grow and increase weight more slowly than healthy children, which may be due to genetic factors, tissue hypoxia, reduced cardiac output, pulmonary hypertension, repeated respiratory tract infections, malnutrition, and psychological factors like stress. Furthermore, comparing children in cyanotic and healthy groups, CCHD had lower nutritional status scores than healthy children, which also affected child growth. Our study follows the outcomes of two Ethiopian studies by Woldesenbet et al. 2021 (Woldesenbet et al., 2021) and Tsega et al. 2022 (Tsega et al., 2022). On the other hand, Isezuo et al. 2017 in Nigeria (Isezuo et al., 2017) and Nguah et al. 2022 in Ghana (Nguah et al., 2022) reported the same findings.
Generally, when compared to the healthy group, CCHD children had significantly different development. In this study, delays in language and gross motor development occurred more often in CCHD children than in normal children. These findings were in line with the 3 Indonesia studies by Maya et al. 2020 (Maya et al., 2020), Amelia et al. 2020 (Amelia et al., 2020), and Agustini et al. 2022 (Agustini et al., 2022). Similarly, Aghaei-Moghadam et al. 2019 in Iran (Aghaei-Moghadam et al., 2019) reported consistent results in this study. According to the literature review, CCHD can affect the development of motor, cognitive, and neurological operations, and there is even a higher incidence of academic difficulties, behavioral problems, speech delay, lack of attention, and hyperactivity in patients with CCHD (Marino et al., 2012). In addition to such clinical evidence, the need for ongoing medical monitoring, use of medication, and recurrent hospitalizations or visiting physicians may affect the self-esteem/self-image of CCHD children (Sable et al., 2011).
Regarding sleep disorders in our participants, parents of CCHD children reported significant sleep problems and worsened total sleep quality scores in CCHD children than in healthy control. These results were compatible with the studies of Bishop et al. 2019 in the USA (Bishop et al., 2019), De Stasio et al. 2020 in Italy (De Stasio et al., 2019), and Biber et al. 2019 in Germany (Biber et al., 2019). Moreover, parents of the CCHD children reported lower QoL than healthy children on the scale of physical well-being and capacity. However, CCHD children had lower scores regarding exercise limitations, fatigue when walking for a while, climbing high places and several stairs, and a negative physical health capacity. In addition, CCHD children had worsened motor functioning and autonomy compared to healthy children. This might be because oxygen saturation at rest predicts exercise capacity and ventilatory efficiency, and cardiac output decreases during energy expenditure and anatomical defects of the heart. Our findings in terms of physical health capacity were in line with Bertoletti et al. 2014 in Brazil (Bertoletti et al., 2014), Niemitz et al. 2017 in Germany (Niemitz et al., 2017), and Sleeper et al. 2016 in England (Sleeper et al., 2016).
Another notable finding in the study was the frequency of clinical symptoms in CCHD children had a greater impact on QoL. On the other hand, when evaluating a score of clinical symptoms, lower QoL scores for all subdimensions as cyanosis, shortness of breath (SOB), chest pain, palpitation, and catching infection easily were found in CCHD children compared to healthy children (P < 0.001). The cyanosis symptom is the most common in the CCHD group, with a bad score of 56 and an excellent score of 100 in healthy children, which was agreed with another study in the same field (Freitas et al., 2013; Janiec et al., 2011).
Children with CCHD still require parental and medical attention for nutrition, immunization, and winter disease prevention, all of which are critical to their long-term survival. We discovered that parents of CCHD children rated their children's anxiety and nervousness symptoms as related to the condition's treatment. The study found a significant difference between CCHD and healthy children in terms of a child while receiving treatment. In this respect, Amodeo et al. 2022 reported the same findings in Italy (Amodeo et al., 2022).
The emotional and cognitive impact of problems is greater for CCHD children than for healthy children, as, in chronic conditions, ill children experience more stress than healthy children. Children with CCHD experience behavioral change due to the frequent re-hospitalization, the daily medication, and the limitations imposed by the disease, which increase the anxiety and stress of the children. In addition, school performance is also very often impaired, and the children usually fall behind the progress of their healthy schoolmates because they have a long treatment process involving frequent hospital admissions and are likely to have a prolonged absence from school. Also, we found that the QoL scores of CCHD children were significantly lower in all subdimensions of psychological statuses, such as emotion and cognition.