O'Connor et al. (2004) [17] | Mean per-patient daily cost: $3.64 | Mean per-patient daily cost: $4.64 | % successfully treated patients: 54% % symptom-free day: 31% | % successfully treated patients: 32% % symptom-free day: 27% | Daily cost per successfully treated patient (FP/salmeterol vs FP + montelukast): Cost saving/Dominant | NR | Cost-saving |
Ismaila et al. (2014) [18] | NR | NR | NR | NR | SFC200 vs FP200: $43,981 per QALY SFC500 vs FP400-500: $42,911 per QALY SFC1000 vs FP1000: $54,411 per QALY SFC200 vs FP400-500: $24,959 per QALY SFC500 vs FP1000: $3,432 per QALY | $50,000 per QALY | Cost-effective |
Price et al. (2014) [10] | 1 year: SEK 27,635 3 years: SEK 91,788 5 years: SEK 149,464 10 years: SEK 273,053 Lifetime: SEK 500,248 | 1 year: SEK 28,403. 3 years: SEK 93,906. 5 years SEK 152,772. 10 years: SEK 278,685. Lifetime: SEK 508,951 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Cost-saving |
Van Boven et al. (2016) [19] | € 25,002 | € 24,494 | QALY = 7.6231. LY = 11.184. | QALY = 7.5506. LY = 11.127. | € 7,004 per QALY | € 20,000 per QALY | Cost-effective |
Ramos et al. (2016) [20] | \(\varDelta \text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{t}\) = £ 41 | \(\varDelta \text{Q}\text{A}\text{L}\text{Y}\) = 0.014 | £ 2,976 per QALY | € 20,000 per QALY | Cost-effective |
Selya-Hammer et al. (2016) [9] | € 27,597.77 | € 26,430.92 | QALYs = 7.43 LYs = 12.24. | QALYs = 7.27 LYs = 12.07 | € 7,518 per QALY | € 20,000 and € 30,000 per QALY | Cost-effective |
Rajagopalan et al. (2018) [21] | $ 23,375 | $ 9,365 | LYs = 4.463; QALY = 3.294 | LYs = 4.415; QALY = 3.093 | $ 292,817 per LY $ 69,665 per QALY | 50,000 $ − 150,000 $/ QALY | Cost-effective |
Hoogendoorn et al. (2019) [22] | Societal perspective: € 25,606 Payer perspective: € 22,161 | Societal perspective: € 25,483 Payer perspective: € 22,433 | QALY = 4.8 | QALY = 4.76 | Societal perspective: €2,900 per QALY | €10,000, 20,000, and 40,000 per QALY | Cost-effective |
Hoogendoorn et al. (2021) [23] | Finland: € 16,921. Sweeden: € 18,916 Netherlands: € 137,253 | Finland: € 15,910 Sweeden: € 18,348 Netherlands: € 135,662 | QALYs Finland: 6.159, Sweeden: 6.159 Netherlands: 6.832 | QALYs Finland: 6.067 Sweeden: 6.067. Netherlands: 6.722 | Payer perspective: Finland: € 11,000 per QALY Societal perspective: Sweeden: € 6,200 per QALY Netherlands: € 14,400 per QALY. | Finland: €20,000 € per QALY Sweeden: €47,500 per QALY. Netherlands: € 50,000 per QALY | Cost-effective |
Orlovic et al. (2022) [24] | Medium dose of BDP/FF/G: £44,454; High dose of BDP/FF/G: £44,769 | Medium dose of BDP/FF: £40,842 High dose of BDP/FF: £43,45 High dose of BDP + Tiotropium: £47,092 | Medium dose of BDP/FF/G: QALY = 15.27 High dose of BDP/FF/G: QALY = 15.27 | Medium dose of BDP/FF: QALY = 14.98 High dose of BDP/FF: QALY = 15.18 High dose of BDP + Tiotropium: QALY = 15.25 | Medium dose of BDP/FF/G vs Medium dose of BDP/FF: £12,224 per QALY gained High dose of BDP/FF/G vs High dose of BDP/FF: £15,587 per QALY gained High dose of BDP/FF/G vs High dose of BDP/FF + Tiotropium: Dominant | £20,000 - £30,000 per QALY gained | Cost-effective |
Lan et al. (2023) [25] | $20,938.21 | $18,670.04 | QALY = 4.332 LY = 6.655 | QALY = 4.325 LY = 6.667 | $324,557.91 per QALY | $17,663.12 per QALY | Not cost-effective |
Metabolic Syndrome |
Zomer et al. (2013) [27] | AUD 704 annual | AUD 42.50 annual | NR | NR | -Statin monotherapy: AUD 136,415 per QALY - Anti-hypertensive monotherapy AUD 233,306 per QALY - Aspirin+ Simvastatin: AUD 82,664 per QALY, - Aspirin + antihypertensive: AUD 157,071 per QALY - Antihypertensive and statin: AUD 253,520 per QALY) - FDCs: AUD 214,865 per QALY | AUD 50,000 | Not cost-effective |
Type 2 diabetes |
Glasziou et al. (2010) [15] | Discount 3%: AUD 21,811 Discount 5%: AUD 21,001 Discount 10%: AUD 19,223 | Discount 3%: AUD 21,281 Discount 5%: AUD 20,499 A$. Discount 10%: AUD 18,775 | Total LYs: 14.97 Discount 3%: = 12.28 Discount 5%: = 10.88 Discount 10%: = 8.36 | Total LYs: 14.88 Discount 3%: = 12.22. Discount 5%: = 10.84 Discount 10%: = 8.34 | AUD 10,600 per QALY AUD 10,040 per LY (discount 5%) AUD 8,470 per LY (no discount). | NR | Cost-effective |
Vaidya et al. (2016) [28] | $ 6,016,65 annual | $ 6,919.58 annual | QALY = 0.7214 | QALY = 0.6811 | Dominant | $ 50,000 per QALY | Cost-saving |
Cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and heart failure |
Angus et al. (2005) [12] | $ 15,384. | $ 19,728. | - Mortality: 6.2%. - Survival: 403 days - Estimated mean survival: 5.33 years - Adherence: 84.6%. - Hospitalization related to heart failure: 0.33 - Length of stay: 6.7 days | - Mortality: 10,2%. - Survival: 380 days - Estimated mean survival: 5.07 years - Adherence: 85.2%. - Hospitalization related to heart failure: 0.47 - Length of stay: 7.9 days | $16,600/LY (2 years time horizon), $37,100/LY (5 years), $41,800/LY (lifetime) | $10,000/LY and $ 50,000/LY | Cost-effective |
Newman et al. (2008) [29] | $70,000 | $93,000 | QALY = 13.62 | QALY = 12.96 | Dominant | $50,000 per QALY gained | Cost-effective |
Rubinstein et al. (2009) [30] | 1. >5% CVD risk: ARS $63,893,600 2. >10% CVD risk: ARS $45,323,335 3. >20% CVD risk: ARS $23,533,467 | 1. HBP lowering therapy: ARS $37,478,853 2. High-cholesterol lowering with statins: ARS $40,253,626 | 1. >5% CVD risk: DALY = 14,095 2. >10% CVD risk: DALY = 11,263 3. >20% CVD risk: DALY = 6,539 | 1. HBP lowering therapy: DALY = 4,857 2. High-cholesterol lowering with statins: DALY = 567 | 1. Polypill for > 5% CVD risk vs HBP lowering therapy: ARS $2,859 per DALY 2. Polypill for > 10% CVD risk vs HBP lowering therapy: ARS $1,224 per DALY 3. Polypill for > 20% CVD risk vs HBP lowering therapy: Dominant 4. Polypill for > 5% CVD risk vs High-cholesterol lowering with statins: ARS $1,747 per DALY 5. Polypill for > 10% CVD risk vs High-cholesterol lowering with statins: ARS $474 per DALY 6. Polypill for > 20% CVD risk vs High-cholesterol lowering with statins: Dominant | 3 x ARS $13,728 | Cost-effective |
Rubinstein et al. (2010) [31] | I$ 23,489,613.55 | NR | DALY = 12108.15 | NR | I$ -246.45 per DALY saved | 3 x I$13,728 (ARS $ 1.55 = 1 I$) | Cost-saving |
van Gils et al. (2011) [32] | NR | NR | A: LY = 214,000; QALY = 266,000 B: LY = 291,000; QALY = 244,000 C: LY = 349,000; QALY = 296,000 | NR | A: €9,000 per LY gained and €10,800 per QALY gained B: €8,200 per LY gained and €9,700 per QALY gained C: €7,600 per LY gained and €8,900 per QALY gained | €20000 per QALY gained | Cost-effective |
Ito et al. (2012) [33] | Polypill: $107,077 Polypill plus mailed education: $107,075 Polypill plus disease management: $109,613 | $102,767 | QALY = 4.5080 | QALY = 4.4756 | Polypill: $133,000 per QALY gained. Polypill plus mailed education: $113,000 per QALY gained. Polypill plus disease management: $142,900 per QALY gained | $100,000 per QALY gained | Not cost-effective |
Khonputsa et al. (2012) [34] | 1. CVD risk: 5% − 9.9%: Baht (-12x109) 2. CVD risk: 10% − 19.9%: Baht (-16x109) 3. CVD risk: > 20%: Baht (-16 x109) | Baht 120 x109 | 1. CVD risk: 5% − 9.9%: DALYs adverted = 1,100,000 2. CVD risk: 10% − 19.9%: DALYs adverted = 910,000 3. CVD risk: > 20%: DALYs adverted = 720,000 | DALYs adverted = 400,000 | Dominant | Baht 110,000–330,000 per DALY adverted | Cost-effective |
Bautista et al. (2013) [35] | Women: Polypill for high-risk patients: $742 Polypill for abdominal obesity patients (WHO): $1,163 Men: Polypill for high-risk patients: $743 Polypill for abdominal obesity patients (LASO): $854 | Women: $576 Men: $444 | Women: Polypill for high-risk patients: QALY = 23.696 Polypill for abdominal obesity patients (WHO): QALY = 23.849 Men: Polypill for high-risk patients: QALY = 22.166 Polypill for abdominal obesity patients (LASO): QALY = 22.198 | Women: QALY = 23.076 Men: QALY = 21.660 | Women Polypill for high-risk patients vs no polypill: $268 per QALY gained Polypill for abdominal obesity patients (WHO) vs no polypill: $2,770 per QALY gained. Men: Polypill for high-risk patients vs no polypill: $1,041 per QALY gained Polypill for abdominal obesity patients (LASO) vs no polypill: $3,533 per QALY gained | GDP per capita in each country | Cost-effective |
Megiddo et al. (2014) [36] | NR | NR | DALY averted = 7,320,000 | DALY averted - Aspirin:1,380,000 - Aspirin & beta blocker:3,460,000 - Aspirin & beta blocker & ACEI: 4,840,000 - Aspirin & beta blocker & ACEI & statin: 6,700,000 | 1,690 $ per DALY averted (80% coverage rate of FDC) | 3 × GDP per DALY averted | Cost-effective |
Ong et al. (2014) [37] | NR | NR | 4,700 DALYs adverted | NR | Dominant | $50,000 per DALY adverted | Cost-effective |
Becerra et al. (2015) [11] | £ 3,994,814 | £ 3,752,473 | QALY = 5278.46 LY = 6338.57 | QALY = 5248.92 LY = 6307.69 | £ 8,205 per QALY | £ 20,000 per QALY | Cost-effective |
Wald et al. (2016) [38] | For daily cost per patient: - £0.5: Total costs £2.38 - £0.75: Total costs £3.57 - £1.00: Total costs £4.76 - £1.25: Total costs £5.94 - £1.50: Total costs £7.13 | NR | Best case (100% uptake and adherence): 2,390,000 years of life gained without a first MI or stroke. Working case (50% uptake and 83% adherence): 990,000 years of life gained without a first MI or stroke. | NR | Net cost or saving according to daily cost per patient: - £0.5: saving (-£0.27) - £0.75 saving £0.92 - £1.00: saving £2.11 - £1.25: saving £3.29 - £1.50: saving £4.48 | NR | If the cost of the program were £1 per person per day, the net cost per year of life gained without a first MI or stroke of £2120 (be cost-effective). |
Barrios et al. (2017) [39] | € 5,963,464.15 | € 6,473,325.79 | Cost per LY: € 7,386.12 Cost per QALY: € 6147.32 | Cost per LY: € 7,335.06 Cost per QALY: € 6,098.98 | Cost per QALY gained: € 48.34. Cost per LY gained: € 51.06 | € 30,000 per QALY | Cost-effective |
Ferket et al. (2017) [40] | Age 60+: £3,082 Age 55+: £3,331 Age 50+: £3,523 Age 45+: £3,645 Age 40+: £3,686 | £1,854 | Age 60+: QALY = 13.407 Age 55+: QALY = 13.406 Age 50+: QALY = 13.404 Age 45+: QALY = 13.401 Age 40+: QALY = 13.400 | QALY = 13.367 | Age 60+: £39,945 Age 40 + − 55+: Absolutely dominated | £20,000 - £30,000 per QALY | Not cost-effective |
Jowett et al. (2017) [41] | Men: from £1,878 to £2,459 Women: from £1,671 to £2,097 | Men: from £1,625 to £2,457 Women: from £1,325 to £1,985 | Men: QALY from 4.781 to 7.229 Women: QALY from 4.779 to 7.093 | Men: QALY from 4.692 to 7.202 Women: QALY from 4.733 to 7.077 | Men: from Dominant to £9,166 per QALY gained Women: from £1,870 to £21,798 per QALY gained | £20,000 per QALY | Polypill may be cost-effective in most people aged 50 and over with high cardiovascular risk on treatment. If cost of polypill lower than £150 per year, polypill becomes cost-effective for all sub-groups. |
Gaziano et al. (2019) [42] | Healthcare perspective: $190,243 - $192,666 Societal perspective: (-$233,578) - (-$232,680) | Healthcare perspective: $186,493; Societal perspective: (-$229,653) | Healthcare and societal perspective: QALY from 8.31 to 8.38 | QALY = 8.12 | Healthcare perspective: $20,073 - $23,603 Societal perspective: Cost-saving | $50,000 - $150,000 per QALY | Cost-effective |
Lin et al. (2019) [16] | China: I$ 2,430,000 India: I$ 658,000 Mexico: I$ 1,810,000 Nigeria: I$ 4,430,000 South Africa: I$ 2,140,000 | China: I$ 2,280,000 India: I$ 541,000 Mexico: I$ 1,740,000 Nigeria: I$ 4,090,000 South Africa: I$ 2,080,000 | China: DALY = 10,200 India: DALY = 10,300 Mexico: DALY = 10,600 Nigeria: DALY = 10,000 South Africa: DALY = 9,920 | China: DALY = 11,100 India: DALY = 11,100 Mexico: DALY = 11,300 Nigeria: DALY = 10,900 South Africa: DALY = 10,800 | China: I$ 168 per DALY adverted India: I$ 154 per DALY adverted Mexico: I$ 88 per DALY adverted Nigeria: I$ 364 per DALY averted South Africa: I$ 64 per DALY adverted | GDP per capita in each country | Cost-effective |
Lung et al. (2019) [43] | $863.90 | $516.15 | DALY averted = 0.39 | DALY averted = 0.51 | $2842.79 per DALY averted | $6,100 | Cost-effective |
Ren et al. (2020) [26] | ¥ 18,144 | OM + AML: ¥ 23,584 AML: ¥ 11,615 | LY: 14.5149. QALYs: 13.7776 | OM + AML: - LY: 14.4630; -QALYs: 13.7045 AML: LY: 14.4483; QALYs: 13.6834 | FDCs vs OM + AML: −¥104,968 FDCs vs AML: ¥ 98,173 | ¥193,563 ($28,163) | Cost-effective |
Aguiar et al. (2022) [44] | € 10,940,008 | € 10,888,206 | QALY = 7371.46 LY = 9760.83 | QALY = 7,338.20 LY = 9,721.80 | €1557 per QALY €1327 per LY | €30,000 per QALY | Cost-effective |
Gonzalez-Dominguez et al. (2023) [45] | € 41,870,812 | € 42,151,487 | QALY = 9,705.36 LY = 12,717.25 | QALY = 12,704.03 LY = 9,693.73 | Dominant | €25,000 per QALY | Cost-effective |
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Al et al. (1996) [46] | NLG 20,598 | NLG 19,825 | Symptomatic ulcers: 0.63 Death: 0.0189 | symptomatic ulcers: 1.45 death: 0.0375 | NLG 4,179 per LY. NLG 949 per symptomatic ulcer-free period gained. | NR | Cost-effective |
Benign prostatic hyperplasia |
Udeh et al. (2016) [47] | Total costs $ 1.45 billions (10 years time horizon) and $ 2.19 billions (15 years time horizon) | $ 855 millions (10 years time horizon) $ 1.58 billion (15 years time horizon) | QALYs: 18.8 million (10 years) 23.9 million (15 years) | QALYs: 18.4 million (10 years) 20.9 million (15 years) | ICER: $ 1,481.92 per QALY (10 years) $ 908.13 per QALY (15 years) | $ 2,450 per QALY | Cost-effective |
Cancer | | | | | | | |
Sussell et al. (2022) [48] | $280,448 | 1. Strategy 2: $279,466 2. Strategy 3: $272,873 3. Strategy 4: $299,813 4. Strategy 5: $293,220 5. Strategy 6: $326,475 6. Strategy 7: $319,882 | QALY = 14.585 | 1. Strategy 2: QALY = 14.493 2. Strategy 3: QALY = 14.493 3. Strategy 4: QALY = 14.585 4. Strategy 5: QALY = 14.585 5. Strategy 6: QALY = 13.687 6. Strategy 7: QALY = 13.687 | 1. Strategy 1 vs Strategy 2: $10,609 per QALY gained 2. Strategy 1 vs Strategy 3: $81,793 per QALY gained 3. Strategy 1 vs Strategy 4: Dominant 4. Strategy 1 vs Strategy 5: Dominant 5. Strategy 1 vs Strategy 6: Dominant 6. Strategy 1 vs Strategy 7: Dominant | $150,000 | Cost-effective |
Others |
Nilsson et al. (2022) [49] | € 65.40 | APR (PO) + OND (PO): €46.07 APR (PO) + PAL (IV): €78.92 FOS (IV) + GAR (IV): €95.03 | QALDs = 4.272 QALYs = 0.0117 | APR (PO) + OND (PO): QALDs = 4.117; QALYs = 0.0113 APR (PO) + PAL (IV): QALDs = 4.220; QALYs = 0.0116 FOS (IV) + GRA (IV): QALDs = 4.112; QALYs = 0.0113 | - NEPA vs APR (PO) + OND (PO): Cost per avoided event: €33 Cost per QALD: €125 - - NEPA vs APR (PO) + PAL (IV): Cost per avoided event: Dominant Cost per QALD: Dominant - NEPA vs FOS (IV) + GRA (IV): Cost per avoided event: Dominant Cost per QALD: Dominant | NR | Cost-effective |
I$: International Dollar; APR: aprepitant, OND: ondansetron, PAL: palonosetron, FOS: fosaprepitant, GRA: granisetron, dex dexamethasone, PO: per os (by mouth), IV: intravenous; OM/AML: olmesartan/amlodipine fixed-dose combination; OM + AM:, olmesartan and amlodipine free combination; AML: amlodipine; VM/AML: valsartan/amlodipine fixed-dose combination; ICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratios; ICUR: incremental cost-utility ratios; LASO: Latin American Consortium of Studies in Obesity; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; HBP: High blood pressur; BDP/FF/G: beclometasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate/glycopyrronium. |