Allen CR, Epperson DM, Garmestani AS (2004) Red imported fire ant impacts on wildlife: a decade of research. Am Midl Nat. 152: 88-103. https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2004)152[0088:RIFAIO]2.0.CO;2
Benedetti-Cecchi L, Buller F, Cinelli F (1998) Density dependent foraging of sea urchins in shallow subtidal reefs on the west coast of Italy (western Mediterranean). Mar Ecol-Prog Ser. 163: 203-211. DOI: 10.3354/MEPS099089
Bernstein BB, Schroeter SC, Mann KH (1983) Sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) aggregating behavior investigated by a subtidal multifactorial experiment. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 40:1975-1986. https://doi.org/10.1139/f83-227
Bernstein BB, Williams BE, Mann KH (1981) The role of behavioral responses to predator in modifying urchins’ (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) destructive grazing and seasonal foraging patterns. Mar Biol. 63:39-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00394661
Breen PA, Mann KH (1976) Destructive grazing of kelp by sea urchins in eastern Canada. J. Fish Res Board Can. 33:1278-1283. https://doi.org/10.1139/f76-164
Briscoe CS, Sebens KP (1988) Omnivory in Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Muller) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): predation on subtidal mussels. J. Exp. Mar Biol Ecol. 115:1-24. DOI:10.2983/0730-8000-27.5.1271
Burke RD, Angerer LM, Elphick MR, Humphrey GW, Yaguchi S, Kiyama T, Liang S, Mu X, Agca C, Klein WH, Brandhorst BP, Rowe M, Wilson K, Churcher AM, Taylor JS, Chen N, Murray G, Wang D, Mellott D, Olinski R, Hallbook F, Thorndyke MC (2006) A genomic view of the sea urchin nervous system. Dev Biol. 300:434-460. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.007
Dean TA, Schroeteter SC, Dixon JD (1984) Effects of grazing by two species of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Lytecinus anamesus) on recruitment and survival of two species of kelp (Macrocystis Spyrifera and Pterygophera californica). Mar Biol. 78:301-313. DOI: 10.1007/BF00393016
Dingemanse N J, Kazem AJN, Réale D, Wright J (2010) Behavioral reaction norms: animal personality meets individual plasticity. Trends Ecol Evol. 25: 81-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.013
Dumont CP, Drolet D, Deshênes I, Himmelman JH (2007) Multiple factors explaining the covering behaviour in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Anim Behav. 73: 979-986. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.11.008
Ebeling AW, Laur DR, Rowley RJ (1985) Severe storm disturbances and reversal of community structure in a southern California kelp bed. Mar Biol. 84:287-294. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392498
Eddy SD, Brown NP, Harris LG (2015) Aquaculture of the Green Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in North America. In: Brown, N., S. Eddy (eds.) Echinoderm Aquaculture, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, pp. 175-209.
Emlen JT (1966) The role of time and energy in food preference. Am Nat. 100: 611-617. doi10.1086/282455
Estes JA, Palmisano JF (1974) Sea otters: their role in structuring nearshore communities. Science. 185: 1058-1060. DOI: 10.1126/science.185.4156.1058
Fergali CW, Norderhaug KM, Christie H, Pedersen MF, Fredriksen S (2014) Predators of the destructive sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis on the Norwegian coast. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser. 502:207-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10701
Filbee-Dexter, K., Scheibling, R. E (2014) Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser. 495: 1-25. DOI: 10.3354/meps10573
Garnick, E (1978) Behavioral ecology of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Muller) (Echinodermata, Echinoidea). Aggregating behavior and chemotaxis. Oecologia. 37:77-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349993
Grosjean P, Spirlet C, Jangoux M (2011) A functional growth model with intraspecific competition applied to a sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 60: 237-246. DOI:10.1139/f03-017
Hagan NT, Anderson A, Stabell OB (2002) Alarm responses of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, induced by chemically labeled durophagous predators and simulated acts of predation. Mar Biol. 140:365-374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270100694
Hanson JM, Chambers PA, Prepas EE (1990) Selective foraging by the crayfish Orconectes virilis and its impact on macroinvertebrates. Freshwater Biol. 24: 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00308.x
Harris LG, Madigan P, Waters K (2003) A hatchery system for green sea urchin aquaculture in the Gulf of Maine. World Aquac. 34: 32-38 & 71.
Himmelman JH, Steele DH (1971) Foods and predators of the green sea urchin . Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in Newfoundland waters. Mar Biol. 9: 315-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00372825
Hobson ES, Chess JR (1986) Relationships among fishes and their prey in a nearshore sand community off southern California. Environ Biol Fish. 17: 201-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002096
Huchette SMH, Koh CS, Day RW (2003) Growth of juvenile blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) in aquaculture tanks: effects of density and ammonia. Aquaculture. 219: 457- 470. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00627-0
Kohler SL, McPeek MA (1989) Predation risk and the foraging behavior of competing stream insects. Ecology. 70: 1811-1825.
Larson BR, Vadas RL, Keser M (1980) Feeding and nutritional ecology of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis in Maine, USA. Mar Biol. 59:49-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00396982
Lauzon-Guay JS, Scheibling RE (2007) Seasonal variation in movement, aggregation and destructive grazing of the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) in relation to wave action and sea temperature. Mar Biol. 151: 2109-2118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-007-0668-2
Lawrence JM (1975) On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins. Oceanogr Mar Biol. 13: 213-286.
Lesser MP, Carleton SA, Boettger CW (2011) Sea urchin tube feet are photosensory organs that express a rhabdomeric-like opsin and PAX6. Proc Biol Sci. 278: 3371-3379. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0336
MacArthur RH, Pianka ER (1966) On optimal use of a patchy environment. Am Nat. 100: 903-909. https://doi.org/10.1086/282454
Mann KH, Wright JLC, Welsford BE, Hatfield E (1984) Responses of the sea urchin, Stronglyocentrotus droebachiensis to water-borne stimuli from potential predators and potential predators and potential food algae. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 79: 233-244.
McBride SC (2005) Sea urchin aquaculture. Am Fish S S. 46: 179-208.
Monterio EA, Guth AZ, Banha TNS, Sumida PYG, Mies M (2019) Implications of feeding frequency, prey size and condition, and intraspecific competition for the commercial aquaculture of the nudibranch Berghia stephanieae. J World Aquacult Soc. 51: 244-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12645
Morishita VR, Barreto RE (2011) Black sea urchin evaluate predation risk using chemical signals from a predator and injured con- and heterospecific prey. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 435: 173-181. DOI:10.3354/meps09253
Nestler EC, Harris LG (1994) The importance of omnivory in Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Müller) in the Gulf of Maine. In: David B, Guille A, Feral J-P, Roux M, editors. Echinoderms through time. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, p. 813-818.
Nishizaki MT, Ackerman JD (2004) Juvenile-adult associations in sea urchins Strongylocentrus franciscanus and S. droebachiensus: is nutrition involved? Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 28: 93-103. DOI:10.3354/meps268093
Nkem J, De Bruyn LL, Hulugalle NR (2000) The impact of ant bioturbation activities on surrounding soil properties. Pedobiologia. 44: 609-621. https://doi.org/10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70075-X
Noble C, Kadri S, Mitchell DF, Huntingford FA (2007) Influence of feeding in intraspecific competition, fin damage and growth in 1+ Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar L.) held in freshwater production cages. Aquac Res. 38: 1137-1143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01777.x
Ojeda FP, Dearborn JH (1991) Feeding ecology of benthic mobile predators: experimental analyses of their influence in rocky subtidal communities of the Gulf of Maine. J Mar Biol Ecol. 1: 13-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(91)90114-C
Pearse JS (2006) Ecological role of purple sea urchins. Science. 314: 940-941. DOI: 10.1126/science.1131888
Peng W, Ma NL, Zhang D, Zhou Q, Yue X, Khoo SC, Yang H, Guan R, Chen H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wei Z, Suo C, Peng Y, Yang Y, Lam SS, Sonne C (2020) A review of historical and recent locust outbreaks: links to global warming, food security and mitigation strategies. Environ Res. 191: 110046.
Prince JS. LeBlanc WG (1992) Comparative feeding preference of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Echinoidea) for the invasive seaweed Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides (Chlorophyceae) and four other seaweeds. Mar Biol. 113:159-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00367649
Propp MV. 1977. Ecology of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis of the Barents Sea: metabolism and regulation of abundance. Sov J Mar Biol. 3:27-37
Ripple WJ, Beschta RL (2012) Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: the first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biol Conserv. 145: 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.005
Scheibling RE, Feehan CJ, Hatcher BG (2020) Chapter 31: Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. In: Lawrence JM, editor. Sea urchins: biology and ecology, fourth edition, developments in aquaculture and fisheries. London: Academic Press. p. 553-591
Scheibling RE, Hamm J (1991) Interactions between sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and their predators in field and laboratory experiments. Mar Biol. 110:105-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01313097
Scheibling RE (1996) The role of predation in regulating sea urchin population in eastern Canada. Oceanol Acta. 19: 421-430.
Steneck RS, Graham MH, Bourque BJ, Corbett D, Erlandson JM, Estes JA, Tegner MJ (2002) Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and their future. Environ Conserv. 29: 436-459. DOI:10.1017/S0376892902000322
Steneck RS, Leland A, McNaught DC, Vavrinec J (2013) Ecosystem flips, locks and feedbacks: The lasting effects of fisheries on Maine’s kelp forest ecosystem. B Mar Sci. 89: 31-55. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1148
Steneck RS (2020) Chapter 15: regular sea urchins as drivers of shallow benthic marine community structure. In: Lawrence JM, editor. Sea urchins: biology and ecology, fourth edition, developments in aquaculture and fisheries. London: Academic Press. p. 255-280.
Sun J, Chi X, Yang M, Ding J, Shi D, Yu Y, Chang Y, Zhao C (2019) Light intensity regulates phototaxis, foraging and righting behaviors of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. PeerJ 7: e8001. 10.7717/peerj.8001
Tegner MJ, Dayton PK (1977) Sea urchin recruitment patterns and implications of commercial fishing. Science. 196:324-326. DOI: 10.1126/science.847476
Ullrich-Lüter EM, Dupont S, Arboleda E, Hausen H, Arnone MI (2011) Unique system of photoreceptors in sea urchin tube feet. PNAS. 108: 8367-8372. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1018495108
Vadas RL, Elner RW, Garwood PE, Babb IG (1986) Experimental evaluation of aggregation behavior in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Mar Biol. 90:433-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00428567
Vadas RL (1977) Preferential feeding: an optimization strategy in sea urchins. Ecol Monogr. 47:337-371. https://doi.org/10.2307/1942173
Williams CT, Harris LG (1998) Growth of juvenile green sea urchins on natural and artificial diets. In: Mooi R, Telford M, editors. Proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference. San Francisco, California: Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. p. 887-892.
Witman JD, Hulbert AH, Harris LG (1982) Morphology of a sea urchin front (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) at the Isles of Shoals, NH. In: Lawrence JM, editor. International echinoderms conference, Tampa Bay: Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. p. 285.
Witman JD (1985) Refuges, biological disturbance, and rocky subtidal community structure in New England. Ecol Monogr. 55:421-445. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937130
Yang M, Hu F, Leng X, Chi X, Yin D, Ding J, Li X, Zuo R, Chang Y, Zhao C (2021) Long-term effects of light spectra on fitness related behaviors and growth of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Aquaculture 537: 736518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736518
Yoshida M, Takasu N, Tamotsu S (1984) Photoreception in echinoderms. In: Ali A, editor. Photoreception and Vision in Invertebrates. New York: Plenum Press. p. 743-772.
Zhang L, Lecoq M, Latchininsky A, Hunter D (2019) Locust and grasshopper management. Annu Rev Entomol. 64: 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-112500