Table 1. Formulation and proximate composition of the experimental diets (% dry matter).
|
P30L10
|
P30L20
|
P40L10
|
P40L20
|
P50L10
|
P50L20
|
Fish meala
|
32.0
|
32.0
|
46.0
|
46.0
|
60.0
|
60.0
|
SPCb
|
4.00
|
6.00
|
8.00
|
10.0
|
12.0
|
14.0
|
Wheat flour
|
46.85
|
34.85
|
29.85
|
17.85
|
12.85
|
0.85
|
Brewer’s yeast
|
2.00
|
2.00
|
2.00
|
2.00
|
2.00
|
2.00
|
Dextrin
|
4.00
|
4.00
|
4.00
|
4.00
|
4.00
|
4.00
|
Fish oil
|
3.60
|
10.0
|
3.00
|
9.40
|
2.40
|
8.80
|
Soybean oil
|
2.00
|
5.60
|
1.60
|
5.20
|
1.20
|
4.80
|
Lecithin
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Stay-C
|
0.05
|
0.05
|
0.05
|
0.05
|
0.05
|
0.05
|
Mineral premixc
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
Vitamin premixd
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
Choline chloride
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
Carboxymethylcellulose
|
3.00
|
3.00
|
3.00
|
3.00
|
3.00
|
3.00
|
Proximate composition
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dry matter
|
91.0
|
90.9
|
89.9
|
91.7
|
89.1
|
90.0
|
Protein
|
29.8
|
30.3
|
40.0
|
40.3
|
49.2
|
49.7
|
Lipid
|
9.90
|
19.0
|
9.70
|
19.3
|
10.1
|
19.5
|
Ash
|
3.65
|
3.60
|
5.00
|
4.99
|
6.42
|
6.38
|
GEe
|
20.2
|
22.3
|
20.4
|
22.4
|
20.5
|
22.5
|
P/E ratiof
|
14.8
|
13.6
|
19.6
|
18.0
|
24.0
|
22.1
|
aFish meal Super Prime (Crude protein: 67.9%, crude fat: 9%).
bSoy protein concentrate (Crude protein: 62%, crude fat: 0.5%).
cMineral premix (mg or g kg-1 diet): NaF, 2 mg; KI, 0.8 mg; CoCl2·6H2O (1%), 50 mg; CuSO4·5H2O, 10 mg; FeSO4·H2O, 80 mg; ZnSO4·H2O, 50 mg; MnSO4·H2O, 25 mg; MgSO4·7H2O, 200 mg; zoelite, 4.582 g.
dVitamin premix (mg or g kg-1 diet): thiamin, 10 mg; riboflavin, 8 mg; pyridoxine HCl, 10 mg; vitamin B12, 0.2 mg, vitamin K3, 10 mg; inositol, 100 mg; pantothenic acid, 20 mg; niacin acid, 50 mg; folic acid, 2 mg; biotin, 2 mg; retinol acetate, 400 mg; cholecalciferol, 5 mg; alpha-tocopherol, 100 mg; ethoxyquin, 150 mg; wheat middling, 1.1328 g.
eCalculated gross energy (GE) (MJ kg-1) = based on combustion values of 23.6 MJ kg-1 for protein, 39.5 MJ kg-1 for lipid and 17.2 MJ kg-1 for carbohydrate.
fP/E ratio (g MJ-1) = Protein to energy ratio.
Table 2. Growth, feed utilization and survival of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) (25.2 ± 0.28 g) fed the experimental diets for 12 weeks.
Diets
|
Protein (%)
|
Lipid (%)
|
FBW
|
WG
|
SGR
|
FI
|
FE
|
PER
|
SUR
|
|
|
|
Individual treatment means
|
P30L10
|
30
|
10
|
82.9
|
225
|
1.40
|
80.1
|
0.70
|
2.36
|
99.3
|
P40L10
|
40
|
10
|
85.6
|
243
|
1.47
|
69.9
|
0.85
|
2.13
|
98.0
|
P50L10
|
50
|
10
|
89.2
|
257
|
1.52
|
63.8
|
0.99
|
2.02
|
99.3
|
P30L20
|
30
|
20
|
82.5
|
232
|
1.43
|
69.1
|
0.82
|
2.72
|
98.7
|
P40L20
|
40
|
20
|
89.4
|
257
|
1.51
|
64.0
|
1.02
|
2.52
|
100
|
P50L20
|
50
|
20
|
92.5
|
266
|
1.54
|
59.7
|
1.15
|
2.31
|
100
|
SEM
|
|
|
1.08
|
4.17
|
0.01
|
1.71
|
0.04
|
0.06
|
0.40
|
|
|
|
Means of main effects
|
|
30
|
|
82.7b
|
229b
|
1.42b
|
74.6a
|
0.76c
|
2.54a
|
99.0
|
|
40
|
|
87.5a
|
250a
|
1.49a
|
66.9b
|
0.93b
|
2.32b
|
99.0
|
|
50
|
|
90.8a
|
262a
|
1.53a
|
61.7c
|
1.07a
|
2.17b
|
99.7
|
|
|
10
|
85.9
|
242
|
1.46
|
71.3A
|
0.85B
|
2.17B
|
98.9
|
|
|
20
|
88.1
|
252
|
1.50
|
64.2B
|
0.99A
|
2.52A
|
99.6
|
Two-way ANOVA (P-value)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protein
|
|
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.81
|
Lipid
|
|
|
0.15
|
0.08
|
0.08
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.40
|
Interaction
|
|
|
0.46
|
0.87
|
0.87
|
0.21
|
0.69
|
0.77
|
0.61
|
Values are mean of triplicate groups. Different superscript letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P ˂ 0.05).
FBW: Final body weight (g).
WG: Weight gain (%) = [(final body weight – initial body weight) / initial body weight × 100].
SGR: Specific growth rate (%) = [ln final body weight − ln initial body weight) / days] × 100.
FI: Feed intake (g fish-1) = dry feed consumed (g) / fish.
FE: Feed efficiency = weight gain / dry feed fed.
PER: Protein efficiency ratio = wet weight gain / total protein given.
SUR: Survival (%).
Table 3. Organosomatic indices of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) fed the experimental diets for 12 weeks.
Diets
|
Protein (%)
|
Lipid (%)
|
CF
|
HSI
|
VSI
|
IPF
|
|
|
|
Individual treatment means
|
P30L10
|
30
|
10
|
1.07
|
0.84
|
10.7
|
2.42
|
P40L10
|
40
|
10
|
1.03
|
0.81
|
10.2
|
2.41
|
P50L10
|
50
|
10
|
1.04
|
0.78
|
9.65
|
2.07
|
P30L20
|
30
|
20
|
1.03
|
0.87
|
11.8
|
3.07
|
P40L20
|
40
|
20
|
1.04
|
0.81
|
11.4
|
3.68
|
P50L20
|
50
|
20
|
1.10
|
0.82
|
11.7
|
3.86
|
SEM
|
|
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.22
|
0.19
|
|
|
|
Means of main effects
|
|
30
|
|
1.05
|
0.85
|
11.3
|
2.75
|
|
40
|
|
1.03
|
0.81
|
10.8
|
3.05
|
|
50
|
|
1.06
|
0.80
|
10.7
|
2.96
|
|
|
10
|
1.04
|
0.81
|
10.1B
|
2.30B
|
|
|
20
|
1.05
|
0.83
|
11.6A
|
3.54A
|
Two-way ANOVA (P-value)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protein
|
|
|
0.58
|
0.51
|
0.23
|
0.58
|
Lipid
|
|
|
0.83
|
0.53
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
Interaction
|
|
|
0.00
|
0.95
|
0.30
|
0.20
|
Values are mean of triplicate groups. Different superscript letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P ˂ 0.05).
CF: Condition factor = Body weight × 100 / (Body length)3
HSI: Hepatosomatic index = Liver weight × 100 / fish weight.
VSI: Viscerosomatic index = Viscera weight × 100 / fish weight.
IPF: Intraperitoneal fat ratio = Intraperitoneal fat weight × 100 / fish weight.
Table 4. Whole-body proximate composition (% dry weight) of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) fed the experimental diets for 12 weeks.
Diets
|
Protein (%)
|
Lipid (%)
|
Moisture
|
Protein
|
Lipid
|
Ash
|
|
|
|
Individual treatment means
|
P30L10
|
30
|
10
|
72.0
|
59.1
|
29.0
|
11.1
|
P40L10
|
40
|
10
|
71.8
|
58.7
|
29.1
|
12.2
|
P50L10
|
50
|
10
|
72.2
|
58.2
|
31.9
|
9.90
|
P30L20
|
30
|
20
|
71.1
|
56.7
|
31.8
|
10.9
|
P40L20
|
40
|
20
|
70.2
|
57.5
|
30.9
|
11.5
|
P50L20
|
50
|
20
|
70.6
|
58.9
|
30.0
|
11.3
|
SEM
|
|
|
0.23
|
0.34
|
0.41
|
0.26
|
|
|
|
Means of main effects
|
|
30
|
|
71.5
|
57.9
|
30.4
|
11.0
|
|
40
|
|
71.0
|
58.1
|
30.0
|
11.9
|
|
50
|
|
71.4
|
58.5
|
30.8
|
10.6
|
|
|
10
|
72.0A
|
58.7
|
30.0
|
11.1
|
|
|
20
|
70.6B
|
57.7
|
30.8
|
11.3
|
Two-way ANOVA (P-value)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protein
|
|
|
0.45
|
0.74
|
0.62
|
0.12
|
Lipid
|
|
|
0.00
|
0.16
|
0.29
|
0.72
|
Interaction
|
|
|
0.65
|
0.17
|
0.03
|
0.17
|
Values are mean of triplicate groups. Different superscript letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P ˂ 0.05).
Table 5. Dorsal muscle proximate composition (% dry weight basis) of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) fed the experimental diets for 12 weeks.
Diets
|
Protein (%)
|
Lipid (%)
|
Moisture
|
Protein
|
Lipid
|
Ash
|
|
|
|
Individual treatment means
|
P30L10
|
30
|
10
|
77.7
|
83.0
|
10.8
|
6.31
|
P40L10
|
40
|
10
|
78.1
|
84.0
|
9.90
|
6.52
|
P50L10
|
50
|
10
|
78.2
|
84.3
|
9.04
|
6.85
|
P30L20
|
30
|
20
|
77.8
|
82.9
|
11.2
|
6.55
|
P40L20
|
40
|
20
|
77.5
|
83.1
|
10.9
|
6.37
|
P50L20
|
50
|
20
|
77.3
|
83.7
|
10.3
|
6.67
|
SEM
|
|
|
0.12
|
0.30
|
0.31
|
0.06
|
|
|
|
Means of main effects
|
|
30
|
|
77.8
|
82.9
|
11.0
|
6.43b
|
|
40
|
|
77.8
|
83.0
|
10.9
|
6.44b
|
|
50
|
|
77.7
|
84.0
|
9.70
|
6.76a
|
|
|
10
|
77.9
|
83.8
|
9.93B
|
6.56
|
|
|
20
|
77.5
|
82.9
|
11.1A
|
6.52
|
Two-way ANOVA (P-value)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protein
|
|
|
0.98
|
0.30
|
0.12
|
0.01
|
Lipid
|
|
|
0.07
|
0.15
|
0.04
|
0.69
|
Interaction
|
|
|
0.30
|
0.44
|
0.47
|
0.11
|
Values are mean of triplicate groups. Different superscript letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P ˂ 0.05).
Table 6. Dorsal muscle fatty acid composition of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) fed the experimental diets for 12 weeks (% total identified FA).
Fatty acids
|
Diets
|
|
|
|
|
|
SEM
|
Protein (%)
|
Lipid (%)
|
Two-way ANOWA (P-value)
|
|
P30L10
|
P30L20
|
P40L10
|
P40L20
|
P50L10
|
P50L20
|
|
30
|
40
|
50
|
10
|
20
|
Protein
|
Lipid
|
Interaction
|
14:0
|
1.99
|
1.82
|
1.99
|
2.02
|
2.67
|
2.03
|
0.08
|
1.91b
|
2.00b
|
2.35a
|
2.22A
|
1.96B
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
14:1n-7
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
0.04
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.01b
|
0.02ab
|
0.03a
|
0.03A
|
0.02B
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.09
|
14:1n-5
|
0.06
|
0.06
|
0.06
|
0.07
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
0.00
|
0.06
|
0.06
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
0.06
|
0.13
|
0.69
|
0.08
|
15:0
|
0.23
|
0.22
|
0.23
|
0.23
|
0.28
|
0.23
|
0.01
|
0.22b
|
0.23ab
|
0.25a
|
0.24A
|
0.22B
|
0.02
|
0.04
|
0.02
|
15:1n-5
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.97
|
0.09
|
0.42
|
16:OISO
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
0.04
|
0.04
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
0.03
|
0.04
|
0.04
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
0.15
|
0.69
|
0.41
|
16:0
|
15.1
|
14.3
|
16.3
|
14.7
|
19.2
|
14.8
|
0.45
|
14.7b
|
15.5b
|
17.0a
|
16.9A
|
14.6B
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
16:1n-7
|
3.39
|
2.81
|
3.88
|
3.17
|
4.65
|
3.15
|
0.15
|
3.10c
|
3.53b
|
3.90a
|
3.97A
|
3.04B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
16:1n-5
|
0.10
|
0.08
|
0.09
|
0.09
|
0.11
|
0.09
|
0.00
|
0.09
|
0.09
|
0.10
|
0.10A
|
0.08B
|
0.05
|
0.02
|
0.17
|
16:2n-6
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.07
|
0.90
|
0.69
|
16:2n-4
|
0.21
|
0.17
|
0.23
|
0.20
|
0.26
|
0.21
|
0.01
|
0.19c
|
0.22b
|
0.24a
|
0.23A
|
0.20B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.12
|
17:0
|
0.18
|
0.13
|
0.20
|
0.16
|
0.23
|
0.18
|
0.01
|
0.16c
|
0.18b
|
0.20a
|
0.20A
|
0.16B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.22
|
16:3n-4
|
0.18
|
0.18
|
0.18
|
0.19
|
0.21
|
0.18
|
0.00
|
0.18
|
0.18
|
0.19
|
0.19
|
0.18
|
0.11
|
0.09
|
0.06
|
16:3n-3
|
0.10
|
0.08
|
0.11
|
0.08
|
0.09
|
0.08
|
0.01
|
0.09
|
0.10
|
0.09
|
0.10
|
0.08
|
0.78
|
0.10
|
0.72
|
16:3n-1
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.03A
|
0.02B
|
0.15
|
0.00
|
0.10
|
16:4n-3
|
0.15
|
0.10
|
0.18
|
0.13
|
0.19
|
0.15
|
0.01
|
0.13b
|
0.15a
|
0.17a
|
0.17A
|
0.13B
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.84
|
16:4n-1
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.03
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02A
|
0.01B
|
0.80
|
0.01
|
0.35
|
18:0
|
3.31
|
3.04
|
3.65
|
3.16
|
4.07
|
3.28
|
0.09
|
3.17b
|
3.40b
|
3.68a
|
3.68A
|
3.16B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.06
|
18:1n-9
|
27.6
|
34.7
|
24.8
|
33.6
|
23.4
|
30.6
|
1.05
|
31.2a
|
29.2a
|
27.0c
|
25.3B
|
32.9A
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.42
|
18:1n-7
|
2.83
|
2.67
|
2.96
|
2.80
|
3.20
|
2.80
|
0.05
|
2.75b
|
2.88a
|
3.00a
|
3.00A
|
2.76B
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
0.27
|
18:1n-5
|
0.13
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.13
|
0.12
|
0.00
|
0.13
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.46
|
0.57
|
0.11
|
18:2n-9
|
0.06
|
0.05
|
0.06
|
0.06
|
0.07
|
0.05
|
0.00
|
0.05b
|
0.06a
|
0.06a
|
0.07A
|
0.05B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.07
|
18:2n-6
|
10.8
|
11.7
|
8.65
|
10.7
|
7.03
|
9.56
|
0.38
|
11.2a
|
9.70b
|
8.30c
|
8.81B
|
10.7A
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
18:2n-4
|
0.14
|
0.11
|
0.16
|
0.13
|
0.19
|
0.14
|
0.01
|
0.13c
|
0.15c
|
0.17a
|
0.17A
|
0.13B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
18:3n-6
|
0.24
|
0.22
|
0.18
|
0.19
|
0.15
|
0.18
|
0.01
|
0.23a
|
0.19b
|
0.18b
|
0.19
|
0.20
|
0.00
|
0.38
|
0.14
|
18:3n-4
|
0.13
|
0.10
|
0.13
|
0.11
|
0.13
|
0.12
|
0.00
|
0.11
|
0.12
|
0.13
|
0.13A
|
0.11B
|
0.19
|
0.00
|
0.45
|
18:3n-3
|
2.33
|
2.89
|
1.96
|
2.81
|
1.58
|
2.61
|
0.11
|
2.61a
|
2.39b
|
2.10c
|
1.96B
|
2.77A
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
18:3n-1
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
0.02B
|
0.03A
|
0.84
|
0.00
|
0.93
|
18:4n-3
|
0.80
|
0.69
|
0.76
|
0.75
|
0.72
|
0.76
|
0.02
|
0.74
|
0.75
|
0.74
|
0.76
|
0.73
|
0.91
|
0.38
|
0.16
|
18:4n-1
|
0.11
|
0.08
|
0.13
|
0.10
|
0.13
|
0.11
|
0.00
|
0.10b
|
0.11a
|
0.12a
|
0.12A
|
0.10B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.69
|
20:0
|
0.18
|
0.21
|
0.17
|
0.20
|
0.17
|
0.19
|
0.00
|
0.19
|
0.19
|
0.18
|
0.17B
|
0.20A
|
0.22
|
0.00
|
0.94
|
20:1n-9
|
0.32
|
0.30
|
0.30
|
0.31
|
0.30
|
0.30
|
0.01
|
0.31
|
0.30
|
0.30
|
0.31
|
0.30
|
0.60
|
0.82
|
0.48
|
20:1n-7
|
2.81
|
2.88
|
2.48
|
2.79
|
2.45
|
2.68
|
0.05
|
2.84a
|
2.64ab
|
2.57b
|
2.58B
|
2.78A
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.36
|
20:1n-5
|
0.17
|
0.16
|
0.17
|
0.16
|
0.19
|
0.17
|
0.00
|
0.16b
|
0.17ab
|
0.19a
|
0.18A
|
0.16B
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
0.49
|
20:2n-9
|
0.07
|
0.05
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.09
|
0.07
|
0.00
|
0.06b
|
0.08ab
|
0.08a
|
0.08A
|
0.07B
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
0.94
|
20:2n-6
|
0.62
|
0.62
|
0.55
|
0.60
|
0.46
|
0.58
|
0.01
|
0.62a
|
0.58b
|
0.52c
|
0.54B
|
0.60A
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
20:3n-9
|
0.04
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
0.04
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
0.04
|
0.04A
|
0.03B
|
0.18
|
0.01
|
0.11
|
20:3n-6
|
0.24
|
0.17
|
0.23
|
0.18
|
0.19
|
0.17
|
0.01
|
0.20a
|
0.20a
|
0.18b
|
0.22A
|
0.17B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
20:4n-6
|
0.67
|
0.49
|
0.81
|
0.55
|
0.86
|
0.65
|
0.03
|
0.58c
|
0.68b
|
0.76a
|
0.78A
|
0.56B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.23
|
20:3n-3
|
0.21
|
0.24
|
0.19
|
0.24
|
0.17
|
0.23
|
0.01
|
0.23a
|
0.22ab
|
0.20b
|
0.19B
|
0.24A
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.06
|
20:4n-3
|
0.44
|
0.40
|
0.45
|
0.42
|
0.43
|
0.46
|
0.01
|
0.42
|
0.44
|
0.44
|
0.44
|
0.42
|
0.44
|
0.28
|
0.09
|
20:5n-3
|
4.24
|
2.69
|
5.01
|
3.21
|
5.24
|
3.85
|
0.23
|
3.46b
|
4.11a
|
4.55a
|
4.83A
|
3.25B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.59
|
22:1n-11
|
1.58
|
1.61
|
1.31
|
1.42
|
1.25
|
1.41
|
0.04
|
1.59a
|
1.36b
|
1.33b
|
1.38
|
1.48
|
0.01
|
0.14
|
0.64
|
22:1n-9
|
0.36
|
0.37
|
0.33
|
0.35
|
0.30
|
0.33
|
0.01
|
0.37a
|
0.34ab
|
0.32b
|
0.33
|
0.35
|
0.04
|
0.24
|
0.83
|
22:4n-6
|
0.08
|
0.06
|
0.09
|
0.06
|
0.08
|
0.08
|
0.00
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
0.08
|
0.09A
|
0.07B
|
0.28
|
0.00
|
0.11
|
22:5n-6
|
0.29
|
0.22
|
0.36
|
0.23
|
0.35
|
0.31
|
0.01
|
0.26b
|
0.30a
|
0.33a
|
0.33A
|
0.25B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.02
|
22:5n-3
|
1.41
|
0.94
|
1.58
|
1.03
|
1.50
|
1.28
|
0.06
|
1.18
|
1.31
|
1.39
|
1.50A
|
1.08B
|
0.07
|
0.00
|
0.15
|
22:6n-3
|
16.0
|
12.1
|
18.7
|
12.4
|
16.9
|
15.6
|
0.68
|
14.0
|
15.6
|
16.3
|
17.2A
|
13.4B
|
0.15
|
0.00
|
0.11
|
Ʃ SFA
|
21.0
|
19.7
|
22.5
|
20.5
|
26.6
|
20.7
|
0.61
|
20.3b
|
21.5b
|
23.6a
|
23.4A
|
20.3B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
Ʃ MUFA
|
39.4
|
45.8
|
26.5
|
44.9
|
36.1
|
41.8
|
0.97
|
42.6a
|
40.7ab
|
39.0b
|
37.3B
|
44.2A
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.35
|
Ʃ n-6
|
12.9
|
13.5
|
10.9
|
12.6
|
9.1
|
11.5
|
0.35
|
13.2a
|
11.7b
|
10.3c
|
11.0B
|
12.5A
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
Ʃ n-6 LC-PUFA
|
1.91
|
1.56
|
2.04
|
1.62
|
1.95
|
1.79
|
0.04
|
1.73b
|
1.83a
|
1.86a
|
1.96A
|
1.66B
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
Ʃ n-3
|
25.7
|
20.1
|
29.0
|
21.1
|
26.9
|
25.0
|
0.90
|
22.9
|
25.0
|
25.9
|
27.2A
|
22.1B
|
0.14
|
0.00
|
0.15
|
Ʃ n-3 LC-PUFA
|
22.3
|
16.3
|
26.0
|
17.3
|
24.3
|
21.4
|
0.96
|
19.3
|
21.7
|
22.8
|
24.2A
|
18.4B
|
0.06
|
0.00
|
0.15
|
EPA + DHA
|
20.2
|
14.8
|
23.7
|
15.6
|
22.2
|
19.5
|
0.90
|
17.5
|
19.7
|
20.8
|
22.0A
|
16.6B
|
0.06
|
0.00
|
0.15
|
EPA/ARA
|
6.31
|
5.50
|
6.21
|
5.82
|
6.07
|
5.90
|
0.10
|
5.91
|
6.02
|
5.99
|
6.20A
|
5.74B
|
0.87
|
0.02
|
0.33
|
DHA/EPA
|
3.77
|
4.44
|
3.73
|
3.87
|
3.23
|
4.05
|
0.10
|
4.11a
|
3.80ab
|
3.64b
|
3.58B
|
4.12A
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.03
|
n-6/n-3
|
0.51
|
0.69
|
0.38
|
0.60
|
0.34
|
0.46
|
0.03
|
0.60a
|
0.49ab
|
0.40b
|
0.41B
|
0.59A
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.54
|
Values are mean of triplicate groups. Different superscript letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P ˂ 0.05).
Table 7. Serum biochemical parameters of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) fed the experimental diets for 12 weeks.
Diets
|
Protein (%)
|
Lipid (%)
|
TP
|
TG
|
CHO
|
GLU
|
ALT
|
AST
|
ALP
|
LDH
|
|
|
|
Individual treatment means
|
|
P30L10
|
30
|
10
|
4.08
|
264
|
218
|
76.4
|
48.3
|
835
|
380
|
7704
|
P40L10
|
40
|
10
|
4.38
|
256
|
242
|
75.6
|
32.2
|
719
|
344
|
5192
|
P50L10
|
50
|
10
|
4.51
|
220
|
277
|
83.1
|
33.0
|
611
|
363
|
5767
|
P30L20
|
30
|
20
|
4.48
|
473
|
279
|
103
|
28.3
|
592
|
386
|
4437
|
P40L20
|
40
|
20
|
4.16
|
426
|
258
|
84.4
|
28.7
|
519
|
332
|
4389
|
P50L20
|
50
|
20
|
4.49
|
379
|
277
|
96.2
|
34.3
|
605
|
350
|
3416
|
SEM
|
|
|
0.07
|
23.2
|
6.11
|
2.73
|
2.16
|
33.4
|
8.02
|
330
|
|
|
|
Means of main effects
|
|
|
30
|
|
4.28
|
368a
|
248b
|
89.8a
|
38.3
|
713
|
383
|
6070a
|
|
40
|
|
4.27
|
341a
|
250b
|
80.0b
|
30.4
|
619
|
338
|
4790b
|
|
50
|
|
4.50
|
300b
|
277a
|
89.7a
|
33.7
|
608
|
357
|
4591b
|
|
|
10
|
4.32
|
247B
|
246B
|
78.4B
|
37.9A
|
721A
|
363
|
6221A
|
|
|
20
|
4.37
|
426A
|
271A
|
94.6A
|
30.4B
|
572B
|
356
|
4080B
|
Two-way ANOVA (P-value)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protein
|
|
|
0.27
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.03
|
0.20
|
0.25
|
0.09
|
0.00
|
Lipid
|
|
|
0.70
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.04
|
0.02
|
0.68
|
0.00
|
Interaction
|
|
|
0.17
|
0.11
|
0.01
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
0.20
|
0.85
|
0.00
|
Values are mean of triplicate groups. Different superscript letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P ˂ 0.05).
TP: Total protein (g dl-1).
TG: Triglyceride (mg dl-1).
CHO: Total cholesterol (mg dl-1).
GLU: Glucose (mg dl-1).
ALT: Alanine aminotransferase (U l-1).
AST: Aspartate aminotransferase (U l-1).
ALP: Alkaline phosphatase (U l-1).
LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase (U l-1).
Table 8. Serum antioxidant and innate immune parameters of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) fed the experimental diets for 12 weeks.
Diets
|
Protein (%)
|
Lipid (%)
|
SOD
|
CAT
|
MDA
|
LYZ
|
MPO
|
AP
|
|
|
|
Individual treatment means
|
P30L10
|
30
|
10
|
49.1
|
36.4
|
170
|
12.7
|
1.33
|
30.2
|
P40L10
|
40
|
10
|
57.7
|
34.2
|
213
|
12.2
|
1.45
|
35.8
|
P50L10
|
50
|
10
|
62.4
|
36.8
|
243
|
12.9
|
1.47
|
33.6
|
P30L20
|
30
|
20
|
55.6
|
38.5
|
254
|
12.7
|
1.75
|
33.9
|
P40L20
|
40
|
20
|
58.3
|
37.2
|
227
|
12.4
|
1.70
|
34.4
|
P50L20
|
50
|
20
|
49.2
|
36.4
|
274
|
12.4
|
1.53
|
33.2
|
SEM
|
|
|
1.58
|
0.61
|
9.96
|
0.45
|
0.04
|
0.62
|
|
|
|
Means of main effects
|
|
30
|
|
52.3
|
37.4
|
212b
|
12.7
|
1.54
|
32.0
|
|
40
|
|
58.0
|
35.7
|
220ab
|
12.3
|
1.57
|
35.1
|
|
50
|
|
55.8
|
36.6
|
258a
|
12.6
|
1.50
|
33.4
|
|
|
10
|
56.4
|
35.8
|
208B
|
12.6
|
1.42B
|
33.2
|
|
|
20
|
54.4
|
37.3
|
252A
|
12.5
|
1.66A
|
33.8
|
Two-way ANOVA (P-value)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protein
|
|
|
0.22
|
0.53
|
0.04
|
0.95
|
0.63
|
0.11
|
Lipid
|
|
|
0.43
|
0.23
|
0.01
|
0.94
|
0.00
|
0.59
|
Interaction
|
|
|
0.02
|
0.53
|
0.14
|
0.95
|
0.08
|
0.16
|
Values are mean of triplicate groups. Different superscript letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P ˂ 0.05).
SOD: Superoxide dismutase activity (% inhibition).
CAT: Catalase activity (U ml-1).
MDA: Malondialdehyde concentration (nmol ml-1).
LYZ: lysozyme activity (U ml-1).
MPO: Myeloperoxidase activity (U ml-1).
AP: Antiprotease activity (% trypsin inhibition).
Table 9. Blood plasma ammonia (NH3 – μmol l-1) and rearing water total ammonium nitrogen (TAN - mg kg-1 h-1) concentrations in European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) after 5 and 24 h of last feeding.
Diets
|
Protein (%)
|
Lipid (%)
|
Plasma
|
Rearing water
|
|
|
|
5h
|
5h
|
24h
|
|
|
|
Individual treatment means
|
P30L10
|
30
|
10
|
630
|
11.1
|
14.0
|
P40L10
|
40
|
10
|
595
|
13.5
|
14.9
|
P50L10
|
50
|
10
|
648
|
17.0
|
20.8
|
P30L20
|
30
|
20
|
503
|
9.80
|
10.9
|
P40L20
|
40
|
20
|
556
|
8.90
|
11.6
|
P50L20
|
50
|
20
|
625
|
11.5
|
15.3
|
SEM
|
|
|
20.2
|
0.72
|
0.91
|
|
|
|
Means of main effects
|
|
30
|
|
566
|
10.5b
|
12.4b
|
|
40
|
|
576
|
11.2b
|
13.3b
|
|
50
|
|
637
|
14.3a
|
18.1a
|
|
|
10
|
624
|
13.9A
|
16.6A
|
|
|
20
|
562
|
10.1B
|
12.6B
|
Two-way ANOVA (P-value)
|
|
|
|
|
Protein
|
|
|
0.31
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
Lipid
|
|
|
0.13
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
Interaction
|
|
|
0.52
|
0.12
|
0.65
|
Values are mean of triplicate groups. Different superscript letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P ˂ 0.05).