In this study, we presented, for the first time, ligation of both CBDL and PPVL as a possible animal model for induction of POPH. Although the increase in plasma MDA and NO metabolites in both CBDL and CBDL+PPVL groups were identical, the enhancement of serum estradiol in the CBDL+PPVL group was less pronounced than that in the CBDL group. Also, there was a considerable decrease in plasma platelet level in the CBDL+PPVL group. Besides, the impairment of gas exchange through the blood gas barrier occurred only in the CBDL+PPVL group. The results of WBC suggest a substantial inflammatory reaction in the CBDL+PPVL group. Though the previous studies have shown the response of pulmonary vessels to hypoxia in liver dysfunction model, we investigated the sensitivity of pulmonary circulation based on the severity of it, and observed the recovery of repeated HPV only in PPVL group with low severity in liver dysfunction.
Data of liver histological scores, liver enzymes, plasma MDA and NO metabolites and low platelet level indicates a remarkable liver injury, and inflammatory reactions in the CBDL+PPVL group. All above mentioned variables did not differ between the PPVL and Sham groups which show that portal vein ligation per se could not lead to liver dysfunction. The survival rate of CBDL+PPVL group was almost similar to that in the CBDL group during 28 days of experiments. However, the mortality rate of animals in the CBDL+PPVL groups increases to 50% after 40 days. Therefore, it cannot be recommended for investigating in longer times without any treatment.
In order to rule out the effects of different concentrations of estradiol during the estrus cycle of female animals, all experiments were performed during diestrus phase. High serum estradiol in the CBDL group can be linked to overproduction of estradiol or the lack of its metabolism in the stomach, in parallel with the other studies [24, 25]. On the other hand, estradiol in the CBDL+PPVL group did not increase significantly. This may explain partly the high level of RVSP in this group, as estradiol has preventive effects in pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrtotaline or hypoxia [21, 23, 48, 49]. Therefore, the effects of pulmonary vasoconstrictors may not be counterbalanced substantially by a low estradiol level in the CBDL+PPVL group. As a result, the pulmonary artery hypertension may occur.
High level of basal RVSPs in the CBDL+PPVL and CBDL groups were not comparable with other reports. There are a few studies reporting the pulmonary artery pressure or vascular resistance in CBDL model. In one study, pulmonary artery pressure has been measured by inserting a catheter into the pulmonary artery through the umbilical vessel at two days before the hemodynamic study in Wistar rats [32]. This may affect the normal conditions of pulmonary hemodynamic. In other study, pulmonary vascular resistance was measured only two weeks after induction of CBDL, which may not be the enough time for induction of HPS [28]. However, we measured RVSP, directly, by inserting a catheter into the right ventricle, with caution, 28 days after induction of liver dysfunction. Since RVSP increased markedly in the CBDL+PPVL group, therefore, it can be suggested that ligations of both portal vein and common bile duct in animals may induce a reliable POPH model in rat. However, we did not measure cardiac output and vascular resistance in this study because of some limitations. Therefore, the increase in RVSP might be caused by volume overload, hyper dynamic circulation, vascular remodeling or combination of them which must be specified in the further studies.
Little change occurred in RVSP during ventilation of animals with the first and second hypoxic gas in the CBDL+PPVL and CBDL groups. A few data have indicated disruption of pulmonary vascular responses to alveolar hypoxia in cirrhotic patients and conscious animals with cirrhosis [31, 32]. In addition, we evaluated the sensitivity of pulmonary vessels to hypoxia by repeating the hypoxia maneuvers. On the other hand, RVSP increased in the Sham and PPVL groups during ventilation with the first hypoxic gas which were amplified during the second hypoxia maneuver. These data may suggest that elimination of hypoxia response depends on the severity of liver dysfunction. The confirmation is that the hypoxia response in the PPVL group with low liver injury was recovered at the second hypoxia maneuver. The increase in RVDP in the CBDl+PPVL group can be related to the damage to the heart and decreased the ability of the heart to tolerate the stress induced by hypoxia. RVSP decreased in the Sham and PPVL groups during ventilation with hyperoxic gas. However, RVSP increased markedly in the CBDL+PPVL group with no change in the CBDL group during ventilation with hyperoxic gas, which may be related to reducing the bioavailability of NO by oxygen [50].
mBP in the CBDL+PPVL and CBDL groups was lower than that in the Sham group. Since plasma overload and high cardiac output have been reported in liver cirrhosis [51], the low mBP at above mentioned groups can be related to the pronounced effect of peripheral vasodilation relative to the volume overload. The results of mBP in the CBDL groups are consistent with the results of Moezi et al. and Nunes et al. that indicated decreased mBP after 4 and 6 weeks of CBDL in male rats, respectively [32, 52]. Besides, in this study, mBP in the PPVL group was similar to the Sham group due to small liver damage. Ventilation of animals with the first and second hypoxic gas decreased mBP roughly in all groups due to the reduction of the peripheral vascular resistance [53] which is consistent with the results of Edmunds, et al. that indicated ventilation of animals with 10% oxygen decreases sharply the arterial pressure in male Wistar rats [43]. Also, other studies have indicated the arterial pressure falls during acute hypoxia exposure in animal studies [54, 55]. Even continuous exposure to hypoxia in conscious animals decrease both heart rate and systolic blood pressure [56]. However, in our study, the reduced mBP by hypoxic gas was much prononced as compared with our previous study and some other works in male rats [35, 40]. Sex differences in blood pressure response to hypoxia may explain partly this different response [42]. Also, it is important to mention that in our study, animals were ventilated hyperoxic gas before each hypoxic maneuver. Ventilation with heperoxic gas constricts the systemic vessels, thereby increases the blood pressure, similar to our study [57]. Therefore, it may exacerbate the systemic vasodilatory response during ventilation with hypoxic gas leading to a sharp drop in systemic arterial blood pressure. Acute hypoxia in human rises, decreases or doesn’t change the systemic arterial pressure depends on the interaction between sympathetic outflow of chemoreceptors and peripheral vascular resistance [58-60]. However, the effect of sysmpathetic activity may be principal in our animal models as compared to the effect of peripheral vasodilation induced by hypoxia. On the other hand, the intermittent or chronic exposure to hypoxic gas increases blood pressure linked to enhancing the sympathetic activity [42, 61-63] which is different condition relative to the acute hypoxic condition in our work. It should be noted that the alterations of mBP in the CBDL and CBDL+PPVL groups were small during ventilation with hypoxic gas which may be linked to the increase of heart rate and volume overload in cirrhotic animals. Hyperoxic gas recovered the arterial pressure because of direct effect of oxygen on increasing the vascular resistance as well as reducing the bioavailability of NO [50, 57].
The heart rate decreased a little (data not shown) at the beginning of hypoxic maneuver linked to a reduction in depolarization rate of cardiac pacemaker cells [64]. It was followed by a tackycardia induced by both sympathoactivation and vagal withdrawal subsequent to the chemoreflex reflex [55]. Also, the heart rate decreased transiently during switching from hypoxia to hyperoxia because of increasing the vagal activity [65].
There was not a difference between the values of PaO2 in the CBDL and Sham groups while PaCO2 and pH in the CBDL group were less than that in the Sham group. This could be caused by cirrhosis-induced hyperventilation [66]. On the other hand, low PaO2 in the CBDL+ PPVL group may be linked to a diffusion impairment [66]. Furthermore, a low PaO2/FIO2 ratio in the CBDL+PPVL group is verifying the injury of the blood gas barrier in the severe liver dysfunction. In both HPS and POPH, low PaO2 and low saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen have been reported [6, 7, 67-69]. On the other hand, low PaO2 may lead to pulmonary vasoconstriction and explain increased RVSP in the CBDL+PPVL group (Table 2).
The plasma concentration of MDA in the CBDL group was more than those in the sham and PPVL groups. Other investigators also have expressed that oxidants increase and antioxidants decrease in liver cirrhosis [6, 70]. ROS may be involved in HPV [71]. Therefore, the disruption of HPV in the CBDL groups may imply that the pulmonary vasculatures were already maximally stimulated by the observed oxidative stress before hypoxia maneuver. High level of ROS may also lead to vascular remodeling and promots the pulmonary hypertension [71] which needs to be investigated in the long term (Table 2). High levels of NO metabolites and MDA in both CBDL groups, suggests the productions of large amounts of NO and ROS. The combination of NO and ROS produces the peroxynitrite, a potent vasoconstrictor oxidant which increases the pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure [72]. In addition, it can be speculated that a part of the inhibitory response to hypoxia is related to the increase in NO production. There are inconsistent results regarding the NO production in the patients with liver diseases or animal models of cirrhosis. For instance, a few studies have shown that NO production increases in human cirrhosis [73, 74], and NO plays a role in the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone in the animal model of cirrhosis [32]. In contrary, NO synthase inhibitor protein increases, thereby, NO production decreases in the cirrhotic patients [6, 75]. However, we measured the plasma NO metabolites which could release from different sources in the body tissues. Furtheremore, high level of NO can be partly linked to high estradiol level in the CBDL groups [76].
The platelet level and RVSP in the CBDL+PPVL group was lower than those in the other groups. It has been indicated that platelet level is linked to pulmonary hypertension and the rate of survival [77, 78]. On the other hand, the level of metaloproteinase decreases in the patients with liver cirrhosis. This enzyme regulates the Von Willberand factor size and platelet adhesive activity. Then, the reduction of the enzymes may lead to platelet deposition in afferent pulmonary vessels [79]. Furthermore, thrombocytopenia in cirrhosis may be caused by the reduction of hematopoietic growth factor thrombopoietin activity in the liver or platelet sequestration in the spleen [80]. All above possibilities may increase the chance for thrombosis formation and pulmonary hypertension [81]. Therefore, it can be assumed that at least a part of increased RVSP is caused by low platelet level in the CBDL+PPVL group (Table 2).