Albertson (19) | 2021, USA | Journal of American Pharmacy Association | Implementation of primary care clinical pharmacy services for adults experiencing homelessness | Retrospective Chart Review | To determine the clinical impact and sustainability of implementing clinical pharmacy services in a weekly half-day collaborative multi-disciplinary clinic for adults experiencing homelessness, focused on independent cardiovascular risk reduction and disease management. To evaluate the type and frequency of the interventions made (e.g., medication review, patient education, tobacco cessation, insurance navigation, etc.), and to describe the demographics of patients receiving the services and their clinical outcomes for hypertension (blood pressure), obesity (weight), diabetes (HbA1c), and tobacco use disorder (cessation rate). |
Asgary (20) | 2016, USA | Annals of Family Medicine | Rates and predictors of uncontrolled hypertension among hypertensive homeless adults using New York City shelter-based clinics | Retrospective Chart Review | To study the rates, predictors, and barriers to blood pressure control in homeless hypertensive adults in New York shelter-based clinics. |
Baggett (9) | 2018, USA | Journal of American College of Cardiology | Cardiovascular Disease and Homelessness | Review | To present practical, patient-centred strategies and management suggestions for addressing challenges of CVD homeless patients and an integrated framework for understanding the basis of CVD disparities in homeless people, with a main focus on coronary artery disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. |
Banerjee (21) | 2023, UK | European Heart Journal Supplement | Cardiovascular disease screening in homeless individuals – a feasibility study | Feasibility Study (Abstract) | To investigate feasibility of dedicated mobile CVD screening for homeless individuals; and to estimate prevalence of risk factors and burden of CVD. |
Bardsley (22) | 2012, AUS | Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand | Targeting a hard to access population - heart failure and homelessness in Sydney | Descriptive Qualitative (Abstract) | To describe St. Vincent’s chronic heart failure disease management program that works with a local homeless hostel to make an outreach clinic providing multi-disciplinary HF care to complex patients with multi-morbidity. |
Bark (23) | 2023, UK | Open Heart | Integrated approach to cardiovascular disease in people experiencing homelessness: a qualitative study | Qualitative (Focus Groups) | To understand and make recommendations to improve CVD care in homeless populations through lived and professional experience. |
Bearnot (24) | 2019, USA | Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment | Experiences of care among individuals with opioid use disorder-associated endocarditis | Descriptive Qualitative (Interviews) | To elucidate the prior experiences of care for patients with opioid-use disorder-associated infective endocarditis and the healthcare providers who deliver that care. Of 11 patients, 6 were unstably housed. |
Beggs (25) | 2016, USA | Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved | Effectiveness of pharmacy student-led health education in adults experiencing homelessness | Descriptive Quantitative (Survey) | To assess the effectiveness of pharmacy student-led education on chronic disease (asthma, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking cessation) in adults experiencing homelessness in one-hour sessions. |
Brandt (26) | 2023, USA | JACC State-of-the-art reviews | Assessing and addressing social determinants of cardiovascular health | Review | To cover five domains of social determinants of health (economic stability, education, health care access and quality, social and community context, and neighbourdhood and built environment). They discuss each SDOH within the context of cardiovascular disease, how they can be assessed by clinicians and within health care systems and key strategies for clinicians and health care systems to address them. |
Brickner (27) | 1993, USA | Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine | Providing health services for the homeless: a stitch in time | Overview | To discuss how healthcare services are designed and offered at homeless shelters for those with hypertension, TB, and HIV. |
Chum (28) | 2020, CAN | Journal of American Heart Association | Effect of a housing intervention on selected cardiovascular risk factors among homeless adults with mental illness: 24-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial | Randomized Controlled Trial | To determine whether a Housing First intervention to give housing stability to homeless adults with mental illness had an effect on participants’ selected CVD risk factors. The intervention was for high needs (Housing with support from assertive community treatment (ACT)) or moderate needs (housing with intensive case management). They also had access to an onsite primary care clinic (overall health, not specifically cardiovascular). |
Dickens (29) | 2017, USA | American College of Cardiology | Homelessness and heart failure: a novel prescription (abstract) | Case study (Abstract) | To present a case study of a homeless man with heart failure. |
Dickens (30) | 2019, USA | Journal of Cardiovascular nursing | Perceived stress among patients with heart failure who have low socioeconomic status: a mixed-methods study | Mixed Methods (Interviews, Perceived Stress Scale Survey, and Self-Care of HF Index Survey) | To describe the influence of stress and social determinants of health on self-care in patients with heart failure who have low SES and were readmitted within 120 days of a HF exacerbation – 4 participants of 35 were homeless. |
Fazel (31) | 2014, UK | Lancet | The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations | Overview | To provide recommendations to improve the surveillance of mortality in homeless individuals, including a specific section on cardiovascular and metabolic disease. |
Gabrielian (32) | 2013, USA | Medical Care | Chronic disease management for recently homeless veterans: a clinical practice improvement program to apply home telehealth technology to a vulnerable population | Mixed Methods (Chart review, Survey, Interview) | To describe the early phases of applying and testing an existing Veterans Affairs HIT-care management program, Care Coordination Home Telehealth (CCHT) to recently homeless veterans, assess program acceptability, and inform future quality improvement. They are in-home messaging devices to provide health education and daily questions about clinical indicators from chronic illness care guidelines (hypertension, CHF, COPD, diabetes, obesity). |
Groton (33) | 2020, USA | Public Health Nursing | "You got to eat, but then what you are eating, it's going to kill you": Living with hypertension while experiencing homelessness | Descriptive Qualitative study (Focus Groups) | To explore the barriers and facilitators of self-management of hypertension while experiencing homelessness. |
Jones (34) | 2009, CAN | Current Cardiology Reviews | Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among the Poor and Homeless – What We Know So Far | Review | To review the available literature detailing the relationships between poverty, homelessness and cardiovascular disease. Secondarily, some of the more current efforts aimed at reducing disparities in CVD care of the poor and homeless are discussed. |
Karashin (35) | 2018, USA | Institute Report | Street Medicine Clinical Guidelines: Hypertension | Clinical Guidelines Report | To create clinical guidelines to diagnose, manage, and prevent hypertension in unsheltered homeless individuals on top of general clinical guidelines for the general population. |
Kinchen (36) | 1991, USA | American Journal of Public Health | Hypertension management in health care for the homeless clinics: results from a survey | Descriptive Quantitative (Survey) | To survey healthcare providers that had health care clinics for the homeless and understand how they manage hypertension in this population. |
Klein (37) | 2015, USA | Medical Clinics of North America | Care of the homeless | Discussion Paper | To discuss general strategies when caring for homeless patients, highlight practical tips for addressing common clinical syndromes, and discuss the unique needs of vulnerable homeless subpopulations. |
Lane (38) | 2020, UK | Heart | Homelessness: a cause of the causes' of cardiovascular disease? | Editorial | To provide comments on the importance of Al Shakarchi et al's systematic review entitled “cardiovascular disease in the homeless versus housed individuals: a systematic review of observational and interventional studies”. |
Lee (39) | 2005, CAN | Circulation | Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in homeless adults | Mixed Methods (Interviews, Blood Measures) | To examine cardiovascular risk factors in a representative sample of homeless adults and identify opportunities for improved risk factor modification. |
Liauw (40) | 2021, CAN | Canadian Journal of Cardiology | Clinical presentation and outcome of patients experiencing homelessness presenting with ST-Segment Elevation | Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study | To curate the baseline characteristics, clinical management, and in-hospital outcomes of people experiencing homelessness presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction at a PCI-capable STEMI network inner-city hospital. |
Maness (41) | 2014, USA | American Family Physician | Care of the homeless: an overview | Overview | To give an overview of homelessness health, including blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes goals. |
Maqsood (11) | 2020, USA | Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology | Cardiovascular issues among homeless people: an issue that needs attention | Perspective | To discuss the issues associated with cardiovascular disease treatment, outcomes, and future directions for homeless persons. |
Moczygemba (42) | 2013, USA | Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy | A qualitative analysis of perceptions and barriers to therapeutic lifestyle changes among homeless hypertensive patients | Qualitative (Focus Groups) | To identify homeless patients’ knowledge and perceptions of hypertension and lifestyle changes and understand the barriers to implementation of lifestyle changes. |
Murphy (43) | 2015, USA | Journal of American Association of Nurse Practitioners | Improving cardiovascular health of underserved populations in the community with Life's Simply 7 | Mixed Methods (Health Measures Survey and Self-Report) | To collect the pre-program and post-program health data at two inner city community sites of a nurse practitioner-led initiative to improve cardiovascular health using American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7 and My Life Check (MLC) tools, including pre- and post-health screening, coaching sessions, teaching materials, motivational interviewing, and goal setting. |
Nanjo (44) | 2020, UK | European Heart Journal | Prevalence, incidence, and outcomes across cardiovascular diseases in homeless individuals using national linked electronic health records | Retrospective Cohort Study | To investigate prevalence, incidence and outcomes across a range of specific cardiovascular diseases among homeless individuals to start to address tailored solutions. |
Nayyar (45) | 2015, CAN | Canadian Journal of Cardiology | Cardiovascular health issues in inner city populations | Review | To provide a narrative outline of the burden of cardiovascular disease in inner city neighbourhoods of high-income countries, possible mechanisms leading to this inequity, and interventions to improve the cardiovascular health of inner-city communities, including homeless individuals. |
Nyembo (46) | 2023, USA | Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports | Homelessness, race/ethnicity, and cardiovascular disease: a state-of-the-evidence summary and structured review of race/ethnicity reporting | Review | To examine the intersection of cardiovascular disease, race/ethnicity, and homelessness/unstable housing to understand the deep roots of structural racism in housing and healthcare. |
Palmer (47) | 2018, USA | Homeless Older Adults | Cardiovascular disease in homeless older adults | Review | To review the literature on cardiovascular disease in homeless older adults and provide practice adaptations for clinicians and teams. |
Pendyal (48) | 2021, USA | Heart & Lung | When you're homeless they look down on you: a qualitative, community-based study of homeless individuals with heart failure | Qualitative (Interviews) | To identify ways in which homelessness may impede successful self-management of heart failure and engagement with the healthcare system for lived experience perspective. |
Randers (49) | 2012, DEN | European Journal of Applied Physiology | Short-term street soccer improves fitness and cardiovascular health status of homeless men | Non-Randomized Trial | To determine the effect of street soccer and fitness training on the cardiovascular health of homeless men. It was 12 weeks of small-sided street soccer (2-3x per week) where they measured pre- and post- maximal oxygen uptake, total fat mass, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a group of 22 homeless men when compared with controls. |
Rao (50) | 2022, AUS | Heart, Lung and Circulation | Cardiovascular disease in Australians experiencing homelessness | Narrative Review | To explore how a combination of inadequately managed traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, along with several personal, practical and relationship challenges in the health system, have created unique barriers in diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease in Australians experiencing homelessness to propose a collaborative strategy. |
Strehlow (51) | 2009, USA | Independent Report | Adapting your practice: treatment recommendations for homeless patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and heart failure | Report | To provide treatment recommendations for homeless patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and heart failure. |
Wadhera (10) | 2020, USA | JAMA Internal Medicine | Disparities in care and mortality among homeless adults hospitalized for cardiovascular conditions | Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study | To evaluate differences in intensity of care and mortality between homeless and non-homeless individuals hospitalized for cardiovascular conditions (e.g., acute myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac arrest, or heart failure). |
Wright (52) | 2021, USA | Mayo Clinic Proceedings | Homeless With a Heart Attack in America: A Double Whammy | Editorial | An editorial on a paper by Balla et al that reports on the effect of homelessness on outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction. |